Respiratory System
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Te2, Part Iii
TERMINOLOGIA EMBRYOLOGICA Second Edition International Embryological Terminology FIPAT The Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminology A programme of the International Federation of Associations of Anatomists (IFAA) TE2, PART III Contents Caput V: Organogenesis Chapter 5: Organogenesis (continued) Systema respiratorium Respiratory system Systema urinarium Urinary system Systemata genitalia Genital systems Coeloma Coelom Glandulae endocrinae Endocrine glands Systema cardiovasculare Cardiovascular system Systema lymphoideum Lymphoid system Bibliographic Reference Citation: FIPAT. Terminologia Embryologica. 2nd ed. FIPAT.library.dal.ca. Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminology, February 2017 Published pending approval by the General Assembly at the next Congress of IFAA (2019) Creative Commons License: The publication of Terminologia Embryologica is under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0) license The individual terms in this terminology are within the public domain. Statements about terms being part of this international standard terminology should use the above bibliographic reference to cite this terminology. The unaltered PDF files of this terminology may be freely copied and distributed by users. IFAA member societies are authorized to publish translations of this terminology. Authors of other works that might be considered derivative should write to the Chair of FIPAT for permission to publish a derivative work. Caput V: ORGANOGENESIS Chapter 5: ORGANOGENESIS -
Inhalation Devices: Various Forms of Administration for Therapeutic Optimization
vv ISSN: 2640-8082 DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.17352/oja CLINICAL GROUP Renata Cristina de Angelo Calsaverini Leal* Review Article Santa Fé do Sul Foundation of Education and Culture, Brazil Inhalation Devices: Various forms Dates: Received: 31 May, 2017; Accepted: 26 June, of administration for Therapeutic 2017; Published: 27 June, 2017 *Corresponding author: Renata Cristina de Angelo Optimization Calsaverini Leal, Santa Fé do Sul Foundation of Education and Culture, Brazil, Tel: 55 (17) 3272-2769, E-mail: Keywords: Inhalation; Aerosol; Nebulizer Summary https://www.peertechz.com Introduction: Aerosol therapy consists of spraying liquid particles suspended for therapeutic purposes in the respiratory tract. With direct absorption and deposition at the lung level, avoiding side effects and presenting fast response time. Several factors infl uence the drug action, such as size, particle movement, ventilatory fl ow, pulmonary expansion, anatomy, respiratory mechanics and the nebulizer and patient interface. The therapeutic optimization depends on the type of nebulizer differentiating itself by the physical principle that generates the mist. Objectives: Check advantages and disadvantages of different inhalation devices. Methodology. This is a review of the PubMed database using descriptors: ultrasonic and jet nebulizer, aerosol deposition in the lung, metered dose inhaler and dry, inhaler therapy. Results: Different devices are mentioned in the literature: pneumatic and ultrasonic nebulizers (administering solutions), metered pressurized inhalers - pMDI used with or without expander chamber (administering suspensions) and dry powder inhalers - DPI (administering powder). Discussion and Conclusion: The US has advantages: quiet, does not require coordinating abilities, without propellant gases and quick nebulization with small amount of solution. Disadvantages: change in the active principle of thermosensitive drugs, deposition in the oropharynx and VAI of 2% of inhaled particles. -
Respiratory System
Respiratory system Department of Histology and Embryology of Jilin university ----Jiang Wenhua 1. General description z the nose, the pharynx, the larynx, the trachea, bronchus, lung zFunction: inspiring oxygen, expiring carbon dioxide The lung synthesises many materials 2.Trachea and bronchi General structure mucosa submucosa adventitia The trachea is a thin-walled tube about 11centimeters long and 2 centimeters in diameter, with a somewhat flattened posterior shape. The wall of the trachea is composed of three layers: mucosa, submucosa, and adventitia 2.1 mucosa 2.1.1 pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium 2.1.1.1 ciliated columnar cells These cells are columnar in shape with a centrally –located oval –shaped nucleus, on the free surface of the cells are microvilli and cilia, which regularly sweep toward the pharynx to remove inspired dust particles 2.1.1.2 brush cells These cells are columnar in shape with a round or oval –shaped nucleus located in the basal portion. on the free surface the microvilli are arranged into the shape of a brush. These cells are considered to be a type of under-developed ciliated columnar cell Schematic drawing of the trachea mucosa Scanning electron micrographs of the surface of mucosa Schematic drawing of the trachea mucosa 2.1.1.3 goblet cells secrete mucus to lubricate and protect the epithelium Schematic drawing of the trachea mucosa 2.1.1.4 basal cells These cells are cone –shaped and situated in the deep layer of the epithelium. Their apices are not exposed to the lumen, and their nuclei are round in shape, such cells constitute a variety of undifferentiated cells 2.1.1.5 small granular cells These cells are a kind of endocrine cells . -
Prospective Isolation of NKX2-1–Expressing Human Lung Progenitors Derived from Pluripotent Stem Cells
The Journal of Clinical Investigation RESEARCH ARTICLE Prospective isolation of NKX2-1–expressing human lung progenitors derived from pluripotent stem cells Finn Hawkins,1,2 Philipp Kramer,3 Anjali Jacob,1,2 Ian Driver,4 Dylan C. Thomas,1 Katherine B. McCauley,1,2 Nicholas Skvir,1 Ana M. Crane,3 Anita A. Kurmann,1,5 Anthony N. Hollenberg,5 Sinead Nguyen,1 Brandon G. Wong,6 Ahmad S. Khalil,6,7 Sarah X.L. Huang,3,8 Susan Guttentag,9 Jason R. Rock,4 John M. Shannon,10 Brian R. Davis,3 and Darrell N. Kotton1,2 2 1Center for Regenerative Medicine, and The Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. 3Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA. 4Department of Anatomy, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA. 5Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. 6Department of Biomedical Engineering and Biological Design Center, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. 7Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. 8Columbia Center for Translational Immunology & Columbia Center for Human Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA. 9Department of Pediatrics, Monroe Carell Jr. Children’s Hospital, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA. 10Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA. It has been postulated that during human fetal development, all cells of the lung epithelium derive from embryonic, endodermal, NK2 homeobox 1–expressing (NKX2-1+) precursor cells. -
Quick Review: Surgical Anatomy of Trachea Tracheal Ligament
Quick Review: Surgical Anatomy of Trachea tracheal ligament. This attachment makes the larynx move up and down along with the larynx during respiration and swallowing. The length of trachea can be correctly gauzed by measuring the exact distance between lower border of cricoid cartilage and apex of the bifurcation angle (Perelman 1972). It varies with age (Allen, M S 2003). Langova (1946) measured the length of the trachea in 390 cadavers ranging in age from six months of intra-uterine life to twenty years and found that it was 3.1 cm on an average in the newborn, 6 cm in a five year old child, 7 cm at the age of ten and 8.5 cm at the age of 15 years. In adults the length of trachea varies widely from 8.5 to 15 cm. Tehmina Begum et al (2009) measured the length of trachea in adult males in the age range of 20 to 58 years. The mean lengths of the "Larynx, Trachea, and the Bronchi. (Front view.) A, epiglottis; B, thyroid cartilage; C, cricothyroid membrane, trachea were 8.73 ± 0.21 cm in 20-29 years age connecting with the cricoid cartilage below, all forming the Group, 9.53 ±0.46 cm in 30-39 years age larynx; D, rings of the trachea." — Blaisedell, 1904. Source: Group, 9.63 ± 0.23 cm in 40 - 49 years age http://etc.usf.edu/clipart/15400/15499/trachea_15499_lg.gif group & 9.79 ± 0.39 cm in 50-59 years age group. On an average the length of trachea in an The trachea connects the larynx with main adult male is 11 cm and 10 cm in female. -
Name: Ofoegbu, Ebubechukwu .C. Matric Number: 17/Mhs01/232 Course Code: Gross Anatomy of Head and Neck Department: Medicine and Surgery Level: 300
NAME: OFOEGBU, EBUBECHUKWU .C. MATRIC NUMBER: 17/MHS01/232 COURSE CODE: GROSS ANATOMY OF HEAD AND NECK DEPARTMENT: MEDICINE AND SURGERY LEVEL: 300 Question 1) Write an essay on the cavernous sinuses. The dural venous sinuses include the superior sagittal, inferior sagittal, straight, transverse, sigmoid, and occipital sinuses, the confluence of sinuses, and the cavernous, sphenoparietal, superior petrosal, inferior petrosal, and basilar sinuses. CAVERNOUS SINUSES Diagram of the cavernous sinus The cavernous sinus, a large venous plexus, is located on each side of the sella turcica on the upper surface of the body of the sphenoid, which contains the sphenoid (air) sinus. They are enclosed by the endosteal and meningeal layers of the dura mater. The borders of the cavernous sinus are: i) Superior Orbital fissure anteriorly. ii) The Petrous part of the temporal bone posteriorly. iii) The body of sphenoid medially. iv) The meningeal layer of the dura mater running from the roof of the middle cranial fossa, laterally. v) The roof is formed by the meningeal layer of the dura mater that attaches to the anterior and middle clinoid processes of the sphenoid bone. vi) The floor is formed by the endosteal layer of the dura mater that overlies the base of the greater wing of sphenoid bone. The cavernous sinuses receive blood not only from cerebral veins, but also from the ophthalmic veins (from the orbit) and emissary veins (from the pterygoid plexus of veins in the infratemporal fossa). These connections provide pathways for infections to pass from extracranial sites into intracranial locations. In addition, because structures pass through the cavernous sinuses and are located in the walls of these sinuses they are vulnerable to injury due to inflammation. -
Comparative Anatomy of the Lower Respiratory Tract of the Gray Short-Tailed Opossum (Monodelphis Domestica) and North American Opossum (Didelphis Virginiana)
University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 12-2001 Comparative Anatomy of the Lower Respiratory Tract of the Gray Short-tailed Opossum (Monodelphis domestica) and North American Opossum (Didelphis virginiana) Lee Anne Cope University of Tennessee - Knoxville Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss Part of the Animal Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Cope, Lee Anne, "Comparative Anatomy of the Lower Respiratory Tract of the Gray Short-tailed Opossum (Monodelphis domestica) and North American Opossum (Didelphis virginiana). " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 2001. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/2046 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Lee Anne Cope entitled "Comparative Anatomy of the Lower Respiratory Tract of the Gray Short-tailed Opossum (Monodelphis domestica) and North American Opossum (Didelphis virginiana)." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Animal Science. Robert W. Henry, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: Dr. R.B. Reed, Dr. C. Mendis-Handagama, Dr. J. Schumacher, Dr. S.E. Orosz Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. -
Vocabulario De Morfoloxía, Anatomía E Citoloxía Veterinaria
Vocabulario de Morfoloxía, anatomía e citoloxía veterinaria (galego-español-inglés) Servizo de Normalización Lingüística Universidade de Santiago de Compostela COLECCIÓN VOCABULARIOS TEMÁTICOS N.º 4 SERVIZO DE NORMALIZACIÓN LINGÜÍSTICA Vocabulario de Morfoloxía, anatomía e citoloxía veterinaria (galego-español-inglés) 2008 UNIVERSIDADE DE SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA VOCABULARIO de morfoloxía, anatomía e citoloxía veterinaria : (galego-español- inglés) / coordinador Xusto A. Rodríguez Río, Servizo de Normalización Lingüística ; autores Matilde Lombardero Fernández ... [et al.]. – Santiago de Compostela : Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Servizo de Publicacións e Intercambio Científico, 2008. – 369 p. ; 21 cm. – (Vocabularios temáticos ; 4). - D.L. C 2458-2008. – ISBN 978-84-9887-018-3 1.Medicina �������������������������������������������������������������������������veterinaria-Diccionarios�������������������������������������������������. 2.Galego (Lingua)-Glosarios, vocabularios, etc. políglotas. I.Lombardero Fernández, Matilde. II.Rodríguez Rio, Xusto A. coord. III. Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Servizo de Normalización Lingüística, coord. IV.Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Servizo de Publicacións e Intercambio Científico, ed. V.Serie. 591.4(038)=699=60=20 Coordinador Xusto A. Rodríguez Río (Área de Terminoloxía. Servizo de Normalización Lingüística. Universidade de Santiago de Compostela) Autoras/res Matilde Lombardero Fernández (doutora en Veterinaria e profesora do Departamento de Anatomía e Produción Animal. -
TB: Recognizing It on a Chest X-Ray
TB: Recognizing it on a Chest X‐Ray Disclosures • Grant support from Michigan Department of Community Health – Despite conflict of interest I still want to: – There’s enough TB for job security. Objectives • You will – Be able to identify major structures on a normal chest x‐ray – Identify and correctly name CXR abnormalities seen commonly in TB – Recognize chest x‐ray patterns that suggest TB & when you find them you will Basics of Diagnostic X‐ray Physics • X‐rays are directed at the . patient and variably absorbed – When not absorbed • Pass through patient & strike the x‐ray film or – When completely absorbed • Don’t strike x‐ray film or – When scattered • Some strike the x‐ray film Absorption Shade / Density • Absorption depends • Whitest = Most Dense on the – Metal – Energy of the x‐ray beam – Contrast material (dye) – Density of the tissue – Calcium – Bone – Water – Soft Tissue – Fat – Air / Gas • Blackest = Least Dense Normal Frontal Chest X‐ray: Posterior Anterior Note silhouette formed by • lung adjacent to heart • lung adjacent to diaphragm Silhouette Sign Lifeinthefastlane.com Normal Lateral Chest X‐ray Normal PA & Lateral X‐ray: Hilum Hilum –Major bronchi, Pulmonary veins & arteries, Lymph nodes at the root of the lung. Normal PA & Lateral X‐ray: Mediastinum Mediastinum –Central chest organs (not lungs) – Heart, Aorta, Trachea, Thymus, Esophagus, Lymph nodes, Nerves (Between 2 pleuras or linings of the lungs) Normal PA & Lateral X‐ray: Apex • Apex of lung – Area of lung above the level of the anterior end of the 1st rib Wink -
Study Guide Medical Terminology by Thea Liza Batan About the Author
Study Guide Medical Terminology By Thea Liza Batan About the Author Thea Liza Batan earned a Master of Science in Nursing Administration in 2007 from Xavier University in Cincinnati, Ohio. She has worked as a staff nurse, nurse instructor, and level department head. She currently works as a simulation coordinator and a free- lance writer specializing in nursing and healthcare. All terms mentioned in this text that are known to be trademarks or service marks have been appropriately capitalized. Use of a term in this text shouldn’t be regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark or service mark. Copyright © 2017 by Penn Foster, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of the material protected by this copyright may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the copyright owner. Requests for permission to make copies of any part of the work should be mailed to Copyright Permissions, Penn Foster, 925 Oak Street, Scranton, Pennsylvania 18515. Printed in the United States of America CONTENTS INSTRUCTIONS 1 READING ASSIGNMENTS 3 LESSON 1: THE FUNDAMENTALS OF MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY 5 LESSON 2: DIAGNOSIS, INTERVENTION, AND HUMAN BODY TERMS 28 LESSON 3: MUSCULOSKELETAL, CIRCULATORY, AND RESPIRATORY SYSTEM TERMS 44 LESSON 4: DIGESTIVE, URINARY, AND REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM TERMS 69 LESSON 5: INTEGUMENTARY, NERVOUS, AND ENDOCRINE S YSTEM TERMS 96 SELF-CHECK ANSWERS 134 © PENN FOSTER, INC. 2017 MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY PAGE III Contents INSTRUCTIONS INTRODUCTION Welcome to your course on medical terminology. You’re taking this course because you’re most likely interested in pursuing a health and science career, which entails proficiencyincommunicatingwithhealthcareprofessionalssuchasphysicians,nurses, or dentists. -
E Pleura and Lungs
Bailey & Love · Essential Clinical Anatomy · Bailey & Love · Essential Clinical Anatomy Essential Clinical Anatomy · Bailey & Love · Essential Clinical Anatomy · Bailey & Love Bailey & Love · Essential Clinical Anatomy · Bailey & Love · EssentialChapter Clinical4 Anatomy e pleura and lungs • The pleura ............................................................................63 • MCQs .....................................................................................75 • The lungs .............................................................................64 • USMLE MCQs ....................................................................77 • Lymphatic drainage of the thorax ..............................70 • EMQs ......................................................................................77 • Autonomic nervous system ...........................................71 • Applied questions .............................................................78 THE PLEURA reections pass laterally behind the costal margin to reach the 8th rib in the midclavicular line and the 10th rib in the The pleura is a broelastic serous membrane lined by squa- midaxillary line, and along the 12th rib and the paravertebral mous epithelium forming a sac on each side of the chest. Each line (lying over the tips of the transverse processes, about 3 pleural sac is a closed cavity invaginated by a lung. Parietal cm from the midline). pleura lines the chest wall, and visceral (pulmonary) pleura Visceral pleura has no pain bres, but the parietal pleura covers -
Nasal Cavity Trachea Right Main (Primary) Bronchus Left Main (Primary) Bronchus Nostril Oral Cavity Pharynx Larynx Right Lung
Nasal cavity Oral cavity Nostril Pharynx Larynx Trachea Left main Right main (primary) (primary) bronchus bronchus Left lung Right lung Diaphragm © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 1 Cribriform plate of ethmoid bone Sphenoidal sinus Frontal sinus Posterior nasal aperture Nasal cavity • Nasal conchae (superior, Nasopharynx middle, and inferior) • Pharyngeal tonsil • Nasal meatuses (superior, middle, and inferior) • Opening of pharyngotympanic • Nasal vestibule tube • Nostril • Uvula Hard palate Oropharynx • Palatine tonsil Soft palate • Lingual tonsil Tongue Laryngopharynx Hyoid bone Larynx Esophagus • Epiglottis • Thyroid cartilage Trachea • Vocal fold • Cricoid cartilage (b) Detailed anatomy of the upper respiratory tract © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 2 Pharynx • Nasopharynx • Oropharynx • Laryngopharynx (a) Regions of the pharynx © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 3 Posterior Mucosa Esophagus Submucosa Trachealis Lumen of Seromucous muscle trachea gland in submucosa Hyaline cartilage Adventitia (a) Anterior © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 4 Intercostal muscle Rib Parietal pleura Lung Pleural cavity Trachea Visceral pleura Thymus Apex of lung Left superior lobe Right superior lobe Oblique Horizontal fissure fissure Right middle lobe Left inferior lobe Oblique fissure Right inferior lobe Heart (in pericardial cavity of mediastinum) Diaphragm Base of lung (a) Anterior view. The lungs flank mediastinal structures laterally. © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 5 Posterior Vertebra Esophagus (in posterior mediastinum) Root of lung at hilum Right lung • Left main bronchus Parietal pleura • Left pulmonary artery • Left pulmonary vein Visceral pleura Pleural cavity Left lung Thoracic wall Pulmonary trunk Pericardial membranes Heart (in mediastinum) Sternum Anterior mediastinum Anterior (b) Transverse section through the thorax, viewed from above © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 6 Alveolar duct Alveoli Respiratory bronchioles Alveolar duct Terminal bronchiole Alveolar sac (a) Diagrammatic view of respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.