Check List 9(2): 391–399, 2013 © 2013 Check List and Authors Chec List ISSN 1809-127X (available at www.checklist.org.br) Journal of lists and distribution

Observations of the under-described avifauna of the pecies

S Mostardas Peninsula, Rio Grande do Sul,

of

Nancy M. Harrison 1*, Michael J. Whitehouse 1 and Lauro A. S. P. Madureira 2 ists L

1 Anglia Ruskin University, [email protected] and Environmental Research Group, Department of Life Sciences, East Road, Cambridge CB1 1PT, UK 2 Federal University of Rio Grande, Laboratory of Fisheries Technology and Hydroacoustics. Av. Itália km 8. CEP 96201-900. Rio Grande, RS, Brazil. * Corresponding author. E-mail: Abstract: The Mostardas Peninsula on the east coast of Rio Grande do Sul state, Southern Brazil is important for migratory

that the Peninsula is bereft of terrestrial relative to similar habitat in Rio Grande do Sul. We used rapid assessment methodsshorebirds to that evaluate depend terrestrial upon the wetlands diversity in the and Lagoa note do observations Peixe National of migratory Park. However, birds previousat the western surveys margin have suggested of Lagoa

indo fragmented Peixe National woodland. Park between We discuss 11 the February reasons 2007 for the and discrepancy 25 March 2007.between We our recorded observations fourteen of the species terrestrial not previously avifauna andreported previous for this reports, area, andincluding the possibility several new that breeding the Mostardas records, Peninsula and detail is a the occurrence migratory of mixed-species route that remainsforaging poorly flocks documented.

Introduction species, however the survey effort has not been extensive, and it is possible that the avifauna is under-sampled. seaward side of the Mostardas Peninsula in Rio Grande do Here we report observations of birds on the Mostardas Sul,Lagoa Brazil (Figure do Peixe 1A) National is recognized Park (LPNP),as being internationally located on the Peninsula, notably terrestrial birds in and near the important for migrant shorebirds (Nascimento 1995; western margins of LPNP. We used rapid assessment et al. 2006); it is a Ramsar site and is highlighted methods – ‘10-species lists’ – which are of growing interest as a conservation tool (Roberts et al. 2007), our Bencke(WHSRN 2009) as one of South America’s most outstanding purpose to reassess the species richness of this region of refugesby the Westernfor thousands Hemisphere of long distance Shorebird migrants. Reserve Following Network the Mostardas Peninsula. Using this method we document species diversity and abundance of the community of birds Sul (Belton 1984, 1985, 1994), Nascimento (1995) documentedBelton’s landmark the occurrence study of of the 181 birds bird of species Rio Grande for LPNP. do A further 49 species have been documented as occurring Althoughin the arboreal the marismas and scrubby (i.e. restingassalt marshes) and floodedand lagoons forests, of theand LPNPdescribe were mixed-species not systematically foraging surveyed flocks observed as part ofthere. the present investigation, we document the shorebirds and in the park up until 2010 (Lara-Resende and Leeuwenberg waterfowl we observed over the period of study. Finally, we Mohr1987; 2004;Nascimento Mohr unpublishedet al. data; Maurícioet al. 2007; and BenckePereira comment on the reasons for the discrepancy between our 2000; Mohr 2003 as cited in Pereira and Poerschke 2010; observations of the avifauna of the Mostardas Peninsula few species when compared 2005; with Bencke the total of 661 that have and Poerschke 2010). This total of 230 is still relatively et al. 2010). Of these 230 species, ~53% are water birds and previous reports, and the likelihood that with further (bothbeen recorded marine and in the freshwater) state of Rio and Grande the rest do (107Sul (Bencke species Materialeffort the list and of Methodsbirds is likely to increase considerably. including 16 raptors and owls) are terrestrial birds. With the majority of interest lying with the wetland 31°13’12” S, 50°58’12” W, part of a fazenda on the western birds, there are relatively few reports on the terrestrial marginOur surveyof LPNP focused (Figure on 1A an and area 1B). of ~2 The sq majority km centred of our on main survey area was arboreal and scrubby restingas the peninsula as being ‘interesting because of its paucity which was consistent with the description in Belton ofbirds passerine of the Mostardas species’. However, Peninsula. he Belton based (1984) this assessment identified (1984) as comprising ‘members of the laurel (Lauracea) on a total of 13 days of survey on the Mostardas Peninsula and myrtle (Myrtaceae) families and impressively large between 1972-1981 during the months of January, May, Ficus spp.) with enormous spreading branches July and October (Belton 1985), relatively few periods of bearing a spectacular burden of epiphytes’. This habitat observation in a seasonal environment that one would fig trees ( expect to be characterised by the passage of migrants. coast and is typical of the once more extensive littoral The low number of species of , hummingbirds forest.runs in To a stripthe east (~1 of km this, broad an escarpment, at this point) with parallel an elevation to the and other terrestrial birds reported for the Mostardas Peninsula is surprising. The peninsula may be isolated biogeographically and genuinely have few terrestrial forestfall from and about swamps. 15 m Further to 5 m, eastmarks are the the western grazed marismasboundary of LPNP and a transition from dry restingas to flooded

391 Harrison et al. | Avifauna of the Mostardas Peninsula, Brazil and then the lagoon. Water levels on much of this wetland species had not been reported previously for the area, and are not controlled by the tides, but instead vary over short we document a further 31 species whose status is unclear time scales with rainfall and changes of wind direction. or ambiguous. Our rapid assessment surveys elucidate the Areas with juncos and sedges are scarce and fragmented, sometimes thin as the result of grazing, and nowhere as comment on migration through the area. expansive as seen at Taim or Pelotas areas further south. status and flocking habits of many forest birds and we also To the west of the restingas there is an expanse of sparsely Rapid assessment (10-species lists). In the survey of restinga and forest habitat we completed a total of with invasive Pinus species. The western border of the 126 ‘10-species’ lists. While completing this systematic fazendavegetated is formed sandy habitat, by the RST101 susceptible road tothat flood runs and the dottedlength survey we observed 94 species (Table 1). From the species of the Mostardas Peninsula. accumulation curve we are able to assess whether our Observations were made between 15 February and survey appears to have documented all species in the study 1 March 2007 then again 17 to 24 March 2007. We used rapid assessment methods to evaluate the diversity of say that no new birds are being found, and our list probably birds on 13 of these days; we did not conduct systematic showsarea (Figure the full 2); diversity if the accumulation of birds. In curvefact we flattens continued we can to surveys during rainy or windy weather. The marismas observe new species until the end of the study. were not systematically surveyed as part of this ‘rapid The rapid assessment showed a step in which a number assessment’, but we report here on our observations of of new birds were observed towards the very end of the shorebirds and waterfowl, and changes evident over the survey. This ‘step’, visible on the species accumulation period of our visit (spanning the end of summer and the beginning of fall migration for many species). In particular and onset of fall migration. The Mostardas Peninula has curve (Figure 2), would appear to reflect the end of summer extending east from the main study area across the grazed of terrestrial migrants, but our observations, including marismaswe note counts to the made lagoon. on 23 March along a 2.2 km transect not been identified as anCoccyzus important americanus area for the (Linnaeus, passage The rapid assessment method requires the Yellow-billedA Cuckoo

(Poulsenidentification et al.of all 1997). birds Weencountered compiled as ‘10-species’ observers move lists, aroundidentifying a defined all species study by site, sight using and pathssound whereuntil a possible total of of10 a different list using species a GPS hadunit been(Garmin observed; see Figure and identified, 1B for an marking the geographic position at the start and the finish example of a typical survey track). After the tenth species newhad been species. identified, Graphing a newthe ‘species 10-species accumulation list was started, curve’ provideswith some an repetition indication of of birds species from diversity. the first The list, higher as well the as diversity, the more new species will appear in lists through time. Also, the proportion of lists on which a species occurs (List Reporting Rate; LRR) is proportional to its abundance (Roberts et al. 2007).

et al. 1984; RidgelyIn the and field Tudor we 1989, used 1994; a comprehensive de la Peña and selection Rumboll of 1998;guides Remold for the identification 2001; Mata et of al. species 2006). (HaymanFor a few species we B also collected sound recordings (Edirol R-09 MP3 recorder with a Sennheiser e.g. internet sites such as Xeno-canto Foundation MKH8070 shotgun(2005-2011), microphone) and Remold for (2001).comparison However, with knownas we did songs not and systematically calls ( photograph or collect specimens, any potentially new records for the area can only be considered hypothetical. and

Brasileiro de Registros Ornitológicos (2011). nomenclatureFisher’s exact follows tests the were classification used for ofbasic the testsComitê of probability. Analyses were carried out using R, version Figure 1. study site. B. Aerial photograph of the study site showing a typical route A. Location of Lagoa do Peixe National Park and this survey’s Results2.8.1 (R Development and Discussion Core Team 2008). (small dashed line) taken to collect 10-species lists in relation to the thelocations centre of of various the main habitats. study Thearea escarpment (31°13’12” (largeS, 50°58’12” dashed W).line) Habitat marks we documented a total of 165 bird species of which 100 the western boundary of the national park and the marker (+) indicates wereDuring terrestrial the 23 (including days in 17 which raptors we and made owls). observations Fourteen is marked on figure: A = arboreal and scrubby restingas; B = scrubby restinga and flooded forest; C = marisma. 392 Harrison et al. | Avifauna of the Mostardas Peninsula, Brazil

1758) and Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus Tunstall, Murs, 1847) (6%) were added to the LPNP species list migrants passing through the area. More common species Cyclaris gujanensis (Gmelin, 1789) 1771 in the final 10-species counts were indicative of rare in 2010 (Pereira and Myiopsitta Poerschke monachus 2010) and (Boddaert, Rufous- migrants, e.g. Red-eyed Vireo Vireo olivaceus (Linnaeus, browed Peppershrike Colaptes 1766)– but not - two well individuals known for observed this region on werethe fazenda also likely between to be melanochloros(42%), Monk Parakeet(Gmelin, 1788) (9%) were added in 1987 17 February and 1 March. (Lara-Resende1783) (22%) and and Leeuwenberg Green-barred 1987). Woodpecker The List Reporting Rate (LRR) gives an indication of abundance (Table 1; Roberts et al. 2007). There is a need Mixed-species flocks. A number of species in Table 1 for some caution in the interpretation of our 10-species are similar in being woodland birds and in their tendency lists in this respect as conspicuous birds may be recorded more frequently and appear commoner than more cryptic species. However, it is noteworthy that 9 of the commoner foragingto associate in the in mixed-species same immediate foraging area, andflocks. when We thereidentified was species (top half of the table, present in 6% or more of the evidencebirds as of associating association in in mixed-species the form of calls flocks and other if observed signals lists) were only recently added to the LPNP list or indeed new for the area. Olive Spinetail obsoleta rapid assessment we encountered four mixed-species (Hutto 1987; Harrison and Whitehouse 2011). During the Cathartes aura (Linnaeus, 1758) (6%) were additions to (Reichenbach,the LPNP species 1853) list whereas (on 21% Picazuro lists) and Pigeon Turkey Patagioenas Vulture flocks involving a total of 15 species. Five of the species picazuro (48%), Buff-browed Foliage andwere theassociated remaining with 10-speciesflocks more lists. than Thesewould be were expected Grey- Gleaner Syndactyla rufosuperciliata (Lafresnaye, 1832) by chance given their relativePoospiza occurrence cabanisi in Bonaparte, the four flocks 1850 (Temminck, 1813)Lathrotriccus euleri (Fisher’s exact test; p p Zenaida auriculata Buff-browedthroated Warbling-finch Foliage-gleaner (p (11%), Euler’s Flycatcher (Cabanis, = 0.008), Olive Spinetail ( = 0.016), 1868)Table 1. (9%)Birds recorded and Eared on 126 ‘10-species’ Dove lists. Species are ordered (Des by their abundance as indicated by the number of =lists 0.019), (Total and Swainson’s %) on which they occurred.

SCIENTIFIC NAME ENGLISH NAME TOTAL % Pitangus sulphuratus (Linnaeus, 1766) 77 61 Zonotrichia capensis (Statius Muller, 1776) Rufous-collared Sparrow 65 52 Great Kiskadee Patagioenas picazuro Picazuro Pigeon 61 48 Furnarius rufus (Gmelin, 1788) Rufous Hornero 59 47 (Temminck, 1813) Hylocharis chrysura (Shaw, 1812) Gilded Hummingbird 56 44 Leptotila verreauxi Bonaparte, 1855 56 44 Cyclaris gujanensis (Gmelin, 1789) 53 42 White-tipped Dove Progne tapera (Vieillot, 1817) Brown-chested Martin 50 40 Rufous-browed Peppershrike Turdus rufiventris Vieillot, 1818 Rufous-bellied Thrush 47 37 Turdus amaurochalinus 37 29 Tyrannus melancholicus Vieillot, 1819 32 25 Cabanis, 1850 Creamy-bellied Thrush Myiopsitta monachus (Boddaert, 1783) 28 22 Tropical Kingbird Basileuterus leucoblepharus (Vieillot, 1817) White-browed Warbler 28 22 Monk Parakeet Cranioleuca obsoleta (Reichenbach, 1853) Olive Spinetail 27 21 Stephanophorus diadematus 24 19 Vanellus chilensis (Molina, 1782) Southern Lapwing 24 19 (Temminck, 1823) Diademed Basileuterus culicivorus Golden-crowned Warbler 23 18 Coereba flaveola (Linnaeus, 1758) Bananaquit 22 17 (Deppe, 1830) Sicalis flaveola (Linnaeus, 1766) Saffron Finch 22 17 Synallaxis spixi Sclater, 1856 Spix’s Spinetail 21 17 Columbina picui 21 17 Xolmis irupero (Vieillot, 1823) White Monjita 21 17 (Temminck, 1813) Picui Ground-Dove Pipraeidea bonariensis (Gmelin, 1789) Blue-and-yellow Tanager 20 16 Poospiza cabanisi Bonaparte 1850 Grey-throated Warbling-Finch 18 14 Elaenia obscura (d’Orbigny and Lafresnaye, 1837) 17 13 Agelaioides badius (Vieillot, 1819) 16 13 Highland Elaenia Tangara sayaca (Linnaeus, 1766) Sayaca Tanager 16 13 Bay-winged Cowbird Myiophobus fasciatus (Statius Muller, 1776) Bran-colored Flycatcher 15 12 Rupornis magnirostris (Gmelin, 1788) 15 12 Parula pitiayumi (Vieillot, 1817) Tropical Parula 15 12 Roadside Hawk Syndactyla rufosuperciliata (Lafresnaye, 1832) Buff-browed Foliage-gleaner 14 11 Hirundo rustica Linnaeus, 1758 Barn Swallow 12 10 Lathrotriccus euleri 11 9 Colaptes melanochloros (Gmelin, 1788) 11 9 (Cabanis, 1868) Euler’s Flycatcher Sturnella superciliaris (Bonaparte, 1850) 11 9 Green-barred Woodpecker White-browed Blackbird 393 Harrison et al. | Avifauna of the Mostardas Peninsula, Brazil

Table 1. Continued.

SCIENTIFIC NAME ENGLISH NAME TOTAL % Anumbius annumbi (Vieillot, 1817) Firewood-gatherer 10 8 Guira guira (Gmelin, 1788) 10 8 Sporophila caerulescens (Vieillot, 1823) 8 6 Guira Cuckoo Troglodytes musculus Naumann, 1823 Southern House Wren 8 6 Double-collared Seedeater Cathartes aura (Linnaeus, 1758) 8 6 Plegadis chihi (Vieillot, 1817) White-faced Ibis 8 6 Turkey Vulture Colaptes campestris (Vieillot, 1818) 7 6 Zenaida auriculata 7 6 Campo Flicker Columbina talpacoti 7 6 (Des Murs, 1847) Eared Dove Serpophaga subcristata (Vieillot, 1817) White-crested Tyrannulet 7 6 (Temminck, 1811) Ruddy Ground-Dove Turdus albicollis Vieillot, 1818 7 6 Machetornis rixosa (Vieillot, 1819) 6 5 White-necked Thrush Geothlypis aequinoctialis (Gmelin, 1789) 6 5 Cattle Tyrant Caracara plancus (Miller, 1777) 6 5 Masked Yellowthroat Myiarchus swainsoni Swainson’s Flycatcher 6 5 Southern Caracara Milvago chimango (Vieillot, 1816) 5 4 Cabanis and Heine, 1859 Phacellodomus ferrugineigula (Pelzeln, 1858) Orange-breasted Thornbird 5 4 Chimango Caracara Elaenia parvirostris Pelzeln, 1868 5 4 Cyanoloxia brissonii (Lichtenstein, 1823) 5 4 Small-billed Elaenia Falco sparverius Linnaeus, 1758 4 3 Ultramarine Grosbeak Mimus saturninus (Lichtenstein, 1823) 4 3 American Kestrel Icterus pyrrhopterus (Vieillot, 1819) Variable Oriole 4 3 Chalk-browed Mockingbird Thamnophilus ruficapillus Vieillot, 1816 4 3 Egretta thula (Molina, 1782) 4 3 Rufous-capped Antshrike Coragyps atratus (Bechstein, 1793) 3 2 Snowy Egret Amazonetta brasiliensis (Gmelin, 1789) Brazilian Teal 3 2 Black Vulture Aramides ypecaha (Vieillot, 1819) Giant Wood-Rail 3 2 Gallinago paraguaiae (Vieillot, 1816) South American Snipe 3 2 Chauna torquata Southern Screamer 3 2 Anas georgica Gmelin, 1789 Yellow-billed Pintail 3 2 (Oken, 1816) Satrapa icterophrys (Vieillot, 1818) Yellow-browed Tyrant 3 2 Pygochelidon cyanoleuca (Vieillot, 1817) Blue-and-white Swallow 2 2 Bubulcus ibis (Linnaeus, 1758) 2 2 dumicola (Vieillot, 1817) 2 2 Cattle Egret Vireo olivaceus (Linnaeus, 1766) Red-eyed Vireo 2 2 Masked Heterospizias meridionalis (Latham, 1790) 2 2 Molothrus bonariensis (Gmelin, 1789) 2 2 Savanna Hawk Tapera naevia (Linnaeus, 1766) 2 2 Shiny Cowbird Syrigma sibilatrix Whistling Heron 2 2 Striped Cuckoo Chloroceryle amazona (Latham, 1790) 1 1 (Temminck, 1824) Falco femoralis Aplomado Falcon 1 1 Amazon Kingfisher Cygnus melancoryphus (Molina, 1782) 1 1 Temminck, 1822 Pseudoleistes virescens (Vieillot, 1819) Brown-and-yellow Marshbird 1 1 Black-necked Swan Tryngites subruficollis (Vieillot, 1819) Buff-breasted Sandpiper 1 1 Tyrannus savanna Vieillot, 1808 1 1 Aramides cajanea (Statius Muller, 1776) 1 1 Fork-tailed Flycatcher Ardea alba Linnaeus, 1758 1 1 Gray-necked Wood-Rail Bubo virginianus (Gmelin, 1788) Great Horned Owl 1 1 Great Egret Saltator similis d’Orbigny and Lafresnaye, 1837 Green-winged Saltator 1 1 Falco peregrinus Tunstall, 1771 Peregrine Falcon 1 1 Pardirallus sanguinolentus (Swainson, 1837) Plumbeous Rail 1 1 Laterallus leucopyrrhus (Vieillot, 1819) 1 1 Lanio cucullatus (Statius Muller, 1776) Red-crested Finch 1 1 Red-and-white Crake Megaceryle torquata (Linnaeus, 1766) 1 1 Accipiter striatus Vieillot, 1808 1 1 Ringed Kingfisher Hymenops perspicillatus (Gmelin, 1789) Spectacled Tyrant 1 1 Sharp-shinned Hawk Piaya cayana (Linnaeus, 1766) 1 1 Tachycineta leucorrhoa (Vieillot, 1817) White-rumped Swallow 1 1 Squirrel Cuckoo Coccyzus americanus (Linnaeus, 1758) 1 1

Yellow-billed Cuckoo

394 Harrison et al. | Avifauna of the Mostardas Peninsula, Brazil

Flycatcher Myiarchus swainsoni (p p raptors some of which we believe represent new records Cabanis and Heine, 1859 forPoerschke the area 2010). and others For instance, that had we been encountered added only numerous recently conspicuous = 0.006) and family Euler’s parties Flycatcher of Grey-throated ( = 0.007). The Warbling- mixed- species flocks appeared to be led by Olive Spinetails. Other and were ubiquitous on the wet habitats between the species observed associated with one or more of the four escarpmentto the LPNP listand (Pereira the lagoon and and Poerschke again, we 2010). observed Shorebirds some finches which were present in all observed flocks p species that have not been recorded previously for LPNP 0.069), Golden-crowned Warbler Basileuterus culicivorus while the numbers of others observed are noteworthy. flocks were Rufous-browedp Peppershrike (4 flocks, = Species for which we have found no previous records Basileuterus leucoblepharus for the area include the following. Rufous-collared(Deppe, 1830) (3 flocks, Sparrow = 0.087),Zonotrichia White-browed capensis Warbler (Statius (Vieillot, 1817) (2 flocks),Turdus Cathartes aura. Fairly common in rufiventris groups of up to 5-6 at a time, including within LPNP. Muller,Bananaquit 1776) Coereba (2 flocks), flaveola Rufous-bellied (Linnaeus, 1758), Thrush Tropical ThisTurkey easily identifed, Vulture conspicuous species is absent from Parula Parula Vieillot, pitiayumi 1818 (2 flocks), and in one flock each previous surveys so perhaps there has been a recent range Thrush Turdus amaurochalinus extension. Tanager Stephanophorus (Vieillot, diadematus 1817), Creamy-bellied Accipiter striatus Vieillot, 1808. Cabanis, 1850, Diademed An adult bird was seen 18 February foraging in pines in the (Temminck, 1823), Sharp-shinned Hawk andSpecies Green-barred accounts. Woodpecker. Other species we observed have Urubitinga urubitinga (Gmelin, either not been recorded previously in the area or their sandy1788). area An to individual the west of was the seen fazenda 17 within March. 1 Initiallykm of LPNP. the birdGreat was perched Black-Hawk on a fence post along the RST101 road Nascimento 1995; Lara-Resende and Leeuwenberg 1987; status is not well known (Belton 1984, 1985, 1994; Laterallus leucopyrrhus (Vieillot, adjacent to the study site prior to flying over LPNP. 2004;Nascimento Mohr unpublishedet al. data; Maurícioet al. 2007; and Bencke Pereira 2000; and (withinRed-and-white 3 m) 28 February Crake feeding around a log in a water- Mohr 2003 as cited in Pereira and Poerschke 2010, Mohr 1819). This species was first observed at close range 2005; Bencke whitefilled ditch plumage at the and foot bright of the red escarpment legs and was within accompanied LPNP. The adult was unmistakable, with distinctive rufous, black and plumage. An adult vocalized (and was recorded) at the by 4 large young (nearly adult size) in dark juvenile

same location on 23 March in response to playback of its trilling vocalization. Red-and-white Crakes have been Peninsula.found further south (Maurício and Dias 1996), however thisSpotted may be Sandpiper the first breedingActitis macularius record for (Linnaeus, the Mostardas 1766). The WHSRN (2009) list Spotted Sandpiper as occurring in very low numbers yet it is missing from published accounts of wader migration through the region. We observed one Figure 2. The species accumulation curve of total bird species recorded spotted sandpiper at close range within LPNP feeding in against the number of 10-species lists collected. marismas on 24 February.

Table 2.

Birds recorded in mixed-species flocks during the collection of 126 10-species lists. Species are ordered by the number of lists in which they occurred (Total),SCIENTIFIC but their NAME propensity to occur in flocks is indicated by the proportionENGLISH ofNAME observations recorded in a flockTOTAL (%). % Cranioleuca obsoleta (Reichenbach, 1853) Olive Spinetail 7 26 Cyclaris gujanensis (Gmelin, 1789) 5 9 Syndactyla rufosuperciliata (Lafresnaye, 1832) Buff-browed Foliage-gleaner 4 29 Rufous-browed Peppershrike Zonotrichia capensis (Statius Muller, 1776) Rufous-collared Sparrow 4 6 Poospiza cabanisi Bonaparte 1850 Grey-throated Warbling-Finch 4 22 Lathrotriccus euleri 3 27 Myiarchus swainsoni Swainson’s Flycatcher 3 50 (Cabanis, 1868) Euler’s Flycatcher Basileuterus culicivorus Golden-crowned Warbler 3 13 Cabanis and Heine, 1859 Turdus rufiventris Vieillot, 1818 Rufous-bellied Thrush 2 4 (Deppe, 1830) Coereba flaveola (Linnaeus, 1758) Bananaquit 2 9 Parula pitiayumi (Vieillot, 1817) Tropical Parula 2 13 Basileuterus leucoblepharus (Vieillot, 1817) White-browed Warbler 2 7 Colaptes melanochloros (Gmelin, 1788) 1 9 Turdus amaurochalinus 1 3 Green-barred Woodpecker Stephanophorus diadematus 1 4 Cabanis, 1850 Creamy-bellied Thrush (Temminck, 1823) Diademed Tanager 395 Harrison et al. | Avifauna of the Mostardas Peninsula, Brazil

Solitary Sandpiper Tringa solitaria Wilson, 1813. We the grazed marismas. observed Solitary Sandpipers on 15-17 February and Spotted Nothura Nothura maculosa again 21-22 February in LPNP. Olive Spinetail Cranioleuca obsoleta. Olive Spinetails Bubulcus ibis (Linnaeus, (Temminck, 1758). 1815). Added were abundant in arboreal and scrubby restingas A few individuals were seen crossing the fazenda tracks. (including appropriate habitat within LPNP), often Cattle Egret recently to the park list (Mohr 2003 as cited in Pereira and observations were consistent with this species, with PoerschkeWhistling 2010), Heron this Syrigma species sibilatrix was common, feeding with nowith evidence (and apparently of C. pyrrhophia leading) (Vieillot, mixed-species 1818) or flocks. hybrids All Individualslivestock on seengrazed on marismas. several occasions in wet scrub near between the two species as reported farther south by the fazenda. (Temminck, 1824). Long-winged Harrier Circus buffoni (Gmelin, 1788). Elaenia parvirostris Pelzeln, 1868. Individuals were encountered repeatedly and appeared to Claramunt (2002). be LPNP residents. andSmall-billed again 21-23 Elaenia March. On one occasion what appeared to Aplomado Falcon Falco femoralis beSmall-billed a family party Elaenias were were active found in a fruitingbetween tree 19-24 within February LPNP Seen on 3 occasions in LPNP. allowing close examination. Time of year, habitat, and the Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus Temminck,. Seen from 1822. the presence of a coronal stripe and 3 wing-bars on several birds, are indicative of this species rather than any of its to the north along the escarpment. congeners. fazendaGiant 23 Wood-Rail March, at Aramidesleast 2 birds ypecaha flying high(Vieillot, and moving 1819). White-crested Tyrannulet Serpophaga subcristata Individuals were found at the base of the escarpment; this (Vieillot, 1817). White-crested Tyrannulets were observed species was absent from early descriptions of the birds of on 23 and 28 February, on the former date in arboreal the peninsula, but documented recently as occurring in restinga and on the latter in an isolated bamboo patch et al. 2007). within LPNP. American Golden Plover Pluvialis dominica (Statius Swainson’s Flycatcher Myiarchus swainsoni. We Muller,LPNP (Bencke 1776). Numbers of this species dropped during observed this species repeatedly (including appropriate our survey; 100’s were observed feeding among Southern habitat within LPNP) between 17 Feb and 23 March, Lapwings Vanellus chilensis (Molina, 1782) and Buff- breasted Sandpiper Tryngites subruficollis (Vieillot, 1819) Red-eyed Vireo Vireo olivaceus. Two individuals were on marginally higher grazed marismas in the last two observedclosely associated within LPNP with between mixed-species 17 February flocks. and 1 March. Cyanoloxia brissonii were observed with just 4 on 23 March. weeksTwo-banded of February. Plover However, Charadrius between falklandicus March 18-23 Latham, few Ultramarine Grosbeak 1790. Small numbers were observed including adults in (Lichtenstein, 1823). A few, relativelyC. large brissonii dark rather blue breeding plumage with juveniles on 21 February. Although grosbeaks were observed repeatedly on theCyanoloxia fazenda withinglaucocaerulea 1 km of LPNP(d’Orbigny and identified and as Lafresnaye, 1837). indicates breeding at LPNP (see Belton 1994). Furthermore,than the smaller several Glaucous-blue birds were moulting Grosbeak from juvenile capable of flightLimnodromus the presence sp.). of juvenilesOn 24 Feb, on a this greyish, date into adult male plumage, suggesting possible breeding nearby. as LimnodromusDowitcher ( by NMH and MJW based on our previous Variable Oriole Icterus pyrrhopterus (Vieillot, 1819). long-billed shorebird was observed briefly and identified Tringa I. cayanensis (Linnaeus, 1766), was seen plumageexperience detail with or the call . were It fedobtained on flooded to identify marismas the withbird regularlyThis species, in restinga previously along the considered escarpment conspecific at the margin with of to species. for Limnodromus structural comparison, griseus (Gmelin, but neither 1789) is sufficient the only LPNP,Epaulet on Oriole 17, 19 and 28 February, despite Belton’s (1985) species in the genus with documented records in the state distribution map suggesting they were at the edge of their et al. 2010). range. Ruddy Turnstones Arenaria interpres (Linnaeus, 1758). Molothrus rufoaxillaris (Bencke White-rumped Sandpiper Calidris fuscicollis (Vieillot, Screaming Cowbird (Cassin, Observed on flooded marismas 19-20 March. 1866). Screaming Cowbirds were abundant and a count of 335 on 23 March. Agelaioidesconspicuous badius in open (Vieillot, areas within 1819) 1 to km raise of LPNP. their This young; is 1819).Buff-breasted Abundant in Sandpipermid-March onTryngites flooded marismas subruficollis with. a brood parasite dependent on Bay-winged Cowbirds marismas from 17 Feb to 23 March. A count of 2106 on juvenilewe watched plumage many which families mimics of Bay-winged that of their Cowbirds host (Ridgely with 23Abundant March. on marginally higher ground in flooded andtheir Tudor Screaming 1989). Cowbird offspring moulting out of their South American Painted-Snipe Nycticryphes semicollaris (Vieillot, 1816). There are relatively few records of this Other noteworthy observations. Although recorded distinctive and easily recognizable species in Rio Grande do previously for the LPNP, we add our own observations of some species to help clarify their status. 1994) it is rare on the Mostardas Peninsula and it has been Greater Rhea Rhea americana (Linnaeus, 1758). Added addedSul (Maurício relatively and recently Dias 1996); to the according LPNP list to Belton (Nascimento, (1984, unpublished record). Our observation on 4 February of >20 feeding among the juncos relatively recently to the LPNP list (Pereira and Poerschke 2010), small flocks of 6-8 Rheas were frequently seen on (low thickets of rushes) 396in Harrison et al. | Avifauna of the Mostardas Peninsula, Brazil

Olrog’s Gull Larus atlanticus Olrog, 1958. A single bird the fazenda, 17 February and 1 March. wasthe marismas observed is on likely the to shoreline be an exceptional of Lagoa dorecord. Peixe on 20 Poerschke 2010), we observed Geothlypis 2 on aequinoctialis separate occasions (Gmelin, on March. 1789). Added to the LPNP list by Lara-Resende and Picazuro Pigeon Patagioenas picazuro LeeuwenbergMasked Yellowthroat (1987), this species was found repeatedly in 1813). Added only recently to the LPNP list (Pereira and swampy margins. (Temminck, Cyclaris gujanensis. found it abundant. Added to the LPNP list by Lara-Resende and Leeuwenberg Poerschke 2010), Zenaida in agreement auriculata . withAs with these Picazuro authors Pigeon we (1987),Rufous-browed this species Peppershrike was fairly abundant around the fazenda. Eared Dove Myiopsitta monachus. First noted by Lara-Resende(Pereira and Poerschke and Leeuwenberg 2010), an (1987)abundant this species. species was In this relatively short survey we observed more encounteredMonk Parakeet frequently. species than expected, including 14 which represent Coccyzus americanus hypothetically new records for the area, most within views were obtained of an individual showing the LPNP. Furthermore, our observations suggest some diagnosticYellow-billed plumage Cuckoo traits of this species on the. Excellent fazenda species previously unrecorded in the region are in fact common residents or migrants (Belton 1984, 1985, 1994; Nascimento 1995; Lara-Resende and Leeuwenberg 1987; withinGreat 1 km Horned of LPNP, Owl on Bubo 21 March. virginianus Previously (Gmelin, recorded 1788). by FedrizziHeard repeatedly and Carlos around (2011). the fazenda and found roosting MohrNascimento, 2004; Mohr unpublished et al. data; Maurícioet al. 2007; and BenckePereira Scissor-tailed Nightjar Hydropsalis torquata (Gmelin, 2000; Mohr 2003 as cited in Pereira and Poerschke 2010, in a small patch of trees in flooded marisma. et al. 2007), Peninsula are often areas 2005; with Bencke high diversity because of a specimen was found dead on the road into the fazenda theand passagePoerschke of migrants.2010). Such While coastal LPNP sites is establishedas the Mostardas as an and1789). several Added living recently birds seento the on LPNP the property (Bencke 21-23 March. important migratory stop-over for shorebirds, the records Chordeiles nacunda (Vieillot, 1817). A specimen was found dead on the RST101 road of forest fragments extend in a belt with a north-south adjacentNacunda to the Nighthawk fazenda on 21 February. orientation,of terrestrial andmigrants this were may benot actingexpected. as The a corridor patchwork for Colaptes melanochloros. terrestrial migrants. Added to the LPNP list by Lara-Resende and Leeuwenberg The sequence of reports (noted above) on the (1987),Green-barred we encountered Woodpecker this species regularly around the Mostardas avifauna indicates that Belton’s assessment fazenda. of the primary interest at the site as being the ‘paucity of Orange-breasted Thornbird Phacellodomus birds’ is not supported. The reports since Belton’s original ferrugineigula the state, Belton (1984) described this species as ‘probably but it would appear that the terrestrial habitat is not (Pelzeln, 1858). Described as uncommon in easilywork (1984, evaluated, 1985) and have that each the rhythm introduced of movements new species, by P. terrestrial migrants has not yet been described adequately. erythrophthalmusresident but not registered (Wied, 1821); in December, all of our observations or March-May’. and Our rising species accumulation curve, and more generally soundPreviously recordings this species (good was vocal treated records as a conspecific for 6 individuals) with the increasing species list for the Mostardas Peninsula were consistent with P. ferrugineigula (Simon et al. 2008) suggests that we continue to be in an exploratory phase in as would be expected. We found a minimum of 12 birds, describing this avifauna, consistent with the observation between 17 February and 23 March 2007, restricted et al. (2010) for the state of

speciesby Bencke could (2001) be addedand Bencke to the LPNP list relatively easily LPNP.to dense flooded vegetation, apparently occupying all withRio Grande more diverse do Sul asobserver a whole. effort It is ( likelye.g. during that manyall seasons more suitableBuff-browed habitats along 2.6 Foliage-gleaner km of the western boundary Syndactyla of and habitats). However, some of our more unusual records rufosuperciliata. Added recently to the LPNP list (Pereira be added to the list. arboreal and scrubby restingas. suggestGiven that the other amount unexpected of effort migrants that hasare also been likely spent to and Poerschke 2010), thisLathrotriccus species was regularly euleri. Another seen in previously studying the waterbirds and shorebirds of LPNP, recent addition to the Mostardas Peninsula and LPNP Euler’s Flycatcher 2010), we found them regularly between 17 February and most of our observations are likely to be unremarkable. 1list March (Maurício in arboreal and Bencke and scrubby 2000; Pereira restingas, and feeding Poerschke low, raritiesHowever, such the exceptions as Spotted to andthis are Solitary likely to Sandpipers. be the breeding It is unfortunaterecord for Red-and-white that we were unable Crake to and identify the occurrenceto species the of Rusty-collared Seedeater Sporophila collaris (Boddaert, 1783).usually Firstwith mixed-species noted for LPNP flocks. by Nascimento (1995), this with Yellowlegs (Tringa spp.) on 24 February. However species occurs further south than originally described by vagrant Dowitcher species we found at the lagoon, feeding Belton (1985). Limnodromus griseus (Harrington et al. et al. Green-winged Saltator Saltator similis d’Orbigny and 2010).it is most Also noteworthy likely to have were been the 20 Short-billed or so South Dowitcher American Lafresnaye, 1837. A recent addition to the Mostardas Painted-Snipes 1986; Bencke et al. 2007; Pereira and juncos habitat in which the birds were located and its that we found on 4 February. The specific Peninsula and LPNP list (Bencke 397 Harrison et al. | Avifauna of the Mostardas Peninsula, Brazil

Literature Cited irregular occurrence in the LPNP (Belton 1984, 1994). Belton, W. 1984. Birds of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Part 1. Rheidae through Furnariidae. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural Finally,susceptibility the abundance to flooding/drying of Buff-breasted out may Sandpipers account for during their History Belton, W. 1985. Birds of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Part 2. Formicariidae transect between the escarpment and the lagoon on 23 178(4): 369-636.Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History Marchour study we period counted was 2106 striking; individuals on a single which count represents along a Belton,through W. 1994. Corvidae. Aves do Rio Grande do Sul. Distribuição e biologia. São a substantial part of this species’ global population 180(1): 1-242. Lista de referência das aves do Rio Grande do Sul. Porto (Lanctot et al. 2010). Although LPNP is renowned for the Leopoldo: Editora Unisinos. 584 p. large numbers of migrant and wintering shorebirds, our Bencke, G.A. 2001. observations indicate that the documented numbers may Menegheti.Alegre: Fundação 2007. ZoobotânicaAves; p. 314-353 do Rio In Grande do Sul. 104 p. Bencke,L.A. Moura.G.A., M.I. Burger, J.C.P. Dotto, D.L. Guadagnin, T.O. Leite and J.O. be underestimates for a number of species. e dos butiazais de Tapes, planície costeira F.G. Becker, do Rio R.A. Grande Ramos do andSul. As far as some of the more noticeable new terrestrial (ed.). Biodiversidade RS. Regiões da Lagoa do Casamento birds (e.g. Grande do Sul. Brasília: Ministério do Meio Ambiente, Fundação Zoobotânica do Rio

Turkey Vulture and Screaming Cowbird) we Bencke,Rio GrandeG.A., R.A. do Dias, Sul, Brasil. L. Bugoni, Iheringia. C.E. Agne, Série ZoologiaC.S. Fontana, G.N. Maurício theyobserved may represent in or near genuinely LPNP, these new may range be extensions. well known The in and D.B. Machado. 2010. Revisão e atualização da lista das avesÁreas do occurrencethe park but of not others have ( entered the scientific literature; or importantes para a conservação das Aves no Brasil. Parte100(4): I- Estados519-556. do e.g. Bencke,domínio G.A., da G.N. Mata Mauricio, Atâántica P.F. Develey and J.M. Goerck. 2006. Cranioleuca pyrrhophia y el some of our observations Sharp-shinned in the arboreal Hawk and and scrubby Great límite con Cranioleuca obsoleta. São (Furnariidae). Paulo: Editora. Ornitología 494 p. Neotropical restingasBlack-Hawk) may may have be due resulted purely from to serendipity. us having However, had the Claramunt, S. 2002. Variación geográfica en Listas das aves do opportunity to survey a high quality habitat remnant. The Brasil13(3):. 255-266. highly fragmented habitat on the Mostardas Peninusla may Comitê Brasileiro de Registros Ornitológicos. 2011. in part explain the extent to which terrestrial birds have 10ª Edição, 25/1/2011. Electronic database accessible at dohttp://www.cbro.org.br. Sul; p. 331-334. In Captured on 14 January 2013. not previously been well documented. The majority of Fedrizzi,Nascimento C.E and C.J. (Org.). Carlos. Conservação 2011. Planície de avesCosteira migratórias Central do neárticas Rio Grande no woodland birds were observed in an area of littoral forest, Brasil R.M. Valente, J.M.C. Silva, F.C. Straube and J.L.X. ). Belton (1985, Northward shorebird Ficus migration. 1ed. onBelém: the AtlanticConservação coast Internacional of southern do Brazil. Brasil. Vida Silvestre 1994) noted that the absence of species such as Swainson’s Harrington,Neotropical B.A., P.T.Z. Antas and F. Silva. 1986. Flycatchercharacterized on by the mature Mostardas fig trees Peninsula ( was probably because of the absence of suitable woodland habitat. In example of niche 1(1): construction?45-54. Animal Behaviour Hayman,Harrison, P., N.M. J. Marchant and M.J. and Whitehouse. T. Prater. 1984. 2011. Shorebirds: Mixed-species an identification flocks: an fragmented woodland habitat there may be a loss of mixed- guide to the waders of the world 81(4): 675-682.

in western Mexico. Condor . London: Croom Helm. 412 p. Hutto, R.L. 1987. A description of mixed-species insectivorous bird flocks species flocks, as has been reported in the Atlantic Forest 89(2): 282-292. Conservation Plan for beof Brazilparticularly (Maldonado-Coelho scarce in fragmented and Marini woodland. 2003), and given Lanctot,the Buff-breastedR.B., J. Aldabe, Sandpiper J.B. Almeida, D. Blanco, J.P. Isacch, J. Jorgensen, its association with such flocks, Swainson’s Flycatcher may S. Norland, P. Rocca and K.M. Strum. 2010. The habitat of the Mostardas Peninsula would appear (Tryngites subruficollis). Version 1.1. to be harsh and inhospitable, dominated by expansive Lara-Resende,Manomet: S. U. and S. FishF. Leeuwenberg. and Wildlife 1987. Service, Ecological Anchorage, studies Alaska,of Lagoa and do dunes, with the wetland of Lagoa do Peixe offering a very PeixeManomet Center for Conservation Sciences. 114 p. 2003. . Washington: Final Report to WWF-US. 52 p. Maldonado-Coelho,and seasonality M. on and their M.A. size,Marini. richness Mixed-species and stability. birdBiological flocks specific of habitat for shorebirds and waterfowl. Our Conservationfrom Brazilian Atlantic forest: the effects of forest fragmentation withobservations additions, suggest the regional that there bird are listpockets for theof habitat Mostardas that Birds of South America: non- passerines: rheas 116(1): to woodpeckers 19-26. Peninsulamay hold will more be species small when than compared presently onwith record. the total Even of Mata,Press. J.R.R., 384 F. Erizep. and M. Rumboll. 2006. 661 that have been recorded in the state of Rio Grande do 2000.. New New Jersey: avifaunal Princeton records University from the Mostardas Peninsula, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Cotinga et al. 2010) but it represents an interesting Maurício, G.N. and G.A. Bencke. region in biogeographic terms, and as an ‘edge of range’ 13: 69-71. Sulcommunity (Bencke is important in terms of conservation. Some of Maurício,Ararajuba G.N. and R.A. Dias. 1996. Novos registros e extensões de the species we observed, such as Red-eyed Vireo (17 and Mohr,distribuição L.V. 2004. deNovo aves registro e costeiras do pingüim-rei no litoral sul Aptenodytes do Rio Grande patagonicus do Sul. para o Brasil. 4(1): Ararajuba 47-51. migrants, and the potential importance of the Mostardas pardo Sula leucogaster leucogaster 12(1): 78-79. Peninsula24 February) for and terrestrial Yellow-billed migrant Cuckoo birds (23 merits March) further are Mohr,no L.V., Rio F.J. Grande De Souza do Sul,and Brasil.J.C.G. Santos.Comunicações 2005. Novo do Museu registro de do Ciência atobá- e Tecnologia da PUCRS (Boddaert, 1783) (Aves: Sulidae) study. We argue here that there is need for further survey Nascimento, I.L.S. 1995. As aves do Parque Nacional da Lagoa do Peixe. effort, particularly during spring and fall migration, with a 18(2): 207-209. programme of mist-netting potentially identifying this as de la Peña, M.R. and M. Rumboll. 1998. Birds of southern South America Brasilia:and Antarctica IBAMA. 41 p. an important migratory route for a variety of taxa. . London: Harper Collins.Biotemas 304 p. Pereira, M.S. and F. Poerschke. 2010. New bird records from Lagoa do Acknowledgments: 1997.Peixe National Park, southern Brazil. 23(1): 241-246. Poulsen,biases B.O., and N. data Krabbe, gathered. A. Frølander, Bird Conservation M.B. Hinojosa International and C.O. Quiroga. We thank Renato Marantes and Julia Marantes for 67. A rapid assessment of Bolivian and Ecuadorian lists: efficiency, their staffhelp, forsupport access and and hospitality. guidance. WeWe arethank indebted IBAMA to for Leandro free access Bugoni to R: A language and environment 7(1): 53- for forthe adviceLagoa anddo Peixecomments National on an Park, earlier as draftwell andas the Giovanni local landowners N. Maurício and statistical computing Remold,R Development H. 2001. Core The Team.land birds 2008. of Southeast Brazil. Disc 2: Furnarids – the late Bill Belton for useful comments and encouragement. Sharpbill . Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Carlos E. Agne for constructive comments. Finally we are most grateful to . Quincy: GG Softward.

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Ridgely, R.S. and G. Tudor. 1989. The birds of South America. Volume I. The WHSRN. 2009. Lagoa do Peixe oscine passerines 13 October 2011. Ridgely, R.S. and G. Tudor 1994. The birds of South America. Volume II. The . Accessible at www.whsrn.org/site- suboscine passerines. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 516 p. profile/lagoa-do-peixe. Captured on Xeno-Canto Foundation. 2005-2011. Electronic Database accessible at . Oxford: Oxford University Press. 814 p. www.xeno-canto.org. Captured on 13 October 2011. Roberts,comparison R.L., P.F. with Donald independent and R.E. data. Green. Animal 2007. Conservation Using simple species 339.lists to monitor trends in animal populations: new methods and a 10(3):2008. 332- Phacellodomus ferrugineigula Received: October 2012 Simon, J.E., J.F. Pacheco, B.M.Revista Whitney, Brasileira G.T. Matosde Ornitologia and R.L. Gagliardi. Accepted: February 2013 (Pelzeln, 1858) (Aves: Furnariidae) é Published online: April 2013 uma espécie válida. 16(2): 107-124. Editorial responsibility: Leandro Bugoni

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