The Polish – Soviet Confrontation in 1956 and the Attempted Soviet Military Intervention in Poland
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February 04, 1949 Memorandum of Conversation Between Anastas Mikoyan and Mao Zedong
Digital Archive digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org International History Declassified February 04, 1949 Memorandum of Conversation between Anastas Mikoyan and Mao Zedong Citation: “Memorandum of Conversation between Anastas Mikoyan and Mao Zedong,” February 04, 1949, History and Public Policy Program Digital Archive, APRF: F. 39, Op. 1, D. 39, Ll. 54-62. Reprinted in Andrei Ledovskii, Raisa Mirovitskaia and Vladimir Miasnikov, Sovetsko-Kitaiskie Otnosheniia, Vol. 5, Book 2, 1946-February 1950 (Moscow: Pamiatniki Istoricheskoi Mysli, 2005), pp. 66-72. Translated by Sergey Radchenko. http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/113318 Summary: Anastas Mikoyan and Mao Zedong discuss the independence of Mongolia, the independence movement in Xinjiang, the construction of a railroad in Xinjiang, CCP contacts with the VKP(b), the candidate for Chinese ambassador to the USSR, aid from the USSR to China, CCP negotiations with the Guomindang, the preparatory commisssion for convening the PCM, the character of future rule in China, Chinese treaties with foreign powers, and the Sino-Soviet treaty. Original Language: Russian Contents: English Translation On 4 February 1949 another meeting with Mao Zedong took place in the presence of CCP CC Politburo members Zhou Enlai, Liu Shaoqi, Ren Bishi, Zhu De and the interpreter Shi Zhe. From our side Kovalev I[van]. V. and Kovalev E.F. were present. THE NATIONAL QUESTION I conveyed to Mao Zedong that our CC does not advise the Chinese Com[munist] Party to go overboard in the national question by means of providing independence to national minorities and thereby reducing the territory of the Chinese state in connection with the communists' take-over of power. -
Mao and the 1956 Soviet Military
! ! !"#$"%&'()#$*+,$-"& .(#/&0122& & & & & 3%4&'()#$*+,$-"5&& & & & SHEN ZHIHUA & MAO AND THE 1956 SOVIET MILITARY INTERVENTION IN HUNGARY & & & & !"#$#%&''()*+,'#-./0)#%1) 2./)3456)7+%$&"#&%)8/9:'+;#:%)&%0);./)<:9#/;)=':>)?:+%;"#/-1)8/&>;#:%-)&%0) 8/*/">+--#:%-)) @0#;/0),()AB%:-)CD)8&#%/"E)F&;&'#%)<:G'&#) 2./)H%-;#;+;/)I:");./)7#-;:"():I);./)3456)7+%$&"#&%)8/9:'+;#:%E)7#-;:"#>&')J">.#9/-):I) ;./)7+%$&"#&%)<;&;/)</>+"#;(E)=+0&*/-;E)KLLM)) & 003Shenjo:Elrendezés 1 2007.11.11. 12:24 Oldal 24 SHEN ZHIHUA MAO AND THE 1956 SOVIET MILITARY INTERVENTION IN HUNGARY Sino-Soviet relations entered a honeymoon period when Khrushchev came to power. Friendship and cooperation were unimpaired despite worries on the part of Mao Zedong about some of Khrushchev’s actions at the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU). In fact, Khrushchev’s bold criticism of Stalin suited Mao Zedong because it relieved some pressure on him. Generally speaking, the guiding principles of the 20th Congress of the CPSU were identical with those of the 8th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP),1 to whose views 24 Moscow attached great importance at the time. Pravda went so far as to translate into Russian and reprint a CCP article entitled “On the historical experience of proletarian dictatorship”, which was also issued as a pamphlet in Russian in 200 000 copies, for study by the whole party.2 When another CCP article, “More on the historical experience of proletarian dictatorship”, was published, Soviet radio used its star announcer -
Political Visions and Historical Scores
Founded in 1944, the Institute for Western Affairs is an interdis- Political visions ciplinary research centre carrying out research in history, political and historical scores science, sociology, and economics. The Institute’s projects are typi- cally related to German studies and international relations, focusing Political transformations on Polish-German and European issues and transatlantic relations. in the European Union by 2025 The Institute’s history and achievements make it one of the most German response to reform important Polish research institution well-known internationally. in the euro area Since the 1990s, the watchwords of research have been Poland– Ger- many – Europe and the main themes are: Crisis or a search for a new formula • political, social, economic and cultural changes in Germany; for the Humboldtian university • international role of the Federal Republic of Germany; The end of the Great War and Stanisław • past, present, and future of Polish-German relations; Hubert’s concept of postliminum • EU international relations (including transatlantic cooperation); American press reports on anti-Jewish • security policy; incidents in reborn Poland • borderlands: social, political and economic issues. The Institute’s research is both interdisciplinary and multidimension- Anthony J. Drexel Biddle on Poland’s al. Its multidimensionality can be seen in published papers and books situation in 1937-1939 on history, analyses of contemporary events, comparative studies, Memoirs Nasza Podróż (Our Journey) and the use of theoretical models to verify research results. by Ewelina Zaleska On the dispute over the status The Institute houses and participates in international research of the camp in occupied Konstantynów projects, symposia and conferences exploring key European questions and cooperates with many universities and academic research centres. -
Title of Thesis: ABSTRACT CLASSIFYING BIAS
ABSTRACT Title of Thesis: CLASSIFYING BIAS IN LARGE MULTILINGUAL CORPORA VIA CROWDSOURCING AND TOPIC MODELING Team BIASES: Brianna Caljean, Katherine Calvert, Ashley Chang, Elliot Frank, Rosana Garay Jáuregui, Geoffrey Palo, Ryan Rinker, Gareth Weakly, Nicolette Wolfrey, William Zhang Thesis Directed By: Dr. David Zajic, Ph.D. Our project extends previous algorithmic approaches to finding bias in large text corpora. We used multilingual topic modeling to examine language-specific bias in the English, Spanish, and Russian versions of Wikipedia. In particular, we placed Spanish articles discussing the Cold War on a Russian-English viewpoint spectrum based on similarity in topic distribution. We then crowdsourced human annotations of Spanish Wikipedia articles for comparison to the topic model. Our hypothesis was that human annotators and topic modeling algorithms would provide correlated results for bias. However, that was not the case. Our annotators indicated that humans were more perceptive of sentiment in article text than topic distribution, which suggests that our classifier provides a different perspective on a text’s bias. CLASSIFYING BIAS IN LARGE MULTILINGUAL CORPORA VIA CROWDSOURCING AND TOPIC MODELING by Team BIASES: Brianna Caljean, Katherine Calvert, Ashley Chang, Elliot Frank, Rosana Garay Jáuregui, Geoffrey Palo, Ryan Rinker, Gareth Weakly, Nicolette Wolfrey, William Zhang Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Gemstone Honors Program, University of Maryland, 2018 Advisory Committee: Dr. David Zajic, Chair Dr. Brian Butler Dr. Marine Carpuat Dr. Melanie Kill Dr. Philip Resnik Mr. Ed Summers © Copyright by Team BIASES: Brianna Caljean, Katherine Calvert, Ashley Chang, Elliot Frank, Rosana Garay Jáuregui, Geoffrey Palo, Ryan Rinker, Gareth Weakly, Nicolette Wolfrey, William Zhang 2018 Acknowledgements We would like to express our sincerest gratitude to our mentor, Dr. -
They Fought for Independent Poland
2019 Special edition PISMO CODZIENNE Independence Day, November 11, 2019 FREE AGAIN! THEY FOUGHT FOR INDEPENDENT POLAND Dear Readers, The day of November 11 – the National Independence Day – is not accidentally associated with the Polish military uni- form, its symbolism and traditions. Polish soldiers on almost all World War I fronts “threw on the pyre their lives’ fate.” When the Polish occupiers were drown- ing in disasters and revolutions, white- and-red flags were fluttering on Polish streets to mark Poland’s independence. The Republic of Poland was back on the map of Europe, although this was only the beginning of the battle for its bor- ders. Józef Piłsudski in his first order to the united Polish Army shared his feeling of joy with his soldiers: “I’m taking com- mand of you, Soldiers, at the time when the heart of every Pole is beating stron- O God! Thou who from on high ger and faster, when the children of our land have seen the sun of freedom in all its Hurls thine arrows at the defenders of the nation, glory.” He never promised them any bat- We beseech Thee, through this heap of bones! tle laurels or well-merited rest, though. On the contrary – he appealed to them Let the sun shine on us, at least in death! for even greater effort in their service May the daylight shine forth from heaven’s bright portals! for Poland. And they never let him down Let us be seen - as we die! when in 1920 Poland had to defend not only its own sovereignty, but also entire Europe against flooding bolshevism. -
Military Physician Program Council Members
MILITARY PHYSICIAN Military Physician Program Council Members Quarterly Chairman Official Organ of the Section of Military Physicians at the Polish Grzegorz Gielerak – Head of the Military Institute of Medicine Medical Society Oficjalny Organ Sekcji Lekarzy Wojskowych Polskiego Towarzystwa Members Lekarskiego Massimo Barozzi (Italy) Scientific Journal of the Military Institute of Medicine Elspeth Cameron Ritchie (USA) Pismo Naukowe Wojskowego Instytutu Medycznego Nihad El-Ghoul (Palestine) Claudia E. Frey (Germany) Published since 3 January 1920 Anna Hauska-Jung (Poland) Number of points assigned by the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Stanisław Unicki (Poland) Education (MNiSW) – 5 Wiesław W. Jędrzejczak (Poland) Indeks Copernicus 2017 Dariusz Jurkiewicz (Poland) Paweł Kaliński (USA) ICV: 55.96 Frederick C. Lough (USA) Marc Morillon (Belgium) Editorial Board Arnon Nagler (Israel) Stanisław Niemczyk (Poland) Krzysztof Paśnik (Poland) Editor-in-Chief Francis J. Ring (UK) Jerzy Kruszewski Tomasz Rozmysłowicz (USA) Deputy Editors-in-Chief Marek Rudnicki (USA) Krzysztof Korzeniewski Daniel Schneditz (Austria) Andrzej Chciałowski Eugeny Tischchenko (Belarus) Piotr Rapiejko Zofia Wańkowicz (Poland) Secretary Brenda Wiederhold (USA) Ewa Jędrzejczak Piotr Zaborowski (Poland) Editorial Office Military Institute of Medicine 128 Szaserów St., 04-141 Warsaw 44, Poland telephone/fax: +48 261 817 380 e-mail: [email protected] www.lekarzwojskowy.pl © Copyright by Military Institute of Medicine Practical Medicine Publishing House / Medycyna Praktyczna 2 Rejtana St., 30-510 Kraków telephone: +48 12 29 34 020, fax: +48 12 29 34 030 e-mail: [email protected] Managing Editor Lidia Miczyńska Proofreading Dariusz Rywczak, Iwona Żurek Cover Design Krzysztof Gontarski Typesetting Łukasz Łukasiewicz DTP For many years, “Military Physician” has been indexed in the Polish Medical Katarzyna Opiela Bibliography (Polska Bibliografia Lekarska), the oldest Polish bibliography Advertising database. -
Czechoslovak-Polish Relations 1918-1968: the Prospects for Mutual Support in the Case of Revolt
University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 1977 Czechoslovak-Polish relations 1918-1968: The prospects for mutual support in the case of revolt Stephen Edward Medvec The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Medvec, Stephen Edward, "Czechoslovak-Polish relations 1918-1968: The prospects for mutual support in the case of revolt" (1977). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 5197. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/5197 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CZECHOSLOVAK-POLISH RELATIONS, 191(3-1968: THE PROSPECTS FOR MUTUAL SUPPORT IN THE CASE OF REVOLT By Stephen E. Medvec B. A. , University of Montana,. 1972. Presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA 1977 Approved by: ^ .'■\4 i Chairman, Board of Examiners raduat'e School Date UMI Number: EP40661 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. -
20Th Century Mass Graves Proceedings of the International Conference Tbilisi, Georgia, 15 to 17 October 2015
IPE International Perspectives 74 in Adult Education 20th Century Mass Graves Proceedings of the International Conference Tbilisi, Georgia, 15 to 17 October 2015 Matthias Klingenberg / Arne Segelke (Editors) International Perspectives in Adult Education – IPE 74 The reports, studies and materials published in this series aim to further the develop- ment of theory and practice in adult education. We hope that by providing access to information and a channel for communication and exchange, the series will serve to increase knowledge, deepen insights and improve cooperation in adult education at international level. © DVV International 2016 Publisher: DVV International Institut für Internationale Zusammenarbeit des Deutschen Volkshochschul-Verbandes e. V. Obere Wilhelmstraße 32, 53225 Bonn, Germany Tel.: +49 (0)228 97569 - 0 / Fax: +49 (0)228 97569 - 55 [email protected] / www.dvv-international.de DVV International is the Institute for International Cooperation of the Deutscher Volkshochschul-Verband e. V. (DVV), the German Adult Education Association. As the leading professional organisation in the field of Adult Education and development cooperation, DVV International provides worldwide support for the establishment and development of sustainable structures for Youth and Adult Education. Responsible: Christoph Jost Editors: Matthias Klingenberg/Arne Segelke Managing Editor: Gisela Waschek Opinions expressed in papers published under the names of individual authors do not necessarily reflect those of the publisher and editors. This publication, or parts of it, may be reproduced provided the source is duly cited. The publisher asks to be provided with copies of any such reproductions. The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche National bibliografie; detailed bibliographic data is available at http://dnb.ddb.de ISBN: 978-3-942755-31-3 Corporate design: Deutscher Volkshochschul-Verband e.V. -
Poles As Pigs in MAUS the Problems with Spiegelman’S MAUS
May 2019 Poles as Pigs in MAUS The Problems with Spiegelman’s MAUS Spiegelman’s representation of Poles as pigs is “a calculated insult” leveled against Poles. The Norton Anthology of American Literature, 7th edition Maus made me feel that Poland was somehow responsible for the Holocaust, or at least that many Poles collaborated in it.1 These materials were prepared for the Canadian Polish Congress by a team of researchers and reviewed for accuracy by historians at the Institute for World Politics, Washington, DC. 1. Background MAUS is a comic book – sometimes called a graphic novel – authored by American cartoonist Art Spiegelman. The core of the book is an extended interview by the author/narrator with his father, a Polish Jew named Vladek, focusing on his experiences as a Holocaust survivor. Although MAUS has been described as both a memoir and fiction, it is widely treated as non-fiction. Time placed it on their list of non-fiction books. MAUS is considered to be a postmodern book. It is a story about storytelling that weaves several conflicting narratives (historical, psychological and autobiographical). The book employs various postmodern techniques as well as older literary devices. A prominent feature of the book is the author’s depiction of 1 Seth J. Frantzman, “Setting History Straight – Poland Resisted Nazis,” Jerusalem Post, January 29, 2018. 1 national groups in the form of different kinds of animals: Jews are drawn as mice, Germans as cats, and (Christian) Poles as pigs. MAUS has been taught widely in U.S. high schools, and even elementary schools, as part of the literature curriculum for many years. -
Ojcowie Partii I Narodu
TEMAT MIESIÑCA OJCOWIE PARTII I NARODU Powstała w 1948 r. Polska Zjednoczona Partia Robotnicza przez niemal pół wieku zajmowała kluczowe miejsce w systemie politycznym PRL. Stworzona z inicjatywy Związku Sowieckiego stała się narzędziem kontroli i nadzoru nad zniewoloną Polską. Historia PZPR to nieustanna rywalizacja poszczególnych komunistycznych palatynów o wła- dzę i poparcie Moskwy, która bacznie nadzorowała wiernych kolaborantów. Już sama nazwa PZPR stanowiła żałosny paradoks. Twór ten – choć nazywał się partią – nie miał nic wspólnego z klasyczną organizacją polityczną, stanowiąc instrument władzy i obcej okupacji. Stworzony i chroniony przez So- wietów nie miał polskiego charakteru i w żadnym stopniu nie był wyrazicielem polskiej racji stanu. Wśród komu- nistycznych aparatczyków, trwoniących czas na wielogodzinnych naradach, trudno było znaleźć prawdziwego robot- nika. Równie fałszywy był przymiotnik „zjednoczona” odnoszący się do „połączenia” PPR i PPS, które de facto ozna- czało zagrabienie przez komunistów tradycji polskiego socjalizmu. Rozrośnięty w dziesiątki tysięcy aparat PZPR dublował administrację państwową, skutecznie ją sobie podporządko- wując. Bez zgody „partii” niemożliwe było objęcie kierowniczego stanowiska, a większość tego typu posad zarezer- wowano wyłącznie dla członków PZPR. IPN od kilku lat prowadzi prace badawcze zmierzające do zewidencjonowania ludzi z nomenklatury PZPR oraz opra- cowania jej archiwaliów. Pozwoli to wyjaśnić wiele tajemnic, które nadal kryje najnowsza historia Polski. Siedmiu wspaniałych Rafał Drabik, Rafał Jarosz, dziedzinę życia. To oni był obliczem całej kilku- prezentujemy krótkie omówienie ich dzia- Michał Mroczek, milionowej partii. Choć nie mieli żadnej funkcji łalności. IPN Lublin administracyjnej, decydowali o przyszłości pań- stwa, o życiu obywateli – pierwsi sekretarze Ko- Zaufany człowiek Moskwy Przez ponad 40 lat dzięki wsparciu Związku So- mitetu Centralnego PZRP. -
Prezydenci III Rzeczypospolitej Presidents of the Third Republic Of
Paweł Malendowicz Uniwersytet Kazimierza Wielkiego w Bydgoszczy Państwowa Wyższa Szkoła Zawodowa im. Stanisława Staszica w Pile Marek Chudy Państwowa Wyższa Szkoła Zawodowa im. Stanisława Staszica w Pile Prezydenci III Rzeczypospolitej Presidents of the Third Republic of Poland Słowa kluczowe: prezydent, głowa państwa, system polityczny Key words: president, head of state, political system Streszczenie: Przedmiotem rozdziału jest życie prywatne i zawodowe oraz aktywność polityczna prezydentów polskich od 1989 roku: Wojciecha Jaruzelskiego, Lecha Wałęsy, Aleksandra Kwaśniewskiego, Lecha Kaczyńskiego i Bronisława Komorowskiego. Autorzy wyjaśniają zawiłości i kontrowersje kolejnych prezydentur, a także teoretyczne, prawne i historyczne podstawy funkcjonowania instytucji prezydenta w Polsce od 1989 roku. Abstract: The topics of this chapter are: the private life, the professional life and the political career of Polish presidents: Wojciech Jaruzelski, Lech Wałęsa, Aleksander Kwaśniewski, Lech Kaczyński, Bronisław Komorowski. The authors will explain the complexities and controversies connected with the terms in office of the aforementio ned presidents. Furthermore, the authors will also explain the theoretical, legal and historical basis for the functioning of the institution of president in Poland since 1989. Instytucja Prezydenta Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej została wprowadzona Konstytucją z dnia 17 marca 1921 roku. Do tego czasu, od 22 listopada 1918 roku, funkcję głowy państwa sprawował początkowo Tymczasowy Naczelnik Państwa, a następnie od 20 lutego 1919 roku Naczelnik Państwa - Józef Piłsudski. Piastował on ten urząd także po wejściu w życie Konstytucji mar cowej - do czasu wyboru pierwszego Prezydenta Rzeczypospolitej. W dniu 9 grudnia 1922 roku prezydentem został wybrany Gabriel Narutowicz, który zginął w zamachu w dniu 16 grudnia 1922 roku. 20 grudnia Zgromadzenie Narodowe wybrało kolejnego prezydenta. -
212 Short Notes
SHORT NOTES* MIDDLE AGES Krzysztof Czapla, Dziadoszanie. Plemię zamieszkujące ziemię głogowską w X wieku [Dziadoszan: the tribe inhabiting the Głogów Land in the 10th century], Głogów, 2014, Państwowa Wyższa Szkoła Zawodowa w Głogowie, 257 pp., ills., maps, tables, diagrams, list of archaeological sites, figure, map, table and diagram captions; explanatory notes to the archaeological sites’ list in Polish and English, summary in English 1 The purpose of this archaeological study is to describe the population – named Dziadoszan (Dziadoszanie) – that inhabited the constellation of settlement clusters in the area of Głogów (ca. 1,500 sq. km) between the appearance of Slavic settlement (late 5th – early 6th centuries) and the integration of this territory into the newly-emerging states (mid-10th c.). The focus is on the natural environment, the development of forms of settlement (how the settlements were deployed relative to the landforms, soils and water network; the sizes and arrangement of the settlements, designs of the buildings), the economic foundations (hunting, agriculture, crafts and trade) and forms of social and political organisation. It is remarked that the network of settle- ments emerged at a rather early date locally, and kept in contact with the neighbouring communities and, in parallel, with the countries in the West and in the South (as testified by objects scarcely imported from the East Frankian, Avar and Bohemian-Moravian areas). In the late years of the period under discussion, strongholds appeared in the lands inhabited by the Dziadoszan tribe, with seventeen settlement clusters developed around them, occupying an area of 5 to 25 sq. km each, and each comprising one (or, rarely, two) strongholds (there moreover were twenty-eight settlement clusters without such central hubs).