Appendixes Appendix A: Directors

B. Thomas 1944-48 T. V. Brenan 1948-53 A. C. Trott 1953-56 D. J. D. Maitland 1956-60 A. J. Wilton 1960-65 A. R. Walmsley 1965-69 D. C. Carden 1969-73 B. R. Pridham 1975-76 J. F. Walker 1977-78

165 Appendix B: Principal Instructors

A. Eban 1944-46 G. Kirk 1946-47 N.N. Lewis 1948-55 A. J. M. Craig 1955-58 H. D. Mitchell 1958 W. Kensdale 1958-59 D. Cowan 1959-60 J. Hopkins 1960-61 M. C. Lyons 1961-62 A. Jones 1962-63 H. B. Walker 1963-64 D. Cowan 1964-65 L. McLoughlin 1965-68 J. Hopkins 1968-70 L. McLoughlin 1970-75 D. Harvey 1975-76 E. H. Noble 1976-77 D. Galloway 1977-78

166 Appendix C: Administration Officers

K. Barrance 1944-52 J. F. Taylor 1952-54 M. W. P. Cronly-Dillon 1954-57 1. Greaves 1957-60 D. Pragnell 1960-64 R. Willcocks 1964-68 D. A. Wright 1969-71 L. Banks 1971-73 D. G. Tunstall 1973-75 G. Kirby 1975-76 J. R. Archer 1977-78

167 Appendix D: Arab Instructors

Jerusalem PAL MrSa'd 1944-47 Jerusalem and Shemlan PAL Mr Haddad 1944-48 PAL Tawfiq Farah 1944-60 PAL Wadi' Khoury 1945-76 PAL Constantine Theodory 1946-75 Shemlan LEB Mr Jabri 1947-48 PAL Selim Nasr 1954-57 LEB Emile Hitti 1954-? (part-time) PAL Khalil Khoury 1957-68 LEB Isbir Maqdisi 1957-? LEB Michel Khammar 1957-78 PAL Yusuf al-Khadra 1957-64 LEB Najib Germanus 1957-? PAL Talaat Dajani 1958-78t PAL Ibrahim Dallal 1958-72 PAL Tawfiq Qustandi 1960--66 LEB Ahmed Moumneh 1960--78* PAL Fadl Shana'a 1960--78 PAL Daoud Dallal 1960--61, 1965-78tt PAL Fawzi Khoury 1961-65 LEB Selim Nader 1962-78 PAL Ibrahim Matar 1962-74 PAL Michel Khoury 1962-70 LEB Badi'Massouh 1962-74 LEB Farid Tabib 1968-78 LEB Shahin Nimr 1968-71 LEB George Dabaghi 1970-72 LEB William Haddad 1970-78t PAL George Sayigh 1970--72 PAL Khalid al-Sayyid 1972-74 PAL Nadim Khuri 1973-75 LEB Raja Asad 1974-76' LEB Salim Afyouny 1974-78 LEB Mr Shoueiri 1974-75 LEB Michel Abu Jaoudeh 1975-78 LEB Mrs Leila Haddad 1977-78t PAL Mrs Dawaanee 1977-78 • Came to UK, Beaconsfield 1976 (Alex Malky, Assistant Administration Officer, also came as a teacher) t Taught in Amman 1977-78 * Came to UK, Beaconsfield 1978 (Mrs Moumneh also came as a teacher) 168 Appendix E: First Course, Jerusalem 1944-45

Army Captain C. F. R. Barclay Captain K. D. Bell Captain M. L. Fitzgerald Captain B. P. Gwynn Captain K. B. Keith Captain R. W. Munro Major J. B. Pruen Lieutenant H. Sassoon Captain A. Sinclair Lieutenant A. J. Seltman Captain A. D. Tennyson Lieutenant A. M. Turner Lieutenant H. J. Widdowson RAF Squadron Leader D. Bellerby Squadron Leader J. C. B. Kimber Squadron Leader E. L. McMillan Wing Commander J. E. M. Mould Wing Commander G. B. Walford Wing Commander P. R. M. Williams These 19 are all who finished the course. There may be one other who dropped out.

169 Appendix F: Second Course, Jerusalem 1945-46

Royal Navy Lieutenant S. M. Butler, RNVR* Army Major D. A. G. Allan Major E. A. Allenby Captain 1. H. Barber Captain M. Cubitt Captain J. Cumming Lieutenant W. R. Duff Captain 1. C. Errington Captain P. C. Harvard Captain T. W. Hillyard Captain E. C. Hohler' Lieutenant A. G. Hughes Captain A. H. Leigh-Morgan Captain H. E. Marking Lieutenant Colonel A. Simonds Captain M. Scott' Captain D. M. Summerhayes RAF Group Captain L. C. Burnard Wing Commander W. Carter Wing Commander B. A. Fraser Squadron Leader J. C. Jackson' Flight Lieutenant J. M. Jones Group Captain L. W. M. Ling' Wing Commander M. Reid' Squadron Leader J. V. Riley Shell J. M. Cook B. E. Stone' BOAC B. W. Bampfylde R. M. Barton • Did not take the final examination

170 Appendix G: Third Course, Jerusalem and Zerqa 1946-47

HM Foreign Service M. W. Errock Political Service R. H. M. Boyle E. Pearson G. E. C. Pease J. P. Tripp British Council J. Rae Army Major the Hon N. T. A. Fiennes Captain R. Grigg Major E. Henderson Captain P. MacDonald Captain D. J. D. Maitland Captain B. Osborne Captain M. Power Captain R. Rogers Major A. Trappes-Lomax RAF Flight Lieutenant? Blaymires Flight Lieutenant J. Cope Squadron Leader B. C. A. Fox Squadron Leader R. H. Mason BOAC ? Regenass

171 Appendix H: Fourth Course, Shemlan 1947-48

HM Foreign Service D. J. McCarthy W.Morris A. J. Wilton Sudan Political Service C. C. Smellie British Council R. Holmes Royal Navy Lieutenant K. Williams Army Major T. Benson Captain N. Cooke' Captain D. Cumming Captain D. S. Foster Captain T. Palmer Captain L. Smith A. N. Other RAF Squadron Leader R. Codrai Flight Lieutenant M. Dennison Wing Commander A. Fleming Squadron Leader? Lucie-Smith Flight Lieutenant R. Snape' Flight Lieutenant? Taylor' Squadron Leader E. L. West BOAC H. Edge' ?Maude Iraq Petroleum Company R. Evans , Did not complete the course

172 Appendix I: New Year Quiz

P.L's (ENTIRELY VOLUNTARY) NEW YEAR QUIZ (delayed for the benefit of the Durham Course)

The P.1. will give one bottle of Haig's Gold Label whisky to the first student to provide in writing the correct answers to the following questions. Grammar 1. What is the dual of dunyfi? 2. Translate into fully vocalized Arabic, using the verb ittafaqa but without using rna 'a, 'It is not in agreement with their principles'. 3. Describe three kinds of circumstances in which it is legitimate to start a sentence with an indefinite noun. 4. When must a noun denied by the lfi of Absolute Negation be put in the nominative? Idiom 5. What is the Arabic for: (a) By fits and starts; (b) Between the upper and the nether millstones; (c) To tum over a new leaf; (d) To fish in troubled waters; (e) A storm in a tea-cup; (f) To be on tenterhooks; (g) ... , not to mention the fact that ... ? 6. How would you translate 'aqliyya harnidiyya? 7. What is the Arabic for: (a) A thermo-nuclear reaction; (b) Fission; (c) Fusion; (d) E = mc2 (in words); (e) Electric egg? Colloquial 8. How would you say in Levant colloquial 'Let's go Dutch'? 9. How would you translate 'baddi 'asha:wir il-qa:Di'? Word-Power 10. Which verb in Arabic means both 'to join in battle, to engage in a mutual massacre' and 'to cleave together, to be united'? 11. Give, from different roots, four words containing a double' ain. Lack of Word-Power 12. What is the Arab proverb that means 'The bane of knowledge is forgetfulness'?

173 174 Appendixes

Specialized Vocabulary 13. (Foreign Service students only) What is the Arabic for: (a) the Government reserves the right to claim full compensation, (b) The problem was shelved, (c) Mr Kruschev drank his health? 14. (Durham Course students only) What is the Arabic for: (a) He pressed the button, (b) He was retired, (c) Previous convictions? 15. (NUPOSA students only) What is the Arabic for: (a) Intercontinental rocket, (b) a pentagon? 16. (non-government students only) What is the Arabic for: (a) High-cost production, (b) Inflation? 17. (married students only) What is the Arabic for: (a) Nappy-rash, (b) A dummy? 18. (unmarried students only) Which Arabic verb means 'to incline to youthful pleasures' ? General Vocabulary 19. Which three Arabic words mean respectively: (a) A horse standing on three feet and touching the ground slightly with the fourth; (b) One who has been wronged by the murder of a relative, but to whom blood revenge is still denied; (c) To put the thumb-nail upon the nail of the forefinger to mean 'I will not give (or I have not received) so little as that'? Appendix J: Tenth Background Course

TENTH BACKGROUND COURSE APRIL 29-MAY 3, 1963

The object of this course is to provide some basic knowledge about the Arab World and to stimulate interest in its people, their problems and their way of life.

MONDAY, APRIL 29 HISTORY 9.30 a.m. An Introduction to the Arab World Mr A. J. Wilton, M.e., Director, Middle East Centre for Arab Studies. 11.00 a.m. Historical Survey I. From the end of the Second World War to the Egyptian Revolution II. From 1952 to the Present Professor Nabih Amin Faris, Professor of Arab History; Director of the Arab Studies Programme, American University of . Luncheon Country Lectures 2.00 p.m. Mr W. R. Tomkys, British Embassy, Amman. 3.00 p.m. Saudi Arabia and Yemen Dr. J. J. Malone, Associate Professor of Modern History; Chairman of the Department of History, American University of Beirut. 4.00 p.m. Persian Gulf Mr A. J. Wilton

TUESDAY, APRIL 30 THE ARAB WAY OF LIFE 9.00 a.m. Labour Problems Mr P. e. D. Archer, O.B.E., Labour Counsellor, British Embassy, Beirut.

175 176 Appendixes

10.00 a.m. The Influence of the Press in the Arab World Mr Kamel Mroueh, Owner and Editor of the Beirut newspapers 'AI Hayat' and 'The Daily Star' . 11.15 a.m. Education Professor Jibrail Katul, Professor of Education Administration, American University of Beirut. Country Lecture 12.15 p.m. North Africa Professor David Gordon, Associate Professor of European History, American University of Beirut. Luncheon Country Lectures 2.30 p.m. Dr. J. J. Malone. 3.30 p.m. Mr Patrick Seale, Lately of St. Antony's College, Oxford.

WEDNESDAY, MAY 1 RELIGIONS 9.00 a.m. Muhammad and the Quran Mr Alan Jones, Principal Instructor, Middle East Centre for Arab Studies. 10.00 a.m. Islamic Beliefs and Sects Professor Yusuf lbish, Department of Political Science, American University of Beirut. 11.15 a.m. Christianity Dr. B. B. Thurston, M.A., Th.D., Professor of the History of Religions, American University of Beirut. Luncheon Country Lectures 2.30 p.m. The Sudan Mr H. G. Balfour-Paul, British Embassy, Beirut (formerly Sudan Civil Service). 3.30 p.m. Professor Zeine N. Zeine, Professor of History, American U ni versity of Beirut. Appendixes 177

THURSDAY, MAY 2 ECONOMICS 9.00 a.m. The Economics of the Arab World Dr. Mohammed Diab, Associate Professor of Economics, American University of Beirut. 11.15 a.m. Oil Mr L. Ison, Arabian American Oil Company.

Arab Luncheon Country Lecture 2.30 p.m. Iraq Mr R. W. Munro, British Embassy, Baghdad. 3.30 p.m. Discussion in Syndicates

FRIDAY, MAY 3 9.30 a.m. Introduction H. E. Sir Moore Crosthwaite, K.C.M.G., British Ambassador, Beirut. 9.45 a.m. Future Relations between the Arabs and the West Mr A. J. Wilton. 11.00 a.m. General Discussion Professor Zeine N. Zeine. Mr Richard B. Parker, First Secretary, American Embassy, Beirut. Dr. J. J. Malone. Mr A. J. Wilton. Mr Alan Jones. Luncheon 2.30 p.m. Recital ofArab Music 3.30 p.m. Display of Persian Carpets Hussein Maktabi et fils, Beirut.

The books on display have been kindly made available by Khayat's College Book Cooperative, Rue Bliss, Ras Beirut. Appendix K: NUPOSA

These are the notes for the 1963 competition:

THE NATIONAL UNDERGRADUATE PROGRAM FOR OVERSEAS STUDY OF ARABIC Administered by Princeton University

The National Undergraduate Program for Overseas Study of Arabic (NUPOSA) invites Arabic teachers to nominate undergraduate candidates who have a career interest in Arabic and the Middle East and who are United States citizens for a year's intensive study of Arabic during 1963-64. Students who are accepted will attend the session of the Inter-University Summer Program in Near Eastern Languages held under the auspices of Georgetown University in 1963, taking the appropriate Arabic course, and will continue intensive study of Arabic throughout the academic year at the Middle East Centre for Arab Studies (MECAS), Shimlan, Lebanon. Students who complete the Program may expect essentially to have mastered modern written Arabic at the conclusion of their tenure and to save approximately a year of graduate study if they plan to undertake it.

Academic Requirements

Candidates will normally have studied written Arabic for two years (or the equiva• lent) before undertaking the Program and must by June, 1963 have completed the sophomore, but not have begun the senior year. In exceptional cases those who have completed junior year with only one year's study of Arabic are also eligible. General academic excellence and personal maturity as well as success in previous study of Arabic will be considered in evaluating candidates.

Procedures

Students do not apply, but are nominated by an appropriate faculty member - the nominations to be forwarded to the Director of NUPOSA through the recognized departmental or other structure of the candidate's college or university by January 16, 1963. The Director will, upon receipt of nominations, mail to the candidate the forms to be filled out. These must be returned by February 8, 1963. In addition each nominee must himself arrange for an interview with the member of NUPOSA' s Advisory Council at the college nearest his own. Expenses will be reimbursed. (Should the cost of roundtrip travel exceed $50, the Director may designate an alternate procedure.) Admission to the Program and awards will be announced on or about March 1, 1963.

178 Appendixes 179 Course of Study

The accepted student will begin his tenure by taking the appropriate course in Arabic at the Inter-University Summer Program in Near Eastern Languages to be held from June 17 to August 14, 1963, at Georgetown University. He should apply for the Summer Program directly to: Near Eastern Languages, Summer School, Georgetown University, Washington 7, D.C. Applications and supporting docu• ments must be received in Georgetown by June 7, 1963. Although attending MECAS is not conditional upon any particular performance at the summer session, high levels of attainment will be expected. Should a student do poorly, NUPOSA reserves the right to reconsider his study in Lebanon. Further, if high levels of attainment are not maintained during the first three and one-half months at MECAS, a student may be brought home, allowing sufficient time to re-enroll in his own college for the second semester. After the conclusion of the summer course the group will, at an agreed time and place, assemble and proceed by air with the Director to Lebanon to begin their studies in Shimlan, where they will live and work until June, 1964. During this period the student will devote himself to intensive study of Arabic; however, stu• dents will also attend the regular program of lectures that MECAS sponsors and of course the student may carry on a certain amount of individual study and research as arranged with his own college. An indispensable feature of the Program is that in the spring each student will leave MECAS and live in a suitable non-English-speaking Arab home for a period of approximately one month. He will thus get practical experience, at an intimate level, not only of the language but also of the culture. Limited funds will also be available for short field trips to neighboring Arab countries.

Shimlan Village and MECAS

Shimlan is a beautiful mountain village, at an altitude of about 2600 feet, over• looking the Mediterranean Sea and the nearby city of Beirut with its universities, museums, and cosmopolitan population. Most of the inhabitants of the village are Christian (of the Maronite, Uniate, rite) and the village has a long tradition of hospitality to British and American visitors. The Middle East Centre for Arab Studies is run by the British government, primarily for government personnel, with the basic purpose of teaching Arabic. The student body is mostly British but a variety of other countries are also represented. Classes are limited to four; there is a working library on the Middle East and audio equipment. The Director and Deputy Director are members of the British Foreign Service; the Principal Instructor is a teacher from a British university; and the class• room teaching is done mostly by experienced native speakers of Arabic.

Living Conditions in Shimlan

Bachelor men will be housed in a modem, single-room dormitory maintained by the Centre. This dormitory has its own dining facilities. Women cannot be housed 180 Appendixes

at the Centre. They, therefore, either have to live en pension with a village family or with one of the British student families or set up housekeeping in the village. In the latter case, they can eat either at 'home' or in the Centre's dining hall.

Financing

The total costs of participation in NUPOSA are recognized to be beyond the average family's ability to meet them. A 'parents' financial statement', which all nominees are required to submit, will be analyzed by a qualified college financial aid officer who will determine the amount of each successful student's contribu• tion. The ability of each family to meet the expenses from available income and assets, as well as the costs of attending the student's regular college, will be con• sidered in arriving at this figure. Financial considerations are not, however, a factor in selecting students for the Program, and no nominee should be deterred from pursuing this opportunity because of inability to meet the expenses. It is the object• ive of NUPOSA to award the necessary financial aid to those who are selected for the Program and who demonstrate need for assistance. (No funds are available for the support of dependents.)

Travel Docnments

Each successful candidate will procure his own United States passport and his own visa to Lebanon as well as to neighboring countries he may visit. Charges are reimbursable.

Medical Requirements and Facilities

Each successful candidate will be required to take, at Program expense, a rigorous medical examination before and after his stay in Lebanon and to take the immu• nizations required for the area. In addition, medical insurance is arranged by the Program. It is to be noted that local medical facilities, at the hospital of the American University of Beirut, are excellent and are only thirty minutes from Shimlan by automobile. In general the climate and conditions of life are healthy.

Academic Relations with Home College

The student who is accepted under this Program will have to work out his own academic relationships with his own college. In some cases he may simply add a year to the normal undergraduate four. In others it may be possible for the student to arrange a considerable amount of credit for the language study which he does during the summer and the academic year abroad. He may also be able to arrange to get credits for independent reading and research as specified by his college pro• fessors. With the use of regular summer schools after returning from abroad such a student may even be able to graduate on schedule. Appendixes 181 Waivers

All successful candidates will be asked to sign waivers absolving the National Program for Overseas Study of Arabic, Princeton University, and their officers, advisors, and employees of any responsibility for loss of life, injury, or illness in connection with any aspect of the Program. For additional information apply to: The Director, The National Undergraduate Program for Overseas Study of Arabic Firestone Library, Princeton, New Jersey.

Advisory Council

Professor James A. Bellamy University of Michigan Professor Seeger Bonebakker Columbia University Professor Frederick J. Cox Portland State College Dr. Charles Ferguson Director of the Center for Applied Linguistics Professor H. A. R. Gibb Harvard University Professor Richard Harrell Georgetown University Professor Gustave von Grunebaum U.C.L.A. Professor R. Bayly Winder, Chairman Princeton University Professor T. Cuyler Young Princeton University t'Ij The Inspectors produced the following impressive table: ><~ > 1971 1972 1973 1974 % ~ No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. Total Total Success ("D sat passed sat passed sat passed sat passed sat passing rate S~. =:s =:s Q.. ~. Higher Standard British DS 9 3 13 8 12 7 8 5 42 23 54% ~~. >< Other British official 1 1 2 2 100% 0 British firms and private 5 5 2 2 7 7 100% =:s •rc • Other foreign governments 1 1 3 3 2 2 6 6 100% Other foreign firms and private 4 2 3 3 2 2 2 2 11 9 82% ~ ...... ~ 00 26 24 92% ("D tv en t'Ij Intermediate Standard ~ British DS 10 9 14 13 6 5 7 6 37 33 89% 1--1 n f"""I" Other British official 4 4 5 4 5 3 14 11 79% en British firms and private 6 4 4 3 6 3 4 4 20 14 70% > Other foreign governments 3 2 4 4 5 3 10 4 22 13 59% ~ r.n Other foreign firms and private 4 2 6 6 5 2 10 4 25 14 56% ~ 81 52 64% \0 ...... ,J MOD Interpreter Exam 6 6 2 3 3 12 11 92% ~ I Note: DS Students are required to achieve 80% to pass the Higher Standard ...... ,J Other students are required to achieve 60% to pass the Higher Standard ~ All students are required to achieve 60% to pass the Intermediate Standard '-" Notes

1 THE IDEA

1. Major-General Sir Edward Spears Bt KBE, 1886-1974; MP 1922-24, 1931-45; Prime Minister's representative to the French Prime Minister 1940; Head of the Spears Mission to Syria and the Lebanon 1941; Minister to Syria and the Lebanon 1942-44. Author of Assignment to Catastrophe and Fulfilment of a Mission. 2. Sir Edward Evans-Pritchard, 1902-73; Professor of Social Anthropology, Oxford 1946-70. Fellow of All Souls. Wrote on the Nuer and the Senussi. 3. Lieutenant-General Sir John Bagot Glubb KCB, CMG, DSO, OBE, MC, 1897-1986. Commander of the Arab Legion 1939-56. Author of many books on the Middle East. 4. Robin Maugham, Nomad (London 1947), pp. 85-7. 5. Maugham, Nomad, p. 89. 6. Brigadier Sir Illtyd Clayton KBE, 1886-1955; Military Intelligence 1940-43; Adviser on Arab Affairs to the Minister of State 1943-45; Adviser to Head of British Middle East Office 1945-48; HM Minister, British Embassy Cairo 1947-48. 7. Sir Kinahan Cornwallis GCMG, 1883-1959; Sudan and Egyptian Civil Service 1906-24; Director, Arab Bureau 1916-20; Adviser, Iraqi Ministry of the Interior 1921-35; Ambassador to Iraq 1941-45. 8. Sir Harold MacMichael GCMG, DSO, 1882-1969; Sudan Political Service 1905, Civil Secretary 1926-33; Governor of Tanganyika 1933-37; High Commissioner, Palestine 1938-44. 9. Maugham, Nomad, pp. 100-1. 10. Maugham, Nomad, pp. 104-5. 11. Maugham, Nomad, p. 106. 12. Dame Freya Stark DBE, 1893-1993; traveller and author; information work in the Middle East 1939-45. 13. Albert Hourani, 1915-93; born in Manchester of Lebanese parents; RIIA and BMEO during the war; Fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford 1948-58; of St Antony's College 1958-80; prolific and profound author on the Middle East. 14. Field-Marshal Henry Maitland Wilson, Baron Wilson of Libya and Stowlangtoft, 1881-1964; Commander-in-Chief Middle East 1943; Supreme Allied Commander, Mediterranean 1944. 15. Maugham, Nomad, p. 117. 16. Maugham, Nomad, p. 131. 17. General Sir Bernard Paget GCB, DSO, MC, 1887-1961; Commander-in• Chief Home Forces 1941-43, General Officer Commanding-in-Chief Middle East Forces 1944-46. 18. Robin Maugham, Escape from the Shadows (London, 1972). 19. Maugham, Nomad, p. 239.

183 184 Notes 20. Walter Edward Guinness, 1st Baron Moyne, 188()""1944; MP 1907-31; Minister of Agriculture 1925-29; Colonial Secretary 1941-42; Deputy Minister of State, Middle East 1942-44. Assassinated in Cairo. 21. J. de C. Hamilton CMG, MC, 1896-1973; Sudan Political Service 1920; Sudan Agent in Cairo 1932-34; British Embassy Cairo 1937-41; Counsellor Beirut 1941-42; Minister of State's Office 1942-46; British Embassy Cairo 1947-56. 22. Richard Gardiner Casey, 1st Baron Casey, KG, PC, GCMG, CH, DSO, MC, 189()""1976; Australian Minister to USA 1940-42; Minister of State in the Middle East 1942-3. 23. Sir Edwin Chapman-Andrews KCMG, 1903-80; Levant Consular Service 1926; Commander-in-Chiefs Middle East office Cairo 1940-42; Ambassador to the Lebanon 1951-56; to the Sudan 1956-61. 24. Robert Maurice Alers Hankey, 2nd Baron Hankey KCMG, 1905- ; Diplomatic Service 1927-65; First Secretary, Cairo 1941-2; HM Ambassador to Sweden 1954-60; Permanent UK Delegate to OECD 196()....65. 25. Edward Glanville Browne, FBA, FRCP, MRCS, 1862-1926; Fellow of Pembroke College, Cambridge, 1887; Sir Thomas Adams' Professor of Arabic, Cambridge 1902; a legendary orientalist; author of A Year Among the Persians, A Literary History of Persia, and other books.

2 THE JERUSALEM YEARS

1. Abba Eban, An Autobiography (London, 1978), p. 151. 2. Abba Eban, Personal Witness (London, 1993), p. 58. 3. Eban, An Autobiography, p. 51. 4. Eban, An Autobiography, p. 60. 5. Eban, An Autobiography, p. 60. 6. Eban, An Autobiography, p. 51. 7. Sir Douglas Newbold KBE, 1894-1945; Sudan Political Service, Governor of Kordofan 1932-38, Civil Secretary 1939-45. 8. Sir Reader Bullard KCB, KCMG, CIE, 1885-1976; Levant Consular Service, served allover the Middle East; HM Minister Jedda, 1936-39; HM Minister, later Ambassador Tehran 1939-46. 9. Edward Atiyah; born in the Lebanon, educated at Oxford; Sudan Civil Service; author of a striking book, An Arab Tells His Story; his two sons became Master of Trinity, Cambridge and Professor of English Law at Oxford. 10. Dr Nicola Ziadeh 1907-; born in Palestine, educated at University College, London and SOAS; lecturer at the Arab College, Jerusalem and at Cambridge; Professor at the American University of Beirut; a renowned authority on Middle Eastern history. 11. Stewart Perowne OBE, 1901-89; Colonial Service in Palestine, Malta and Aden; British Embassy Baghdad 1941-44; author and archaeologist. 12. Chaim Weizmann DSc, ScD, LLD, 1874-1952; born in Russia; Reader in Biochemistry Manchester University; Director of Admiralty Laboratories Notes 185

1916-19; Hon Adviser to Ministry of Supply 1939-45; architect of the state of and its first President 1949-52. 13. George Hourani; elder brother of Albert, on whom see note 13 to Chapter 1. 14. Katy Antonius, 1891-1984; born in Cairo, daughter of Faris Nimr Pasha; married George Antonius, Palestinian intellectual and nationalist, author of The Arab Awakening. 15. Lulie Abu 'l-Huda, member of a well-known Palestinian-Jordanian family; assistant to Freya Stark in her wartime propaganda organization, the Brotherhood. 16. Musa Alami, born in 1897 in Jerusalem; educated at Cambridge; official of the Mandatory Government 1924-37 and later of the Arab League; founder of the Arab Development Society and of the Vocational Training Centre at Jericho; an outstanding moderate and conciliator. 17. Field-Marshal John S. S. P. Vereker, 6th Viscount Gort VC, GCB, CBE, DSO, MVO, MC, 1886-1946; CIGS 1937-39; Commander-in-Chief BEF France 1939-40; Governor of Malta 1942-44; High Commissioner and Commander-in-Chief Palestine 1944-45. 18. Hon Sir Steven Runciman FBA, 1903- ; British Embassy Cairo 1941; Professor of Byzantine Art and History, Istanbul 1942-45; author of the standard work on the Crusades. 19. Sir Alec Kirkbride KCMG, CVO, OBE, MC, 1897-1978; served with T. E. Lawrence; Palestine and Transjordan Administration 1921-39; British Resident Transjordan 1939-46; HM Minister to Jordan 1946-51; HM Ambassador to Libya 1951-54. 20. Thomas Boase MC, 1895-1974; Chief Representative of British Council in Middle East 1943-45; President of Magdalen College, Oxford 1947-68. 21. Antonius Ameuney, in Notes from the Life of a Syrian, London 1860, records a visit in July 1848 to Shemlan 'where Mr. Scott has a silk-reeling factory'.

4 THE EARLY YEARS IN SHEMLAN

1. The quotations from these letters which are given in this chapter were taken from Mr Foster's typescript. He later published the whole set in a book, privately printed: From Lebanon with Love, Letters 1947-48 (Dartington, Devon, n.d.). 2. Through the kindness of Wing Commander John Deverill (Fifth Course, 1948-49) I have seen the Mess Complaints Book for his year. It is full of what reads, to a stuffy greybeard, like puerile grousing about over-ripe bananas and 'vitriolic' curry. But two entries are worth reproducing: (a) Could we please have pressure lights at dinner? (b) Tonight's meat was prodigiously tough - no doubt because the Cook had been too lazy to cook properly. Obligingly, when I complained, the waiter brought me a sharper knife! 3. Sir Harold Caccia, later Lord Caccia GCMG, GCVO, 1905-90; Chief Clerk Foreign Office 1949, Ambassador to Austria 1950-54, Deputy Under Secretary Foreign Office 1954-56, Ambassador to USA 1956-61, Permanent Under Secretary Foreign Office 1962-65. 186 Notes

4. Rev Alfred Guillaume MA, DD, 1888-1965; Professor of Arabic SOAS 1947-55; Visiting Professor of Arabic Princeton 1955-57. 5. Sir Roger Makins, later Lord Sherfield GCB GCMG DL, 1904- ; Ambassador to the USA 1953-56; Joint Permanent Secretary of The Treasury 1956--59; Chancellor of Reading University 1970- . 6. Sir John Henniker-Major, later Lord Henniker, KCMG, MC 1916- ; Ambassador to Jordan 1960-62, to Denmark 1962-66; Director-General of The British Council 1968-72. 7. Sir Ivone Kirkpatrick, GCB, GCMG, 1897-1964; UK High Commissioner for Germany 1950-53; Permanent Under Secretary Foreign Office 1953-57. 8. Scottish dancing is - or was - an unavoidable feature of life in most British Embassies. Some of us recall ruefully the advice said to have been given to a young friend by Eddie Marsh, for many years private secretary to Winston Churchill: 'Try everything once - except of course incest and country dancing.'

5 REFORM

1. Landau's A Word Count of Modern Arabic Prose appeared, irritatingly, in 1959, a couple of years too late. 2. Any reader who thinks that I am exaggerating the quirkiness and catholicity of the Arabic lexicon should look at question no. 19 in the quiz, set at New Year 1964, which is given in Appendix I. 3. A typical syllabus for the Background Course is given in Appendix J. 4. The building was sold in 1997 and is being converted into an orphanage.

6 EXPANSION

1. Hon Henry Arthur Akers Hankey CMG, CVO, 1914- ; counsellor, Beirut 1962-66; Ambassador to Panama 1966--69; Assistant Under Secretary, FCO 1969-74; younger brother of Lord Hankey (see note 24 to Chapter 1). 2. Sir John Richmond KCMG 1909-90; pre-war archaeologist; Foreign Service 1947; Ambassador to Kuwait 1961-63; to the Sudan 1965-66; lecturer in Modem Near East History, University of Durham 1966--74.

7 THE FINAL YEARS

1. Sir Oliver Wright GCMG, GCVO, DSC, 1921- ; Foreign Service 1945; Ambassador to Denmark 1966-69; Chief Clerk 1970-72; Ambassador to Germany 1975-81; to USA 1982-86. 2. Sir Donald Tebbit GCMG 1920- ; Foreign Service 1946; Chief Clerk 1972-76; High Commissioner in Australia 1976--80. 3. Denis Greenhill, Baron Greenhill of Harrow GCMG, OBE, 1912-; Foreign Service 1946; Permanent Under Secretary of State and Head of Diplomatic Service 1969-73. Notes 187 4. Gordon Richardson, Baron Richardson of Duntisbourne KG, MBE, TD, PC, DL, 1915- ; banker; Governor of Bank of England 1973-83. 5. The two students were Derek P1umbly, who subsequently served in Jedda, Cairo, Riyadh, New York and is now Director, Middle East in the Foreign and Commonwealth Office; and Nicholas Witney, who went on to Baghdad and Washington but later transferred to the Ministry of Defence. 6. See Appendix L. 7. Sir Michael Weir KCMG, 1925- ; Foreign Service 1950; MECAS 1951-52; served Bahrain, Qatar, Trucial States, Washington, Cairo; Head of Arabian Department 1967-68; Deputy Political Resident Persian Gulf 1968-71; Assistant Under Secretary FCO 1974-79; Ambassador to Egypt 1979-85. 8. Frank Judd, Baron Judd of Portsea, 1935- ; MP for Portsmouth 1966-79; Minister of State for Overseas Development 1976-77; Minister of State FCO 1977-79; Director of Oxfam 1985-9l. 9. James Elroy Flecker, 1884-1915, in his play Hassan, published posthu• mously in 1922.

8 PROBLEMS

1. A British undergraduate who had just finished the Vacation Course was arrested on the Damascus road in an area where Palestinian fedayeen were active. In his diary he had the address of a friend in Israel.

9 WHO WERE THEY? l. Sir Philip Adams was appointed Ambassador to Jordan in 1966, that is two years before Morris. But he had learned his Arabic originally in Beirut before the war as a member of the Levant Consular Service and had attended only a refresher course at MECAS. 2. Malcolm Dennison died in August 1996. 3. Sir Orme Sargent, Permanent Under Secretary at the Foreign Office, gave some advice to-his Assistant Private Secretary in 1949: 'Do remember that it is unwise to learn an exotic language. You may be very proud of your mastery of Japanese or Arabic but where do you think you will spend your days?' (Long Sunset by Anthony Montague Browne, London, 1995, p. 66). 4. Peter Mansfield died in March 1996.

10 HOW WELL DID IT DO? l. Anthony Shepherd, Arabian Adventure (London, 1961), Preface, p. 9. 2. Lord Casey, Personal Experience 1939-46 (London, 1962), p. 246. 3. Margoliouth seems to have been difficult to understand at the best of times. There is a story of him lecturing (in English) in India. No one could 188 Notes

understand him. This showed that he was learned beyond comprehension - and he was invited back. 4. Leslie McLoughlin, A Nest of Spies? (London, 1993), p. 203. 5. Philip Larkin, Homage to a Government (1974). Index

Abdullah, Amir 15 missionaries Aberdeen University 130 oil companies 159, see also Abu Dhabi 76, 104, 134, 140 Aramco Abu 'I-Huda, Lulie 19 students 70, 118, 126-7, 143-5 Abu Musa 29, 34 University, Beirut 28, 56, 68, 73, Ac1and, Sir Anthony 138-9 75,98,122,144 Act of Union (1707) 111 Amin (Druze) 69 Adams, Sir James 135, 137 Amman,Jordan 2,89,103,110 Adams, Sir Philip 133, 135 University 97, 103, 110 Addis Ababa 76 Ankara 143 Aden 132 Antonius, Katy 19 Army school of Arabic 71 Arab Levies 134 atmosphere 45-6 Admiralty 43 broadcasts 17,54,134,157 Advanced Courses (later Higher) 49, College 21 63,67-8,73,77-8,90-1,96-100, Conference 107-8 102-3, 107, 127, 133, 160 countries, British ambassadors Advanced Standard of Arabic 97, 135-9 161 Deterrent Force 106 Aiko, Jiro 143 grammarians 152 Ain Anoub (Druze village) 17, 25, history and culture 4,7,21-2, 114, 31,39 133,140 Ainab (Druze village) 28,73, 101-2 instructors 22-3,28,31-3,47,56, Air Ministry 43-4, 71 60,68,97, 103, 122 Aitat (Druze village) 25,73, 113 mentality 4 Akhal, Mahmoud 86 nationalists 75, 115-16 al-Khadra, Yusuf 68 states, newly independent 133 Al-Munjid, dictionary 57 students 83, 154 al-Za'im, Abu 100 universities 92,97, 154 Alami, Musa 19 University of Beirut 119 Albania, parachute drop 9 world, HMO's position in 96 Aleppo 1,80 Arab Legion 1,4-5, 11,21,53,62, Alexandria, Egypt, possible move to 81 43,46 An Arab Tells his Story 37 Aley 25,34,80,100,102 Arab-Israeli conflicts 96,113,120-1 Algeria 133, 135 Arabian Oil Company 129 Allen, Mark 141 An Arabic Grammar of the Written Altounyan, Colonel Ernest 1-2, 4-7 Language 59-60 American Arabic language 7-8, 12,32,61,94, Colony hotel 47 157-8 Foreign Service 29; Institute alphabet 58, 158 school, Beirut 29,70-1, broadcasting station, Sawt Britanya 92-3,118 54

189 190 Index

Arabic language (Cont.) Basra, Iraq 81 colloquial 60-1, 105, 151-5 Battiscombe, Christopher 135 dictionaries 22, 56-8, 78 Baxter, Charles 7 grammar 151-2 BBC 98, 128, 132, 142 Islamic and Middle East history 7 BEA, chairman 131 press 104 Beaconsfield Army School of textbooks 22, 59-62, 78, 93, 105 Languages 71,84-6,90,97, vocabulary 33,55,58-9,93,157-8 103,110 Arabists in the Diplomatic Service Beirut 1,8, 11,27,37-8,40,42,46, 49,92-3,95,103,110,121,138, 70,84, 134,151, 159-60 158-9 American Embassy 84 Arafat, Yasser 99 American Foreign Service Institute Aramco 93, 129, 159 school 29,70-1,92-3, 118, Archer,J.R. 106 159 Armenian orphanage for refugees 23 American University 28, 56, 68, Army 19-20,71,98,128,134,139 73,75,98,122,144 Command Instructions 14 Arab University 119 school of Arabic, Aden 71 BBC 142 School of Languages, Beaconsfield British Ambassador 74-6,91 71,84-5,90,97,103,110 British Bank 31 students 19,21,46,53,55,71, British Charge e d' Affaires 37, 131, 134 114 Asad, Raja 104 British Embassy 69,84,86-7,90, Aspin, Les 144 98, 102, 104-5, 107-10, Assiut 158 117-19,123-4 Atiyah, Edward 19 Canadian Embassy 143 An Arab Tells his Story 37 communications 26, 29 Australia 98, 128, 139 Dug-Out pub 38 students 48,96, 143 German Institute of Oriental Studies Austria, Canadian Ambassador 143 92 Austrian Israel raid 89 Hospice 5, 12, 18,47 Jordanian Embassy 89 nuns 14, 18-19 Military Attache 53 Avery, Flying Officer 48 Ministry of Education 122-4 St George's Club 40 Baalbek, Lebanon 41,80 Universite de Saint Joseph 122 Baghdad, Iraq 4,76, 134, 140 Beit ed-Din 40, 107-8, 117 Bahrain 7,76, 133, 135, 140 Beit Miri village 30, 80 Bampfylde, B. W. 132 Belgium 139 Bank of England 84,96,119,125, diplomatic officer 129 128 Beniya 86 banks, sponsorship 129, 134 Bennett, Mr 6 Barclay, Captain C. F. R. 131 Bethlehem 22, 80 Barclays Bank International 129 Bevin, Ernest 150 Baring Brothers 129 Bible 117 Barnes, John 117-18 Bivar, A. D. H. 142 Barrance, Captain 18,33,45 Blake, George 74, 115 The Basic Word List of the Arabic Blatherwick, David 135, 139 Daily Newspaper 57 Boase, Thomas 21 Index 191

Borden, Gail Frey 144-5 Cairo 4,6-7,11, 15, 114, 133-4, Bowder, Geoffrey 142 151, 162 Boyce, Graham 136 British Council 110 Boyle, Ranald 132 Canadian Embassy 94,143 Brant, Colin 136 El Azhar University 69 Brenan, Terence 35,41-4,46-8,50 Head of Chancery 89 Brenchley,Frank 133,139,141 Japanese Embassy 74 Brill, The Basic Word List of the Middle East Intelligence Centre 3, Arabic Daily Newspaper 57 8 British Resident Minister's Office 12-13 Aircraft Corporation (British Shepheard's Hotel 1 Aerospace) 130 University, department of Arabic Airways 105, 130-1 52, 83 ambassadors, Arab countries California, University of 130 135-9 Callaghan, James 120-1 Arabic instructor 47 Cambridge, John 136 Bank of the Middle East 31, 49, Cambridge University 1,15-16, 98, 129, 131 90-1,98, 130, 141 Consul, Venice 60 Campbell, Mrs Juliet 51 Council 10-12, 19,43,46-7,98, Canada 98, 128, 139 110, 112-13, 128, 132, 142 Defence Attache 117 Diplomatic Mission, Syria 1 Embassy, Cairo 94 European Airways 142 High Commissioner 143 Military Mission to Saudi Arabia students 49,70,96, 117-18, 143 131 Carden, D. C. (Bill) 89-91,93,95-7, Overseas Airways Corporation 117-18,125-6,137,156 (BOAC) 12, 19,47, 130-2 Carreras (Overseas) Ltd. 130 Petroleum (BP) 19,49, 129 Carter, Wing Commander Wilfred Secret Intelligence Service (SIS & (later Air Vice Marshal) 131, MI6) 74,76,115,139 139 Society for Middle Eastern Studies Casey, Richard (later Lord) 7, 10, 142 147, 150, 157 Tourist Authority 142 Caucasus mountains 2 Universities, 'hard' languages 9 Centre for the Study of Islam and British Interests in the Middle East Christian-Muslim Relations 142 105 Chamoun, Camille 67 Browne, Professor E. G. 9 Chapman-Andrews, Sir Edwin 8 Brummana village 30, 64, 80 Chartered Bank 129 Buckmaster, Martin (later Viscount) Chehab, President General Fuad 68, 39, 141 74,76,79, 116 Bulgaria 143 Chinese language 9,50 Bullard, Sir Julian 139 Churchill, Winston 4-5,7,19 Bullard, Sir Reader 19 Citibank 129 Buraimi oasis 140 City of London 96,119 Burton, Graham 137 Civil Service Commission 98 Burton, Sir Michael 139 examinations 49,67,78,86,97,102 Clark, Captain Dickie 22 Cable and Wireless 98, 130 Clark, Sir Terence (Terry) 52, 58, Caccia, Harold (later Lord) 43,48 135-6 192 Index

Clarke, Jean 48 Embassy Defence Attache 87 Clayton, Brigadier Sir Illtyd 3,5-7, Foreign Office scholar 117 11-12, 19 General Staff Intelligence 2 Codeai, Ronald 132 possible move to 43, 46, 110 Coles, Sir John 135, 138-9 Trade Fair, British pavilion 62 Colloquial Fortnight 62-3,77,81 de Courcy Ireland, Patrick 108 Colonial de Gaulle, General, Free French 2 Office 10-12, 128 Defence, Ministry of 71 Service 132, 138 Deir al-Zor, Syria, Spears Mission 16 commercial Dennison, Brigadier Malcolm 132, firrnssponsoring 130,134 139 schools 110 Deutsche Press-Agentur 130, 143 Committees on Dexter, Barrie 48-9, 143 Disarmament, UK Delegation 131 Dexter, Judith 48 Middle East Trade (COMET) 98, dictionaries 22, 56-8, 77-8 142 Dictionary of Modem Written Arabic Commonwealth 75,128 (Wehr) 57 students 49, 131, 143 Digby, Lady Jane 49 A Conversation Grammar of Diplomatic Service 21,98, 128, 131, Colloquial Arabic 61-2 140-2, 161 Cooke, Nigel 35 Arabists 49, 86, 92-3, 95, 103, Cornwallis, Sir Kinahan 3-4 110, 121, 138, 158-9; 'super• A Course in Colloquial Arabic 93 Arabists' 97, 157 Cowan, David (Hajji Daoud) 69, 76, Enhanced Allowance (EDSA) 104 82,85,141 Language Centre 103, 110 Cragg, Bishop Kenneth 97-8 Doha, Qatar 72,134, 140 Craig, James (later Sir James) 27-8, Donaldson, Brigadier Adrian 139 35,83,108-9,114,137,149 Downs, J. Hunter II 144 British Society for Middle Eastern Dric1ad Ltd 130 Studies 142 Druzes 25,28,33,67,69,113 Oxford, Professor in Arabic 55, 142 Regiment 4 Principal Instructor 51-3,67 villages 25,67; see also Ain Crawford, David 135 Anoub; Ainab; Aitat Crawford, Sir Stewart 82, 133 warlord see Jumblatt, Sheikh Kemal; Creighton, John 141 Jumblatt, Walid Cronly-Dillon, Maurice 50 Dubai 140 Cuban student 74 Ruler of 131 Cubitt, Captain Michael 131 Duff, Lieutenant William 131 Cummings 35 Dundas, C. A. F. 8, 12-13 Cyprus Dunn, Miss J. Hunter 144 Arab broadcasts 54, 134 Durham University 52,71,82,86, students 63 97, 142 Durrell, Lawrence 43 Daiwa Securities Company 130 Dutch students 127 Dajani, Bake 18 Dajani, Talaat 69,77,104-6, 159 Eastern Bank 49, 129 Dalton, Richard 127 Eastwood, Basil 137 Damascus, Syria 1,4, 11,41,51,80 Eban, Major Aubrey (later Abba) 12, ambassador 83, 108 15-17,22,148,157 Index 193

Autobiography 16 Arabian Department 82, 120, 133 Personal Witness 16 Arabists 86, 92, 95, 98, 104, Eden, Anthony 9,46 133-4, 138, 141, 160-1 Edes, Michael 136-7 Branch A and B students 46, 95, Edinburgh University 98, 130 133 Effendi, Tawfiq see Farah, Tawfiq culture 14 Egerton, Sir Stephen 135, 137 Finance Department 56, 91 Egypt 4,41,53,82,112,131,160 inspectors 29-30,45,93-4 ambassadors 34,73, 135, 139, Language Centre 103, 110 143 Legal Advisers 123 Nasser, Colonel Gamal Abdul 4, Library 71 67,83-4, 115-16 Memorandum 8-9,12-13 students 63, 155 Middle East Department 7-8 Egyptian Colloquial Arabic 60 minute 44 E1 Alamein 2-3, 7 Personnel Department 8, 50, 54 EI Azhar University 69 Research Department paper 6-7, Elementary Modern Standard Arabic 10-12 (EMSA) 93, 105 scholars 70,117,142 Elgar, A. G. 46-7 scholarships 70,93, 101 Elias, Modern Dictionary students 35,51,55, 133-4 Arabic-English 22,57,78 'very hard' languages 50 Elphinston, Colonel 2-3 Foreign Service 27,44,46,49-52, Empson, Terence 120 132-4 Energy, Department of 139 Forterman, Mr (War Office) 13 Enhanced Diplomatic Service Foster, Captain 8 Allowance (EDSA) 104 Foster, Donald 33-4, 82, 117, 132 Errock, Michael 132 Landscape with Arabs 141 Escape from the Shadows letters 34-41 Esposito, John 144 The Foundation of the Middle East European Community 139 Centre for Arab Studies (F.O. Evans-Pritchard, Captain Sir Edward Paper) 6-7,10-12 1 France 11,98,128 Everett, Christopher 142 student 96 Exeter University 142 Frearson, Miss 23 Eyers, Patrick 135 Freij, Marquis de 23 French, Vichy 2 Falkland Islands 139 Freytag, Lexicon Arabico-Latinum Farah, Tawfiq 18,22-3,32,68,77, 57 100 Frith, Dr 118 Farajallah family 25, 67 Fullerton, William 136 File 40 93 Fyjis-Wa1ker, Richard 137,139 First National City Bank (Citibank) 129 Gairdner, Egyptian Colloquial Arabic Fitzpatrick, Vaughan 144 60 Fletcher, Mrs Doreen 48 Galloway, Douglas 106,141 Forces, need for Arabic-speakers Gardener, Sir John 51 103 GCHQ, Arab broadcasts 134 Foreign Office Georgetown University 130 advice on security 99-100 Germanus, Najib 68 194 Index

Germany 139 Harvey, David 101, 103 Diplomatic Service 68, 92, 128 Hava, dictionary 22, 57-8, 78 Embassy 98 Heath, Edward 90 Institute of Oriental Studies 92 Henderson, Edward 132,136, 140-1 students 96,127, 143 This Strange Eventful History 140 Ghalib, Abdul Hamid 115 Henderson, Victor 138 Ghana 74, 128, 143 Henniker-Major, John 50, 54 GHQME 11,13 Higher Courses (formerly Advanced) Gibb, Sir Hamilton 82-3 98-9, 103, 107 Given, Jock 124 Higher Standard examinations 49, Glubb, Lieutenant Sir John Bagot 54, 102 5-7,21,46,148,150 Highland regiments 150 Goodison, Sir Alan 139 Hill, John 142 Gordon, Douglas 138 Hitti, family 25, 103 Gordon Shephard Memorial Prize 139 Hitti, As'ad 29,64 Gore-Booth, Hon. Sir David 137, Hitti, Eddie 64-6 139 Hitti, Emile 34, 69 Gort, Field Marshal Lord 21 Hitti, Janet 65-6 Goulding, Sir Marrack 139, 142 Hitti, Karim 25,69 Goulty, Alan 137 Hitti, Professor Philip 25, 64, 72 Graham, Sir John 135, 139 Hitti, Selim 27 Gray Mackenzie & Co. 130 Hitti, Dr Yusuf 64 Gray, Sir John 136, 139 Holdsworth, Lt Col 8 Greaves, Jeffrey 67 Holman, James 144 Greece 129 Holmes, Richard 144 refugees 23-4 Holmes, Sir Peter 142 Green, Andrew 83, 137 Hopkins, John 76,89,93, 141 Greenhill, Sir Denis 96 Houghton, Arthur 144 Greenstock, Jeremy 138 Hourani, Albert 4, 19,90 Grundon, John 142 Hourani, George 19 Guillaume, Professor 44 Hourani scheme 70-1,90-1 Gulf see Persian Gulf Howells, David 142 Hussein, King 4, 15 Haddad,Mr 18,22-3,32 Hymns Ancient and Modem 117 Haddad, Mrs 38 Haidar, Emir 23, 29 ICI 12 Haig, Ian 143 India 139 Haines, Judge (later Sir Cyril) 51 Diplomatic Service 128 Hakim, Adnan 116 Government of 7 Halcrow, Sir William 130 Penal Code 51 Hamilton, J. de C. 6, 149 Indonesia, student 70 Hankey, Henry 76, 116 Industrial Bank of Japan 129 Hankey, Sir Robert 8 Industry, Department of 128 Hanson, Sir John 142 Institute of Asian Foreign Affairs hard languages 9,46,50 130 Harder, Ernst 59 Institute of Developing Economies Harris, Anthony 137 74 Harvard University 73, 126, 130, Inter-Universities First Year Centre 143, 145 (IUFYC) 90-1 Index 195

International Jordan 4-5 Affairs, Royal Institute of 17 ambassadors 103, 135, 139 Trade and Industry, Ministry of domestic politics 112 (MIT!) (Japan) 74 Embassy in Beirut 89 Iran 50,91, 139 MECAS, possible move to 110 Diplomatic Service 128 security forces 89 Iran Times 144 Transjordan Frontier Force 4, 11 Iraq 4,15,63,81,112 Zerqa army camp 23 ambassadors 73, 135, 139, 143 Judd, Frank 107 British Embassy 54, 112 Jumblatt, Sheikh Kemal 64,67,74, Petroleum Company (IPC) 49, 84,99-100,105,115 129, 132, 140 forces 67-8,99, 102 Ireland 139 Jumblatt, Walid 105 Islam 4,7, 105 Jungers, Frank 159 Israel 17,38,40, 83-4, 89, 100, 116-21 Kapliwatzky grammar book 22 Italy 19-20, 128 Katakura, Kunio 73-4, 143 C. Itoh and Company 130 Kay, Shirley 87 Izzard, Ralph and Molly, Smelling the Kennedy, Moorhead 144 Breezes 81 Kensdale, William 68-9 Keyfoun village 25 Jabara, Abdeen 144 Kfar Aqab 82 Jabbour family 25 Khammar (Arab instructor) 68 Jabri, Mr 32 , counsellor 82, 133 Jackson, David 142 Khatib (Arab instructor) 68 Japan 96,98,159 Khawajas 28 Diplomatic Service 129 Khayat (Arab instructor) 68 External Trade Organisation Khayat's bookshop 76-7,93 (JETRO) 92 Khoury, Ghazi 77 Foreign Office 143 Khoury, Khalil 32, 68 language 9,50 Khoury, Miss Su' ad 60 Ministry of International Trade and Khoury, Wadi' 22-3,32-3,60-1,68, Industry (MIT!) 74, 129 99 students 73-4,84,96,127,143 Kipling, Rudyard 149 Jebel Sannin 27,37 Kirby, Gordon 99-102, 104 Jedda 141, 159 Kirk, George 17,22,31,42,148 charge d'affaires 133 Kirkbride, Sir Alec 21 Jerusalem Kirkpatrick, Sir Ivone 50 King David Hotel 23 Kissinger, Henry 17 MECAS 5, 10-24,47,54, 80, 114; Kleinwort Benson Ltd 129 see also MECAS, courses Koran 97 Jewish Kuwait 80, 133-4, 139 Agency 17 ambassadors 136, 139, 143 institutions 119 Oil Company 49, 129 MECAS applications 118-20 Khyber Pass 140 resistance 23 Jisr aI-Qadi (Judge's Bridge) 27 Lamb, Sir Archie 136, 139 Johnson-Davies, K. C. 125 Lancaster University 142 Jones, Alan 76 Landscape with Arabs 141 196 Index language allowances 49-50 SOAS see School of Oriental and Language Break 22-3,41,62-3,77, African Studies (SOAS) 81-2,93-4,99,109,159 University 130 Laos 143 Long, Christopher 135 Larkin, Philip 162 Lucas, Hon. Ivor 81-2, 136-7, 141 Latakia, Syria 2 Lyons, ~alcolm 76, 141 Lawrence, T. E. 1 Lawson, Captain (later General ~cCarthy, Donal 38-9,96, 104, 132, Sir Richard) 139 137 Leach, Hugh 141 ~cChesney, Professor Robert D. Lebanese 144--5 Air Force 131 ~acLennan, David 136 Trust, proposed 75-6 ~cLoughlin, Leslie 82, 85, 93-4, 97, University 75 99, 103, 105, 141, 153, 155, 157, Lebanon 5,65,80,110,122,157 161 ambassadors 75-6,81,99, 105-8, Beaconsfield visit 97 123, 136, 139 A Course in Colloquial Arabic 93 bomb disposal squad 89 departure 10 1 dialect of 60-1, 155, 157-8 Dialogues 93 Government 67, 108, 119, File 40 93 122-4 ~ac~ichael, Sir Harold 3,21 law and visas 118-20 ~acRae, ~ette 87 missionary families 28, 73 ~acRae, Sir Christopher 139 ~ountLebanon 27,82 ~adrid 139 mountains 65,80-1 ~aitland, Donald (later Sir Donald) private schools 122 22,52-7,62-4,68-72,75,112, Private Schools Law 122-4 114--15,127, 132, 136, 138-9, 148 reporters 86, 114--15 innovations 70-1 security situation 99-102, 105-6, valedictory despatch 71,75 110 ~aitland, Jean 54, 68 Vichy French 2 ~akins, Sir Roger 49 Legal Advisers ~alik, Charles 97 Embassies 75 ~alky, Alex 104 Foreign Office 123 ~alone, Joseph J. 68, 143-4 Levant 2, 111 ~altese Army 128 Consular Service 41,50 ~anchester University 98, 130 see also Jordan; Lebanon; Palestine; ~ansfield, Peter 53,58-9, 141 Syria ~ansoura, Egypt, possible move to Lewis, Norman 41-2,45,51, 148 43,46 Lewis, Rosemary 43, 45 ~aqdisi, Isbir 68-9 Lewty, Ian 135 ~argoliouth, Professor 151 Lexicon Arabico-Latinum 57 ~arking, Sir Henry (Captain) 131, Libya 4,41,82,112 142, 159 ambassadors 132, 136 ~aronites 23,25,67, 100, 112 London ~arshall, Arthur 138 Diplomatic Service Language ~arshall, ~ark 138 Centre 103, 110 ~arubeni 130 Near East and North Africa ~ason, Heath 132 Department meeting 110 ~atsumura, Seijiro 143 Index 197 Matthew and Platt Ltd 130 cntlcIsms 31, 148, 155-7, 160-1 Maugham, Lord 1 curriculum 21-2,55 Maugham, Robin 1-7, 19,22, 148-9 Directors 31,45,47,56,64,88,96, Maugham, Somerset 1 101, 107-8, 110, 117, 122, 161 MECAS 2,5,8-9,37,98 house bomb attempt 89 administration officers 18,33,35, Druze element 69 42-3,67,99-102,104 examinations 49,86,98-9, 102 Advanced Courses (later Higher) results 95 49,63,67-8,73,77-8,90-1, expansion 67-88 96-100, 102-3, 107, 127, 133, fees 79,93,105-6,124-6 160 finances 13,64,124-6 rums 6-7,10,17,19,21,147,157 foreign applications 96 alternative sites 11,23,43,46, graduates 21, 138, 162 109-10, 112, 155 grammar 22,55,148,151-3 Association 127 Higher Courses (formerly Background Courses 63, 68, 70, Advanced) 97-9, 102, 107 78-9,94,96-7,101,117-18, instructors 14-15,17-18,22-3, 127, 149, 160 28,31-3,47,56,60,68-9, background studies 2-3,21-2,97-8 76-7,82,93-4,101,103, Beginners Courses 94, 98 122-4, 155-6, 161, 168 booklist 97 interpreters 160-1 brochure 119-20 Israeli factor 116-21 canteen food 34 Jerusalem 5, 10-24,47,54,80, 114 closure 68, 84, 102, 105-10, Jewish applications 118-20 112-13, 162 joining instructions 78-9, 145 Colloquial Fortnight 63-4, 77 language instruction 17, 22, 28, costs 79,91-2,98, 124-6 73,82-3,93,97,105,151-8 courses 44,77, 131, 134; First Lebanon, Private Schools Law (Jerusalem 1944-45) 12, 122-4 19-21, 131, 139; Second lecturers 21,37,63,97-8 (Jerusalem 1945-46) 15, 17, legal status 121-4 19,22,131, 139; Third Long Courses 49,57,63,67-8, (Jerusalem and Zerqa 1946-47) 73,77-9,82,89-91,96,98, 20,22-3,54,132,140,142, 127, 133; see also 171; Fourth (Shemlan 1947-48) Beaconsfield Army School; 23,32-41,72,132,139,141, courses, Tenth; Fourteenth; 148; Fifth 139, 142; Sixth Twentieth; Twenty-eighth 46, 141; Seventh 46; Eighth The MECAS Grammar of Modem 48,96,140-1;Tenth 49,143; Literary Arabic 60, 76, 78, Eleventh 139, 143; Twelfth 93,105-6 141; Fourteenth 57,81, 100, military students, careers 139 142; Fifteenth 139,141; move to new building 63-5 Sixteenth 48,65; Seventeenth Muslim presence 69 74, 142; Twentieth 77; Petroleum Executives Courses 93-4 Twenty-first 142; Twenty• Pre-university Courses 77 third 85, 142; Twenty-fifth Principal Instructors 15-17, 22, 138; Twenty-seventh 138, 41-2,45,51-2,56,61,67-9, 142; Twenty-eighth 92; 76,82,89-90,93-4,101,104, Thirty-first 141 106 198 Index

MECAS (Cont.) Michell, Denis 67 private students 68,77,79 Michigan University 130 problems 112-26 Middle East 31,52,89,95-6, 117 recruiting drive 92-3, 96 Air Force 132 reform 54-66 ambassadors 135-8 Refresher Courses 77, 89 Association 98 regulations, administrative 80-1 banks, oil companies etc. 47, reopenings: (1958) 68;(1967) 129-30, 134, 142 85-6;(1977) 105-6 British diplomacy 133-4 reprieves 92, 96 Centre for Arab Studies see MECAS school buildings 29-31,36,39,43, Intelligence Centre (MEIC) 3, 45-6,63-5, 110-11 7-8 security 52, 83-4, 89, 100-2, Ministers of State, Resident 5-8, 106-13 10-13, 147 A Selected Word List of Modem politics 117 Literary Arabic 55-61,76, regional-based organizations 78,93,105-6,157,159 103-4 Short Courses 68,78, 141-2 Service Chiefs 13 SOAS Course 43-4, 63 specialists, need for 49, 86, 104, social life 19,80,87, 106 133 sponsoring organizations 128-31 Supply Centre 10 spy school 37,74,113-16, 155 The Middle East: a Handbook 141 students: armed forces 19-21,49, Miles, Oliver 136 53,55, 131, 134, 139; business Mitsubishi 19,63,98,134,142; Bank 129 diplomatists 19-21,98, 117, Trading Corporation 74, 130 132-41, 143; non-British Mitsui Company 74, 106, 130 48-9,68,72-4,77,84-5,90,96, Moberly, John (later Sir John) 96, 118,126,143-5,154-5 98-100, 119, 135 syllabus 82 Modem Dictionary Arabic-English 'syndicate' system 159 (Elias) 22,57,78 teaching methods 22,31-3,60,93, Montfort, Herr 68 155-6, 160 Moore-Crosthwaite, Sir Ponsonby training after 92, 97, 161 74-6 Uibutes 145, 159-60 Morocco 133, 136, 152-3 trust, proposed Lebanese 75-6 Morris, Sir Willie 34, 132, 135, 137, Users' Conferences 43,45-6,98 148, 153 Vacation Courses 77-8,94-5, Mould, Air Commodore 131, 139 98-9 MountLebanon 27,82 waiting lists 106, 161 Moyne, Lord 6, 11 War Establishment 11-12, 14 Muir, Richard 136 The MECAS Grammar of Modem Munro, R. W. 131 Literary Arabic 60, 76, 78, 93, Munro, Sir Alan 135, 137 105-6 Muntafiq Uibe 81 Meir, Mrs 17 Muqaddim family 25 Melhuish, Sir Ramsay 136 Muqaddim, Fuad 64 Menage, Victor 142 Muqaddim, Sheikh Mohammad 23 Mesopotamia 15 Muqaddim, Sheikh Nadim 33 Mettemich 113 Musa 29,34 Index 199

Muscat, Consul-General 89 Nuffield Trust 47 Muscat and Oman, Sultanate see NUPOSA see National Undergraduate Oman Program for the Overseas Study Muslims 28, 69 of Arabic (NUPOSA)

Nairn Company 145-6 Occupied Enemy Territories Nasib (Druze) 69 Administration 6, 10 Nasser, Colonel Gama! Abdul 4,67, OECD 139 83-4, 115 OETA (Occupied Enemy Territory see also Egypt Administrations) 6, 10 Nasser, Selim 69 Ogilvy, James 111 Nath, Sharm 49 oil companies National and Grindleys bank 129 sponsorship 129 National Undergraduate Program for students 19,68, 134 the Overseas Study of Arabic Oman 15,71, 133, 136, 140-1 (NUPOSA) 72, 77, 84-5, 90, Sultan of 132, 140 143-5 Open University 132 National Westminster Bank 129 Ottawa, Middle East Division 143 NATO 139 Ottoman Bank 49, 129 Near East and North Africa Oxford University 52, 76, 98, 130, Department 110 141, 151 Nelson, Warren L. 125-6, 144-6 New Granada 149-50 Paget, General 5 New York 139 Pakistan 127-8, 139, 147 New Zealand 128, 131-2 Palestine 3-5, 11, 17, 22, 32, 40, Newbold, Sir Douglas 19 152 Nielsen, Jorgen 142 Special Operations Executive (SOE) Nielsen, Pastor 17,22-3,31,33,42, 15 148 see also Jerusalem; PLO Nimr (Druze) 69-70 Palestinian dialect 61, 152-3 Nippon Palestinians 20,32, 100-2, 114, Fudasan Bank 129 159-60 Steel Corporation 130 Paris 162 Nixon, Patrick 136 Delegue du Quebec 143 Nixon, President 17 Parsons, Anthony (later Sir Anthony) Noble, Ernest 104-6 91-2 Nolte, Richard H. (Dick) 73 Parti Populaire Syrien (PPS) 67, 100, Nomad 1 102,143 non-UK Pascoe, Captain (later Sir Robert) banks 129, 134 139 commercial firms 130 Pasha, Glubb 1-2,4,19 governmental bodies 128-9,159 Paterson, A. S. 45 oil companies 129, 134 Perowne, Stewart 19 universities et al. 130-1 Persia 41 Normandy, invasion 20, 140 Persian North Africa, British diplomacy 134 Gulf 15,49,51,63,70, 114, 119, Norton, Bill 81, 117 134, 160, 162 Norton, Hugh 142 language 9,50 Norway 139 Petroleum Executives Courses 93-4 200 Index Peyton, William D. 73 Navy 35,46,98,128,132 Philby, Kim 76 Wedding 38 Philip Morris Overseas Inc. 130 Runciman, Sir Steven 21 Phillips, Horace 121 Russell, Bertrand 115 Pickthall, Marmaduke 150 PLO 77,84,89, 100, 106 Sa'd, Mr 18,23 Poland 139 St Andrews University 94, 98, 106, Politics and the Economy in Syria 141-2 141 St John Philby 15 Polyglot 95 Salem, Elie 97 Portland State College 131 Salerno, Italy 19 Pound, Ezra 71 Sana'a, Yemen 140-1 Pridham, Brian 100-5, 142 Sannin Mount 27, 37 Princeton University 25, 131 Sarahmoul (Druze village) 25 Prometheus Unbound 60 Sassoon, Hamo 131 Pruen,John 16,131 Saudi Arabia 5, 137, 139-40 Public Records Office 7-8, 10, Australian ambassador 143 12-13,71 British Ambassador 121 British Military Mission 131, Qatar 125, 133-4, 136, 140 139 Petroleum Company 129 Canadian Ambassador 143 Queen's Messenger 60 Sawt Britanya, Arabic broadcasting station 54 Rabat 41, 134, 140 Scarbrough Committee 9 Rae, John 132, 142 Scarbrough, Lord 9 RAF 11, 19-21,35,46,55,71,98, School of Oriental and African Studies 128, 131-2 (SOAS) 43-4,48,63,67,73, Ramsay, Sir Allan 136-7 75,85,98,103,110,141-2 Reading, Lord 54 Seale, Patrick 141 Reeve, Pamela 87 Secret Intelligence Service (SIS & Reeve, Sir Anthony 135, 139 MI6) 74, 76, 115, 139 Reinartz, Hans Armin 143 A Selected Word List of Modem Richmond, Major Sean 53 Literary Arabic 55-61,76,78, Richmond, Sir John 86, 104 93, 105-6, 157, 159 Riyadh 83 Selly Oak Colleges, Birmingham RNVR student 131 142 Robin, Christopher 87 Services (armed forces) 44,47 Romania 143 university language studies 9 Rommel, Erwin, Afrikakorps 2 Shearing, B. G. 46 Roquet, Claude 49, 143 Shehab, Emir Haidar 23,29 Ross, Christopher 144--5, 159 Shehab, Emir Beshir (Lord of the Rothmans 106 Mountain) 23 Rothnie, Sir Alan 137 Shell 19,47,49,55,103, 129, 131-2, Royal 134 Army Education Corps 84 Shemlan 17-18,23-30,79-80,96, Geographical Society 15 105, 160, 179-80 Institute of International Affairs Anglo-American community 28, 17 73, 106-7 Marines 128 bombardment 103 Index 201

Cliff House 29,34,74 Sunday Times 86 farewell parties 33, 87 Suq el-Gharb village 25,27,30, Foster, Captain Donald 34--41 37-8,41,52 Lewis, Mr and Mrs, accommodation affray 99 45-6 Hajjar Hotel 64, 68 pensions 34, 48 Suwaib village 81 school buildings 29-31, 36, 39,43, Swedish Diplomatic Service 129 45-6,63-5,110-11 Switzerland 96, 98, 129 wives 48-50 Syria 1-2,5,106,112,115,117, Shenstone, Michael 49, 143 137 Shepherd, John 135 Foreign Minister 155 Shuqairi, Ahmed 84 MECAS possible site 110, 155 shweyfat 25 Spears Mission 16 Simonds, Captain Tony 131 see also Damascus; Deir al-Zor; Sindall, Adrian 137 Latakia Singapore 139 Skeet, Ian 141 Tabib, Eliya 27 Slater, Duncan 136 Tabib family 25 Smellie, Craig 132 Tait, Michael 137 Smelling the Breezes 81 Takla, Philippe 116 SOAS see School of Oriental and Talleyrand 113 African Studies (SOAS) Tanaka, Tamiyuki 143 Sony 143 Tatham, David 81,136,138-9 South Africa 128, 131, 139 Taylor, John 42, 50 South Korean Diplomatic Service Teach Yourself Arabic 59 129 Tebbit, Donald 95, 120 Southern California, University of Tehran Embassy, hostages 144 131 Tehran Journal 145 Spears, Lady Tel Aviv, British Embassy 117 Spears, Major-General Sir Edward 1, Tempest, Paul 84-5, 142 4 C. Tennant and Sons 130 Spears Mission, Syria 16 Texas, University of 131 Special Operations Executive (SOE) Thailand 139 (Palestine) 15 Thatcher, Reverend George 22, Spedding, Sir David 139 59-60,65,76 SS Esperia 48 An Arabic Grammar of the Written Stanhope, Lady Hester 49 Language 59-60 Stark, Dame Freya 4 Thatcher Revised 60, 62 Stirling, Sir Alec 135, 137 Thatcher's Club 76, 145 Stone, Brian 131 Thaxton, Wheeler 144 Strachan, Benjamin 135-6, 138 Theodory, Qustantin (or Constantine) Sudan 34,43--4,46-7,112,133, 22-3,32-3,68,99 137 Thesiger's marsh Arabs 81 Political Service 11,89, 128, 132, This Strange Eventful History 140 138 Thomas, Colonel Bertram 2, 5, 7-8, Suez 11-12,14--16, 19,21,23,31,33, Canal 2 41-2, 148, 150 crisis (1956) 52-3, 64, 113 Thomson, Sir John 139 Summerhayes, Captain David 131 The Times 124--5, 145, 153 202 Index

Tobacco Exporters International War Department 129 130 see also American Tokai University 143 Universite de Saint Joseph, Beirut Tokyo, Ministry of Foreign Affairs 122 73 Universities, sponsoring 130-1 Tomkys, Sir Roger 135,137, 142 University Grants Committee 91 Tokyo 162 UNRWA 81,131 Trades Description Act 59 Urwick, Sir Alan 135, 139 A Tragedy Rehearsed 60 Utah, University of 131 Training Department 92, 102-4, 108, 110, 119-20 van Dusen, Michael 144 Treasury 10-12, 14,43,71,96,110, van Dyke, Cornelius 73 125 Venice, British Consul 60 language allowances 50, 104 Vichy French 2 Trew, Frank 135 Tripp, Peter 132, 136, 139 Wakefield, Peter (later Sir Peter) 99, Tritton, Professor 59 136,139 Teach Yourself Arabic 59 Walker, Julian 106, 136, 138, 140 Trott, Alan 50-2 Walker, Sir Harold (Hooky) 76, 135, Trucial 137 Oman Scouts 71, 134 Walmsley, Frances 87 States (now the UAE) 71, 140-1 Walmsley, Robert 82-4,86-9 Truss, Major 35 War Cabinet Office 7, 10-11 Tunisia 41, 133 War Office 8-10,12-14,43,48 ambassadors 137 Washington 139,162 Tunnell, Hugh 135 The Way Prepared 60, 62, 76, 78, 93, Turkey 2,9 105, 145 Turner, Lieutenant A. M. 131 Wehr, Dictionary of Modern Written UAE see United Arab Emirates Arabic 57,78 (UAE) Weir, Sir Michael 103-4, 135 Weizmann, Chaim 19 Union Bank of Switzerland 129 West Germany United Arab Emirates (UAE) 96, Diplomatic Service 68, 92, 128 104, 133, 137 students 96, 143 ambassadors 73,137, 143 Weston, Sir Michael 136 United Kingdom Whinney Murray 130 banks, sponsorship 129, 134 Widdowson, Lieutenant H. J. 131 commercial firms 98, 130, 134 William Brandt's Sons & Co. Ltd. Delegation to the Committee on 129 Disarmament 131 Sir William Halcrow and Partners governmental bodies 128 130 oil companies 129, 134 Williams, Peter 138 universities et al. 130 Williams College 131 United Nations 92, 104, 133, 139 Wilson, Arnold 15 United States Wilson, Charles 104 Army School of Languages 69 Wilson, General 'Jumbo' (Field• Foreign Service Institute 118, Marshal) 4 129, 159; school 70-1, 92-3, Wilton, John (later Sir John) 31,72, 155 76,82,96,132,136-7,141 Index 203

valedictory report (1965) 87-8, Yale 73, 131 116, 125-6 Yemen 112,133,137-8,152 Winder, Professor R. Bayly 72-3 YMCA 130 Wisconsin, University of 131 Young, Rob 138 Works, Ministry of 43,45,64-5 Yugoslavia 143 WRAC (Women's Royal Army Corps) student 84 86, 128 WRAF (Women's Royal Air Force) Zahle 81 48, 128 Zerqa, Jordan, army camp 23 Wright, David 136 see also MECAS Third Course Wright, Patrick (later Lord) 82, 136--8 Ziadeh, Dr Nicola 19,21 Wright, Sir Oliver 91 Zionism 11, 15,22