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Syracusan Settlement Expansion in South-Eastern Sicily in the Archaic Period

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Syracusan Settlement Expansion in South-Eastern Sicily in the Archaic Period Syracusan Settlement Expansion in South-Eastern Sicily in the Archaic Period Jerrad Lancaster Royal Holloway, University of London Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 1 Declaration of Authorship I, Jerrad Lancaster, hereby declare that this thesis and the work presented in it is entirely my own. Where I have consulted the work of others, this is always clearly stated. Signed: ___________________________ Date: _____________________________ 2 Abstract During the Archaic period Syracuse grew from a newly established colony to become a colonial power itself and its hegemony spread across the south-east part of Sicily. The motivations behind the expansion process and the foundation of multiple new settlements is the central theme of this thesis. The most notable are Heloros (late eighth century BC), Akrai (664 BC), Kasmenai (644 BC) and Kamarina (599 BC). The traditional interpretation behind this expansion is based on ancient literary sources and it stresses military intentions of Syracuse. However, even though the foundations did have a strategic motivation behind them, more central was the desire for wealth accumulation through access to new agricultural land and creation of an inland trade route. The aim of the methodologies (architectural energetics, population estimates and degrees of primacy) used in the thesis is to build a clearer picture of the settlements at key stages of their development from foundation to the end of Archaic period. Architectural energetics is used to estimate the comparative labour costs of building each settlement. Assessment of the architectural development of each site also supports the non-military motivation behind their foundation. 3 Table of Contents Figures: ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 7 Tables: ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 8 Charts: ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 9 Chapter 1: Introduction ................................................................................................................ 10 1.1 Introduction of the Case Study ........................................................................................... 10 1.1.1 Geography and Topography of the Area ......................................................................... 11 1.1.2 Chronological Context ...................................................................................................... 13 1.1.3 Historical Summary of South-East Sicily .......................................................................... 15 1.2 Fieldwork ............................................................................................................................. 17 1.2.1 Syracuse ........................................................................................................................... 18 1.2.2 Heloros ............................................................................................................................. 19 1.2.3 Akrai ................................................................................................................................. 20 1.2.4 Kasmenai .......................................................................................................................... 22 1.2.5 Kamarina .......................................................................................................................... 23 1.3 Terminology ........................................................................................................................ 24 Chapter 2: Historiography ............................................................................................................. 30 2.1 Ancient Sources .................................................................................................................. 30 2.2 Italian and International Scholarship .................................................................................. 31 2.3 Current Approaches to Colonisation and Sub-Colonisation ............................................... 32 2.4 Current Understanding of South-East Archaic Sicily ........................................................... 37 2.4.1 Syracuse and Its Socio-Politics ......................................................................................... 38 2.4.2 Heloros ............................................................................................................................. 40 2.4.3 Akrai ................................................................................................................................. 42 2.4.4 Kasmenai .......................................................................................................................... 43 2.4.5 Kamarina .......................................................................................................................... 45 2.4.6 Greco–Siciliote Relations ................................................................................................. 46 2.5 Approaches to South-East Sicily Used in This Study ........................................................... 48 Chapter 3: Methodology ............................................................................................................... 58 3.1 Architectural Energetics ...................................................................................................... 58 3.2 Stone ................................................................................................................................... 63 3.3 Mudbrick ............................................................................................................................. 66 3.4 Terracotta Roof Tiles ........................................................................................................... 68 3.5 Wood ................................................................................................................................... 71 3.6 Skilled Labour and Supervision ........................................................................................... 77 3.7 Transport ............................................................................................................................. 78 4 3.8 Population Assessments ..................................................................................................... 82 3.9 Rank-Size Studies and Primacy ........................................................................................... 91 Chapter 4: Syracuse and Kamarina ............................................................................................... 95 4.1 Syracuse .............................................................................................................................. 95 4.2 Syracuse: Archaic Housing .................................................................................................. 95 4.3 Syracuse: Temple of Apollo ................................................................................................. 97 4.4 Kamarina ........................................................................................................................... 102 4.5 Kamarina: The Archaic Wall .............................................................................................. 102 4.6 Architectural Energetics and Econometric Calculations ................................................... 103 4.7 Syracuse: Houses .............................................................................................................. 105 4.8 Syracuse: Temple of Apollo ............................................................................................... 111 4.9 Kamarina: Fortifications .................................................................................................... 122 4.10 Syracuse and Kamarina Population Modelling ............................................................... 125 Chapter 5: Heloros ...................................................................................................................... 136 5.1 Heloros: The Archaic Wall ................................................................................................. 136 5.2 Heloros: Archaic Housing .................................................................................................. 139 5.3 Heloros: Koreion ............................................................................................................... 141 5.4 Architectural Energetics and Econometric Calculations ................................................... 143 5.5 Heloros: Fortifications ....................................................................................................... 144 5.6 Heloros: Houses ................................................................................................................ 147 5.7 Heloros: Koreion ............................................................................................................... 150 5.8 Heloros: Population Modelling ......................................................................................... 154 Chapter 6: Akrai .......................................................................................................................... 161 6.1 Akrai: The Archaic Wall .................................................................................................. 161 6.2 Akrai: Archaic Housing ................................................................................................... 163 6.3 Akrai:
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