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Further Development of Indicators for the Assessment of Soil

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Further Development of Indicators for the Assessment of Soil Further development of indicators for the assessment of soil biodiversity using the example of earthworms and springtails (Collembola) with particular reference to organic farming Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doktor der Agrarwissenschaften (Dr. agr.) Vorgelegt im Fachbereich Ökologische Agrarwissenschaften (FB 11) der Universität Kassel; Standort Witzenhausen von Jan Hendrik Moos M.Sc. Biodiversity and Ecology Witzenhausen, November 2017 “Effective ecological functioning, and hence the future of our civilisation, crucially depends upon the soil biota. Life in earth drives life on Earth, and soil biodiversity represents a vast biological engine, driving processes upon which our very survival depends”. (Jeffery et al., 2010) Hiermit versichere ich, dass ich die vorliegende Dissertation selbständig, ohne unerlaubte Hilfe Dritter angefertigt und andere als die in der Dissertation angegebenen Hilfsmittel nicht benutzt habe. Alle Stellen, die wörtlich oder sinngemäß aus veröffentlichten oder unveröffentlichten Schriften entnommen sind, habe ich als solche kenntlich gemacht. Dritte waren an der inhaltlichen Erstellung der Dissertation nicht beteiligt; insbesondere habe ich nicht die Hilfe eines kommerziellen Promotionsberaters in Anspruch genommen. Kein Teil dieser Arbeit ist in einem anderen Promotions- oder Habilitationsverfahren durch mich verwendet worden. Lübeck, 03.11.2017 sign. Jan Hendrik Moos _________________________________________________________ Ort, Datum und Unterschrift Die vorliegende Arbeit wurde vom Fachbereich Ökologische Agrarwissenschaften der Universität Kassel zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doktor der Agrarwissenschaften (Dr. agr.) angenommen. Erster Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Gerold Rahmann (Universität Kassel) Zweiter Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Rainer Georg Jörgensen (Universität Kassel) Prüfer: Prof. Dr. Jürgen Heß (Universität Kassel) Prüfer: Prof. Dr. Oliver Hensel (Universität Kassel) Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 26. April 2018 This work has been accepted by the Faculty of Organic Agricultural Sciences of the University of Kassel as a thesis for acquiring the academic degree of Doktor der Agrarwissenschaften (Dr. agr.). 1st supervisor: Prof. Dr. Gerold Rahmann (University of Kassel) 2nd supervisor: Prof. Dr. Rainer Georg Jörgensen (University of Kassel) Examiner: Prof. Dr. Jürgen Heß (University of Kassel) Examiner: Prof. Dr. Oliver Hensel (University of Kassel) Day of defence: 26th April 2018 List of Publications The following published or accepted papers are included in this thesis: II.1.1 Occasional reduced tillage in organic farming can promote earthworm performance and resource efficiency; page 11. Moos, J.H., Schrader, S., Paulsen, H.M., Rahmann, G., 2016. Occasional reduced tillage in organic farming can promote earthworm performance and resource efficiency. Appl. Soil Ecol. 103, 22-30. II.1.2 Reduced tillage enhances earthworm abundance and biomass in organic farming: A meta- analysis; page 27. Moos, J.H., Schrader, S., Paulsen, H.M., 2017. Reduced tillage enhances earthworm abundance and biomass in organic farming: A meta-analysis. Landbauforsch - Applied Agricultural and Forestry Research 67 (3/4), 123-128. II.2.2 Short-term effects of reduced tillage on soil collembolan communities; page 58. Moos, J.H., Schrader, S., Paulsen, H.M., 2017. Kurzfristige Auswirkungen des Pflugverzichts auf Collembolen-Gemeinschaften des Bodens, 14. Wissenschaftstagung Ökologischer Landbau, Campus Weihenstephan, Freising-Weihenstephan. Table of content List of tables ........................................................................................................................................... IV List of figures .......................................................................................................................................... VI Part I General introduction...................................................................................................................... 1 I.1 Introduction: The importance of a diverse soil fauna .................................................................... 1 I.2 The current state of knowledge ..................................................................................................... 2 I.2.1 The functional role of earthworms ......................................................................................... 2 I.2.2 The functional role of collembolans ........................................................................................ 2 I.2.3 Indicators for soil biodiversity ................................................................................................. 3 I.2.4 Organic farming methods with a potential impact on soil fauna ............................................ 4 I.2.4.1 Crop rotations ................................................................................................................... 5 I.2.4.2 Reduced tillage ................................................................................................................. 5 I.3 Aims of the thesis ........................................................................................................................... 6 I.4 Study site ........................................................................................................................................ 8 I.5 Structure of the thesis .................................................................................................................... 9 Part II Paper ........................................................................................................................................... 11 II.1 Earthworms ................................................................................................................................. 11 II.1.1 Occasional reduced tillage in organic farming can promote earthworm performance and resource efficiency ........................................................................................................................ 11 II.1.1.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 12 II.1.1.2 Material & Methods ...................................................................................................... 14 II.1.1.2.1 Study site ................................................................................................................ 14 II.1.1.2.2 Soil management and experimental design ........................................................... 15 II.1.1.2.3 Earthworm sampling .............................................................................................. 16 II.1.1.2.4 Crop yields .............................................................................................................. 17 II.1.1.2.5 Economical evaluation ........................................................................................... 17 II.1.1.2.6 Statistics.................................................................................................................. 18 II.1.1.3 Results ........................................................................................................................... 18 II.1.1.3.1 Earthworm performance ........................................................................................ 18 I II.1.1.3.2 Earthworm cast production ................................................................................... 21 II.1.1.3.3 Yield and economic assessment ............................................................................. 22 II.1.1.4 Discussion ...................................................................................................................... 23 II.1.1.5 Conclusions .................................................................................................................... 26 II.1.2 Reduced tillage enhances earthworm abundance and biomass in organic farming: A meta- analysis .......................................................................................................................................... 27 II.1.2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 27 II.1.2.2 Material & Methods ...................................................................................................... 29 II.1.2.3 Results and discussion ................................................................................................... 33 II.1.2.4 Conclusions .................................................................................................................... 35 II.2 Collembolans ............................................................................................................................... 36 II.2.1 Response of collembolan communities to different management practices in organic farming .......................................................................................................................................... 36 II.2.1.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 36 II.2.1.2 Material and Methods ................................................................................................... 38 II.2.1.2.1 Study site ................................................................................................................ 38 II.2.1.2.2 Study design ..........................................................................................................
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