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<I>Orchesella</I> (Collembola: Entomobryomorpha

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<I>Orchesella</I> (Collembola: Entomobryomorpha University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Masters Theses Graduate School 5-2015 A Molecular and Morphological Investigation of the Springtail Genus Orchesella (Collembola: Entomobryomorpha: Entomobryidae) Catherine Louise Smith University of Tennessee - Knoxville, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes Part of the Entomology Commons Recommended Citation Smith, Catherine Louise, "A Molecular and Morphological Investigation of the Springtail Genus Orchesella (Collembola: Entomobryomorpha: Entomobryidae). " Master's Thesis, University of Tennessee, 2015. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/3410 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a thesis written by Catherine Louise Smith entitled "A Molecular and Morphological Investigation of the Springtail Genus Orchesella (Collembola: Entomobryomorpha: Entomobryidae)." I have examined the final electronic copy of this thesis for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science, with a major in Entomology and Plant Pathology. John K. Moulton, Major Professor We have read this thesis and recommend its acceptance: Ernest C. Bernard, Juan Luis Jurat-Fuentes Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) A Molecular and Morphological Investigation of the Springtail Genus Orchesella (Collembola: Entomobryomorpha: Entomobryidae) A Thesis Presented for the Master of Science Degree The University of Tennessee, Knoxville Catherine Louise Smith May 2015 Copyright © 2014 by Catherine Louise Smith All rights reserved. ii DEDICATION I would like to thank Dr. Moulton, who as my adviser gave me guidance, and shared his wealth of knowledge with me. I would also like to thank my other graduate committee members, Dr. Bernard and Dr. Jurat-Fuentes both of whom gave encouragement to me during an unexpectedly large project. I would like to also thank Dr. Felipe Soto-Ademas who shared his expertise and knowledge with me. Fourthly, to Gary Phillips, Rob Pivar, Jeremy Blanschke, and Joshua Granger who helped me in the lab and field. Best of luck in your futures, gentlemen! Finally thanks go to my friends and family who gave me support and encouragement during this endeavor. Thank you for letting me roam your backyards, sending me leaf litter samples, or joining me on my collecting trips. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to gratefully acknowledge all of the help I have received from the Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology. iv ABSTRACT Chapter 1 is devoted to a molecular overview of the North American members of the springtail genus Orchesella using mitochondrial and nuclear DNA. Both genes strongly support the presence of four major clades within Orchesella. Chapter 2 is a morphological revision of the species near Orchesella celsa Christiansen & Bellinger. Five new species are described based largely on chaetotaxonomical differences in. Chapter 3 is an investigation into the origins of United States populations of two introduced European members of the genus, Orchesella cincta Linnaeus and Orchesella villosa Linnaeus. Mitochondrial data between populations from the two continents indicates multiple introductions for O. cincta, and the possibility of cryptic species in the European populations of O. villosa. v TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 1 Genus Orchesella .............................................................................................. 1 Morphological and Molecular Identifications ...................................................... 2 Phylogenetic Analysis ....................................................................................... 3 Morphological Descriptions ............................................................................... 4 References ........................................................................................................ 5 CHAPTER I A Molecular Overview of the Genus Orchesella (Class Colembola, Family Entomobryidae) ......................................................................................... 8 Abstract ............................................................................................................. 9 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 9 Methods and Materials .................................................................................... 10 Taxon sampling ........................................................................................... 10 Molecular techniques ................................................................................... 10 DNA alignment and phylogenetic analysis ................................................... 11 Results ............................................................................................................ 12 Discussion ....................................................................................................... 17 References ...................................................................................................... 25 CHAPTER II Pattern Variation in Ochesella celsa Christiansen & Tucker 1977 Sensu Lato: A Range of Patterns, A Range of Species ...................................... 28 Abstract ........................................................................................................... 29 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 29 Methods and Materials .................................................................................... 30 Taxon sampling ........................................................................................... 30 Molecular methods ...................................................................................... 31 DNA alignment and phylogenetic analysis ................................................... 32 Morphological methods ................................................................................ 33 Results ............................................................................................................ 34 Molecular results .......................................................................................... 34 Discussion ....................................................................................................... 35 References ...................................................................................................... 50 CHAPTER III Populations of the European Springtails Orchesella cincta (L.) and Orchesella villosa (L.) in North America .............................................................. 52 Abstract ........................................................................................................... 53 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 53 Methods and Materials .................................................................................... 54 Taxon sampling ........................................................................................... 54 Laboratory methods ..................................................................................... 54 DNA alignment and phylogenetic analysis ................................................... 56 Results ............................................................................................................ 57 mtDNA data set properties .......................................................................... 57 Results of phylogenetic analyses ................................................................. 57 Discussion ....................................................................................................... 60 vi References ...................................................................................................... 62 CONCLUSION .................................................................................................... 65 Vita ...................................................................................................................... 66 vii LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Orchesella of North America. .......................................................................... 2 Table 2. Collection data for specimens in the hexfasciata/flora clade (cont.). ..... 20 Table 3. Collection data for the specimens in the Texas clade. ............................. 22 Table 4. Collection data for specimens of Orchesella celsa sensu stricto. ........... 39 Table 5. Collection data for specimens of Orchesella baeni n. sp. ........................ 41 Table 6. Collection data for specimens of Orchesella jotunensis n. sp. ................ 42 Table 7. Collection data for specimens of Orchesella luteusnota n. sp. ............... 45 Table 8. Collection data for specimens of Orchesella diabolica n. sp. .................. 47 Table 9. Collection data for specimens of Orchesella abramsi n.
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