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The Biology of Four Species of Soil-Inhabiting Collembola

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The Biology of Four Species of Soil-Inhabiting Collembola THE BIOLOGY OF FOUR SPECIES OF SOIL-INHABITING COLLEMBOLA by G.D.Sharma A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science. Department of Entomology, McGill University, Montreal. April 1962 TABLE 0 F C 0 .N T E N T S Page I. INTRODUCTION •••• . • • • • • • • • • 1 General remarks • • • • • • • • • • • 2 Review of the Literature • • • • • • • • 2 Acknowledgments • • • . • • • • • • • • 8 II. MATERIALS AND METHODS • • • • • • • • • • • 9 General • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 10 Isotoma notabilis • • • • • • • • • • 12 Folsomia similis • • • • • • • • • • • • 13 Pseudosinella petterseni and f.alba • • • 14 III. ISOTOMA NOTABILIS SCHAFFER,Il 1896 (ISOTOI<rDAE) •••••••••• . • • 15 General Remarks • • • • • • • • • • • •• 16 Description of Adult • • • • • • • • • • 19 Food • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• 22 Ma ting • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 23 Parthenogenesis • • • • • • • • • • • • • 24 Oviposition •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • 25 Eggs • • • . • • •• 27 Hatching • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 28 Postembryonic development • • • • • • • • 28 Moulting • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• 30 Predators • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 31 Field Observations • • • • • • • • • • • 33 Comparison of !ife-histories of Isotoma species • • • • • • • • • • •••••• 35 Page IV. FOLSOMIA SIMILIS BAGNALL, 1939 (ISOTŒ~DAE). 39 General remarks • • • • • • • • • • • •• 40 Description of Adult • • • • • • • • •• 42 General • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 42 Genital Apertures . • • 45 Variation in the Setae of the Manubrium • • • • • • . • . • . • . • 46 Food • • • • • • . • • . • • • • . • 47 Eggs • • • • • . • • • . • • . • . • • 49 Hatching • • • • • • • • • • • • •• 52 Postembryonic development • • • • • • • • 53 Comparison of !ife-histories of Folsomia species • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 57 V. PSEUDOSINELLA PETTERSENI BORNER," 1901 AND PSEUDOSINELLA ALBA {PACKAftD, 1873) ( ENTOMOBltYIDAE) • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 62 General remarks • • • • • • • • • • • • • 63 f.petterseni • • • • • • • • • • • •• 63 --P.alba • • • . • • • • • • • • 65 Description of Adult • • • . • 66 The male genital plate • • • • • • • • 66 f.petterseni • • • • • • • • • • • • • 67 --P.alba ••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • 67 Spermatophore • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 68 f.petterseni • • • • • • • • • • • • • 68 f·~ . • 69 Page Food • • • • • . • • • • • • • • 70 .f.petterseni • • • • • • • • 70 P.a1ba • • • • • • • • • • • • 71 Eggs • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 72 t.petterseni • • • • • • • • • • • • • 72 f.alba •••••• • • • • • • • • 74 Postembryonic development • • • • • • • • 75 t.petterseni • • • • • • • • • • • 75 --P.a1ba • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 76 Effect of temperature on postembryonic stages • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 77 P.petterseni ••• • • • • • • • • 77 t.a1ba • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 79 Field Observations • • • • • • • • • 80 Other Observations • • • • • • • • • • • S1 Comparison of the life-histories of f.pettersen~ and P.alba • • • • • • • • 81 VI. CONCLUSION • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • General discussion • • • • • • • • Summary • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 90 General • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 90 !_.notabi1is • • • • • • • • • • • 91 -F.similis • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 92 t.petterseni and P.alba • • • • • • 94 VII • REFERENCES • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 96 V:III. TABLES IX. FIGURES I. INTRODUCTION 2 GENERAL REMARKS Soil animais, of which micro-arthropods con­ stitute a very high proportion, do not merely play a subsidiary role in the formation of different humus forms, but a most decisive one (Kubiëna, 1955). In order to know more about this role, however, it is nec­ essary to understand something of the biology of these animals. Now, the Collembola are among the most abundant soil arthropods both as regards numbers of species and numbers of individuals, but although some published in­ formation on the biology and !ife-histories of some species exists, it is surprising how little is in fact known. The present study is an attempt to augment to some extent our meagre knowledge of this group with the study of four species commonly found in soil and litter in eastern Canada; namely Isotoma notabilis Schaffer, 1$96 and Folsomia similis Bagnall, 1939 (Isotomidae), and Pseudosinella petterseni Borner, 1901 and Pseudo­ sinella alba (Packard, 1$73) (Entomobryidae). Informa­ tion has also been obtained regarding Pergamasus ~rassipes (Linné, 175$) a common predator mite which attacks at least one of the species, I.notabilis. REVIEW Q! !li§ LITERATURE Biological studies on collembola seem largely to have escaped the attention of biologists till the 3 beginning of the present century. However, even 120 years ago Nicolet (1842) gave some general information including the description of various types of eggs. Eighty years ago Lemoine (1883) described the method of copulation in Smynthurus [= Allacma] fuscus (Linné) and, at the turn of the century, Lie-Pettersen (1900) did the same for Smynthurus [= Bourletiella] novemlineatus (Tullberg). Hoffmann (1911) experimented with the rearing of Tomocerus flavescens (Tullberg}, and Folsom (1919) described differences between the young and adult forms of Tomoeerus vulgaris (Tullberg) and change of colora­ tion during the postembryonie development of Anurida maritima (Guérin). Macnamara {1919; 1924) makes some observation on the biology of collembola in general and on their feeding habits, and Handschin (1926) gives some information on certain species, including Isotoma saltans (Nicolet). Holdaway (1927) and Davies (1928) throw some light on the bionomic and economie status of Smynthurus viridis (Linné). Strebe1 (1929; 1932; 1938) gives some account of the biology of Hypogastrura purpurescens (Lubbock), Sminthurinus niger (Lubbock) and Tomocerus vulgaris. Ripper (1930), besides showing the effect of moisture on Hypogastrura manubrialis (Tullberg), also describes the various life stages of this species. Davidson (1931-1933b) presents extensive information on the influence of temperature, rainfall and other 4 environmental factors on the eggs of Smynthurus viridis, and MacLagan (1932) has published ecological studies on the same species. James (1933) describes the Collembola of the Toronto region with notes on the biology of Isotoma [= Isotomurus] palustris (MÜller) and Davis and Harris (1936) give a detailed life history of Pseudo­ sinella violenta (Folsom) [~ ~.petterseni]. More re­ cently, Lindenmann (1950) has described the postembry­ onic development of several species of Orchesella, Britt (1951) has published information on Hypogastrura armata {Nicolet), Schaller (1952-1954) describes the structure of spermatophore and its deposition on the substratum by Orchesella villosa {Geoffroy), Brown (1954) has observed Isotoma viridis Bourlet, feeding on nematodes, and Cassagnau (1955; 1956) has experimented with the affects of temperature on several species. Paclt {1956) reviews nearly all physiological and biological literature on collembola until that date. Within the last few years an increasing inter­ est has been taken in the biology of collembola. For example, information regarding Tomocerus minutus Tullberg is given by Uchida and Abukawa (1956) and by Uchida and Chiba (1958; 1959). Murphy and Doncaster (1958) note collembola feeding on the cysts of injurious plant­ parasitic eelworms, and Poole {1959; 1961) has given a good account of the feeding habits and vertical distri- 5 bution of several species of collembola. Milne (1959; 1960), besides dealing with the ecology of collembola, a1so gives a brief account of life histories of seven species of collembola, inc1uding the observation that ~nychiurus latus Gisin changes its color at 12° C. He further tested the chemical nature of the pigment of the same species. Bellinger (1960) suggests that the con­ trasting patterns of sorne species of collembola are ex­ amples of warning coloration. Goto (1960a) has shown that Folsomia candida Willem can be parthenogenetic; Goto and Ogel (1961} discuss variation in the mucro; Torne (1961) did some experimenta on the food require­ ments of the same species, and Marshall and Kevan (1962) confirm the occurrence of parthenogenesis in !.candida and discuss this phenomenon for the Co11embola generally. They also i11ustrate the embryonic deve1opment in F.candida and indicate the effect of temperature on various life stages of the same species. A we11 known habit of certain co1lembola is that of aggregation in vast numbers which has been re­ corded numerous times- see, for examp1e, Davies (1932), Wray (1945}, or Park (1949), who give accounts of aggre- gation in Podura aquatica Linné, Achorutes armatus [: Hypogastrura armat~ and Hypogastrura bengtssoni (Agren), respectively. Pac1t (1956) reviews the subject with other topics up to that date. 6 References to natural enemies of collembola are not very numerous, but Steinbock (1931) and Lipovsky {1951) give sorne information; Paclt (1956) also reviews the subject. Karg (1961) has very recently given a de­ tailed account of the feeding habits of thirteen species of gamasid mites which attack collembola. His informa­ tion is based on comparing the depths of occurrence, structural characteristics and population fluctuations of predator and prey in natural environmental conditions as well as under the influence of insecticides. These predatory mites were seen feeding on collembola by the same author. Detailed information on the morphology of collembola is rather scanty
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