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Origin, Domestication, and Dispersing of Pear (Pyrus Spp.)
Hindawi Publishing Corporation Advances in Agriculture Volume 2014, Article ID 541097, 8 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/541097 Review Article Origin, Domestication, and Dispersing of Pear (Pyrus spp.) G. J. Silva, Tatiane Medeiros Souza, Rosa Lía Barbieri, and Antonio Costa de Oliveira Plant Genomics and Breeding Center, Federal University of Pelotas, 96001-970 Pelotas, RS, Brazil Correspondence should be addressed to Antonio Costa de Oliveira; [email protected] Received 11 March 2014; Accepted 29 April 2014; Published 9 June 2014 Academic Editor: Innocenzo Muzzalupo Copyright © 2014 G. J. Silva et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The pear (Pyrus communis L.) is a typical fruit of temperate regions, having its origin and domestication at two different points, China and Asia Minor until the Middle East. It is the fifth most widely produced fruit in the world, being produced mainly in China, Europe, and the United States. Pear belongs to rosaceous family, being a close “cousin” of the apple, but with some particularities that make this fruit special with a delicate flavor. Thus, it deserves a special attention and a meticulous review of all the history involved, and the recent research devoted to it, because of the economic and cultural importance of this fruit in a range of countries and cultures. Therefore, the purpose of this literature review is to approach the history of the origin, domestication, and dispersal of pears, as well as reporting their botany, their current scenario in the world, and their breeding and conservation. -
An Albertan Plant Journal
An Albertan Plant Journal By Traci Berg Disclaimer *My plant journal lists over 70 species that are commonly used in landscaping and gardening in Calgary, Alberta, which is listed by Natural Resources Canada as a 4a zone as of 2010. These plants were documented over several plant walks at the University of Calgary and at Eagle Lake Nurseries in September and October of 2018. My plant journal is by no means exclusive; there are plenty of native and non-native species that are thriving in Southern Alberta, and are not listed here. This journal is simply meant to serve as both a personal study tool and reference guide for selecting plants for landscaping. * All sketches and imagery in this plant journal are © Tessellate: Craft and Cultivations by Traci Berg and may not be used without the artist’s permission. Thank you, enjoy! Table of Contents Adoxaceae Family 1 Viburnum lantana “Wayfaring Tree” 1 Viburnum trilobum “High Bush Cranberry” 1 Anacardiaceae Family 2 Rhus typhina x ‘Bailtiger’ “Tiger Eyes Sumac” 2 Asparagaceae Family 3 Polygonatum odoratum “Solomon’s Seal” 3 Hosta x ‘June’ “June Hosta” 3 Betulaceae Family 4 Betula papyrifera ‘Clump’ “Clumping White/Paper Birch” 4 Betula pendula “Weeping Birch” 4 Berberidaceae Family 5 Berberis thunbergii “Japanese Barberry” 5 Caprifoliaceae Family 5 Symphoricarpos albus “Snowberry” 5 Cornaceae Family 6 Cornus alba “Ivory Halo/Silver Leaf Dogwood” 6 Cornus stolonifera/sericea “Red Osier Dogwood” 6 Cupressaceae Family 7 Juniperus communis “Common Juniper” 7 Juniperus horizontalis “Creeping/Horizontal Juniper” 7 Juniperus sabina “Savin Juniper” 8 Thuja occidentalis “White Cedar” 8 Elaegnaceae Family 9 Shepherdia canadensis “Russet Buffaloberry” 9 Elaeagnus commutata “Wolf Willow/Silverberry” 9 Fabaceae Family 10 Caragana arborscens “Weeping Caragana” 10 Caragana pygmea “Pygmy Caragana” 10 Fagaceae Family 11 Quercus macrocarpa “Bur Oak” 11 Grossulariaceae Family 12 Ribes alpinum “Alpine Currant” 12 Hydrangeaceae Family 12 Hydrangea paniculata ‘Grandiflora’ “Pee Gee Hydrangea” 13 Philadelphus sp. -
Progress in Pear Improvement
PROGRESS IN PEAR IMPROVEMENT J. R. MAGNESS, Principal Pomologist, Division of Fruit and Vegetable Crops and Diseases, Bureau of Plant Industry X HE pear, like the apple, first came to us from western Asia by way of European countries. Its history in Europe closely parallels that of the apple. Apparently indigenous in the region from the Caspian Sea westward into Europe, whence so many of our fruits came, the pear was doubtless used as food long before agriculture was developed as an industry. ^ Hedrick, in the Pears of New York, gives an excellent summary of its history and development during the last 3,000 years. Nearly 1,000 years before the Christian Era, Homer listed pears as one of the fruits in the garden of Alcinous, thus indicating that they were known to the Greeks of his day. Prior to the Christian Era at least a few varieties were known. Theophrastus (370-286 B. C.) mentioned both wild pears and cultivated named varieties and de- scribed grafting. Pliny, of ancient Rome, named more than 40 varieties. With the migrations of the Romans the pear was distrib- uted throughout temperate Europe. At the time of the discovery of North America, a number of varieties were known in Italy, France, Germany, and England, but there was little progress in the culture of the pear, at least as far as is known, from the early Christian Era until about the beginning of the sixteenth century. During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, there was a tre- mendous interest in pear breeding and improvement, particularly in Belgium and France. -
Physiochemical, Nutritional and Functional Characterization of 10 Different Pear Cultivars (Pyrus Spp.) Sun-Hee Yim1, Seung-Hee Nam2* (Received September 29, 2015)
Journal of Applied Botany and Food Quality 89, 73 - 81 (2016), DOI:10.5073/JABFQ.2016.089.009 1Pear Research Station, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Naju, Korea 2Functional Food Research Center, BK21 Plus Program, Graduate School of Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea Physiochemical, nutritional and functional characterization of 10 different pear cultivars (Pyrus spp.) Sun-Hee Yim1, Seung-Hee Nam2* (Received September 29, 2015) Summary leptic properties (TENG and LIU, 1999). Additionally, Occidental- pear (Pyrus communis) and prickly-pear cultivars were studied This study was performed to compare the physiochemical properties for soluble solids, total TA, and pH during the ripening process and nutritional components including sugars, amino acids, and (HEMANDEZ-PEREZ et al., 2005; BARROCA et al., 2006). minerals of 10 common pear cultivars cultivated in Korea (four Apart from the above nutritional and chemical components, a variety Pyrus spp.). Furthermore, the pear cultivars were characterized for of phenolic compounds such asarbutin, chlorogenic acid, catechin, functional properties with respect to phenolic compounds by HPLC/ and epicatechin have also been identified as primary active compo- DAD analysis and antioxidant activities using DPPH and ABTS nents in pears (LI et al., 2012; CHAALAL et al., 2013; GARCIA-CRUZ assays. Among the 10 pear cultivars that were tested, Niitaka and et al., 2013). Hanareum pears show the best physiochemical properties such The phenolic compounds in pear cultivars have also been further as higher sugar/acid ratio and proper firmness. They also showed evaluated for beneficial health functions such as antioxidant, anti- relatively enriched soluble sugar (12.6 ~ 13.0 g/100 g FW), amino inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities. -
A Review of Pears (Pyrus Spp.), Ancient Functional Food for Modern Times Sung-Yong Hong1, Ephraim Lansky2, Sam-Sog Kang3 and Mihi Yang1*
Hong et al. BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies (2021) 21:219 BMC Complementary https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-021-03392-1 Medicine and Therapies REVIEW Open Access A review of pears (Pyrus spp.), ancient functional food for modern times Sung-Yong Hong1, Ephraim Lansky2, Sam-Sog Kang3 and Mihi Yang1* Abstract Background: Pears have been world-widely used as a sweet and nutritious food and a folk medicine for more than two millennia. Methods: We conducted a review from ancient literatures to current reports to extract evidence-based functions of pears. Results: We found that pears have many active compounds, e.g., flavonoids, triterpenoids, and phenolic acids including arbutin, chlorogenic acid, malaxinic acid, etc. Most of researchers agree that the beneficial compounds are concentrated in the peels. From various in vitro, in vivo, and human studies, the medicinal functions of pears can be summarized as anti-diabetic,-obese, −hyperlipidemic, −inflammatory, −mutagenic, and -carcinogenic effects, detoxification of xenobiotics, respiratory and cardio-protective effects, and skin whitening effects. Therefore, pears seem to be even effective for prevention from Covid-19 or PM2.5 among high susceptible people with multiple underlying diseases. Conclusion: For the current or post Covid-19 era, pears have potential for functional food or medicine for both of communicable and non-communicable disease. Keywords: Pears, Medicinal function, Detoxification, fiber, Arbutin, Flavonoids Background differing accessions evolved, especially of P. pyrifolia, but Pears (Pyrus spp.) have been used as folk medicine and also from P. bretschneideri, P. sinkiangensis, and P. healthy food for more than two millennia [1]. The genus ussuriensis. -
Report of a Working Group on Malus/Pyrus
Report of a Working Group on Malus/Pyrus Second Meeting 2–4 May 2002, Dresden-Pillnitz, Germany L. Maggioni, M. Fischer, M. Lateur, E.-J. Lamont and E. Lipman, compilers <www.futureharvest.org> IPGRI is a Future Harvest Centre supported by the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) Report of a Working ECP GR Group on Malus/Pyrus Second Meeting 2–4 May 2002, Dresden-Pillnitz, Germany L. Maggioni, M. Fischer, M. Lateur, E.-J. Lamont and E. Lipman, compilers ii REPORT OF A WORKING GROUP ON MALUS/PYRUS: SECOND MEETING The International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI) is an independent international scientific organization that seeks to advance the conservation and use of plant genetic diversity for the well-being of present and future generations. It is one of 16 Future Harvest Centres supported by the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR), an association of public and private members who support efforts to mobilize cutting-edge science to reduce hunger and poverty, improve human nutrition and health, and protect the environment. IPGRI has its headquarters in Maccarese, near Rome, Italy, with offices in more than 20 other countries worldwide. The Institute operates through three programmes: (1) the Plant Genetic Resources Programme, (2) the CGIAR Genetic Resources Support Programme and (3) the International Network for the Improvement of Banana and Plantain (INIBAP). The international status of IPGRI is conferred under an Establishment Agreement which, by January 2003, had been signed by the Governments of Algeria, Australia, Belgium, Benin, Bolivia, Brazil, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Chile, China, Congo, Costa Rica, Côte d’Ivoire, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, Greece, Guinea, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran, Israel, Italy, Jordan, Kenya, Malaysia, Mauritania, Morocco, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Senegal, Slovakia, Sudan, Switzerland, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda and Ukraine. -
Genetic Characterization of Pear Cultivars (Pyrus Communis) in Çoruh River Basin
GENETIC CHARACTERIZATION OF PEAR CULTIVARS (PYRUS COMMUNIS) IN ÇORUH RIVER BASIN A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY ABDULBAKİ ÇOBAN IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND GENETICS APRIL 2019 Approval of the Thesis: GENETIC CHARACTERIZATION OF PEAR CULTIVARS (PYRUS COMMUNIS) IN ÇORUH RIVER BASIN Submitted by ABDULBAKİ ÇOBAN in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Molecular Biology and Genetics, Middle East Technical University by, Prof. Dr. Halil Kalıpçılar _______________ Dean, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences Prof. Dr. Orhan Adalı _______________ Head of the Department, Biological Sciences Prof. Dr. Zeki Kaya _______________ Supervisor, Biological Sci., METU Examining Committee Members: Prof. Dr. İrfan Kandemir _______________ Biology, Ankara Universit Prof. Dr. Zeki Kaya _______________ Biological Sci., METU Prof. Dr. Musa Doğan _________________ Biological Sci., METU Prof. Dr. Sertaç Önde _______________ Biological Sci., METU Prof. Dr. Özgür Eminağaoğlu _______________ Forest Eng. Artvin Çoruh University Date: 12.04.2019 I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last name: Abdulbaki Çoban Signature: iv ABSTRACT GENETIC CHARACTERIZATION OF PEAR CULTIVARS (PYRUS COMMUNIS) IN ÇORUH RIVER BASIN Çoban, Abdulbaki MSc., Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Zeki Kaya April 2019, 93 Pages The genus Pyrus contains more than 20 different pear species which are used as food source, horticultural, and ornamental purposes. -
Disease and Insect Resistant Ornamental Plants: Pyrus (Pear)
nysipm.cornell.edu 2019 Search for this title at the NYSIPM Publications collection: ecommons.cornell.edu/handle/1813/41246 Disease and Insect Resistant Ornamental Plants Mary Thurn, Elizabeth Lamb, and Brian Eshenaur New York State Integrated Pest Management Program, Cornell University PYRUS Pear pixabay.com Pyrus is a large genus of shrubs and trees in the rose family. Pyrus communis, the common or European pear, is grown for its edible fruit. Pyrus calleryana, or Callery pear, originally imported from China to breed fire blight resistance intoP. communis, is grown primarily for ornamental use. The ornamental Callery pear is one of the most widely grown trees in urban, residential and commercial landscapes. It is known for its early spring profusion of showy white flowers, fast growth and tolerance of difficult growing sites. Since the release of ‘Bradford’ in 1963, many ornamental cultivars have been introduced. Unfortunately, this species has invasive tenden- cies throughout most of its range, particularly in Zone 6 and warmer. When multiple cultivars are planted in the same area, cross-pollination can result in the production of fruit and seeds which can be distributed by birds resulting in stands of ‘wild’ hybrid Callery pear (19). See The Rise and Fall of the Ornamental Callery Pear Tree for a detailed history and current status of the Callery pear. Like other rosaceous plants, pears are susceptible to a number of diseases including fire blight, scab, rust, and leaf spot. This review includes information on edible and ornamental pears. DISEASES Fire Blight is a common bacterial disease of rosaceous plants caused by the bacterium Erwinia amylovora. -
Plant Inventory No. 214 Is the Official Listing of Plant Materials Accepted Into the U.S
United States Department of Agriculture Plant Inventory Agricultural Research Service No. 214 Plant Materials Introduced in 2005 (Nos. 636445 - 641917) Foreword Plant Inventory No. 214 is the official listing of plant materials accepted into the U.S. National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS) between January 1 and December 31, 2005 and includes PI 636445 to PI 641917. The NPGS is managed by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS). The information on each accession is essentially the information provided with the plant material when it was obtained by the NPGS. The information on an accession in the NPGS database may change as additional knowledge is obtained. The Germplasm Resources Information Network (http://www.ars-grin.gov/npgs/index.html) is the database for the NPGS and should be consulted for the current accession and evaluation information and to request germplasm. While the USDA/ARS attempts to maintain accurate information on all NPGS accessions, it is not responsible for the quality of the information it has been provided. For questions about this volume, contact the USDA/ARS/National Germplasm Resources Laboratory/Database Management Unit: [email protected] The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in its programs on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, disability, political beliefs and marital or familial status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact the USDA Office of Communications at (202) 720-2791. To file a complaint, write the Secretary of Agriculture, U.S. -
Pyrus CGC Report
1 PYRUS CROP GERMPLASM COMMITTEE REPORT AND GENETIC VULNERABILITY STATEMENT SEPTEMBER 2004 I. Introduction Pears (Pyrus) and related genera are members of the subfamily Pomoideae and the family Rosaceae. All species are deciduous trees or shrubs. Pears are almost exclusively grown as a "compound genetic system", consisting of a rootstock, a scion or fruit-bearing cultivar, and in cases of graft-incompatibility between the rootstock and scion, a mutually compatible interstock. Because each component of the system has some unique characteristics and problems, the genetic vulnerability of scions and rootstocks will be considered separately. Within Pyrus, there is no graft-incompatibility among species. Quince (Cydonia oblonga L.) is the only non-Pyrus species which has been used commercially as a rootstock for pear. Additional genera which have been are potential rootstocks include Amelanchier, Crataegus, Sorbus, and Mespillus. A. An Overview of the Genus Pyrus The genus Pyrus has been classified, depending on the authority, into 21 to 26 primary species, which can be grouped together by geographic distribution and/or taxonomic relationships (Table 1). A number of non-primary species, which may be botanical varieties, subspecies, or interspecific hybrids also appear in the literature. The latter are, in a few cases, naturally occurring, but some are undoubtedly "arboretum hybrids", and are not known to occur in native populations. The genus probably evolved in the foothills of the Tian Shen mountains in Xinjiang Province in western China, and spread eastward and westward, with isolation and adaptation leading to speciation. Interspecific hybridization and introgression has probably been involved in the evolution of the various species, and no major barriers to hybridization between species are known to exist (Bell and Hough, 1986). -
Endecott-Endicott Family Association, Inc. Volume 7 No
Endecott-Endicott Family Association, Inc. www.endecott-endicott.com Volume 7 No. 2 July, 2011 The Official EFA, Inc. Newsletter Endicott Heritage Trail © The Endicott Heritage Trail is being brought to you in an effort along with the EFA, Inc. web site to keep you informed of activities and projects of the Endecott-Endicott Family Association, Inc. We would appreciate your feedback. Your comments and suggestions are most welcome. We also welcome your contributions of Endicott research material. Please review the Newsletter Guidelines on the EFA, Inc. web site prior to your submission for publication. Ancestors Spotlight – Selected Endicotts in the Civil War 1 Introduction The following are abridged passages from ―Endicotts in the Military.‖ They are from the chapter on the Civil War and are about three Endicotts who were all taken prisoner, but survived to tell the tale. They are among the approximately 100 Endicotts identified so far as serving in the Civil War and among the approximately 450 Endicotts identified as having served in all this country‘s wars. ABNER J. ENDICOTT He resided in Bourbon County, Kansas and enlisted on July 27, 1863 in Company G, 14th Kansas Cavalry (the same unit another Endicott, Joseph Endicott, was in). There are two interesting things about Abner. First of all, his unit fought against William Quantrill, the highly controversial Confederate guerilla responsible for the Lawrence, Kansas, massacre in which Quantrill‘s men killed 183 civilian men and boys. And secondly, Abner escaped from a Confederate prisoner of war camp, called Camp Felder, located near present-day Chappell Hill in Washington County, Texas. -
World Pear & Quince Collections
World Pear Collection USDA GENEBANK, CORVALLIS, OREGON curator: [email protected] September 2016 In 1980 the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), established the National Clonal Germplasm Repository (NCGR) in Corvallis, Oregon. This genebank conserves temperate, specialty fruit and nut crops by maintaining globally diverse living collections. Heirloom pear varieties, foreign introductions and Pyrus wild relatives are available from the Repository for research, breeding and education. These genetic resources provide solutions for growers confronted with new diseases or insects, and changing climate. Pear accessions are evaluated for useful and unique traits, tested for virus contamination, and documented in a national public germplasm database. Seed collections represent wild species populations. The Pyrus genebank has nearly 2,300 trees including: The Corvallis genebank maintains 2,297 clonal pear • 990 European Cultivars accessions and 364 seedlots representing 36 Pyrus taxa from • 190 Asian Cultivars 55 countries. About 250 clones are backed up in vitro as shoot • 120 Hybrid Cultivars cultures at 40° F, and 330 clones are backed up as small • 170 Rootstock Selections potted greenhouse trees. Corvallis has an ideal climate for a • 28 Perry (cider) Cultivars World Pear Collection due the favorable climate and low • 924 Wild Relative Species Trees incidence of disease. Pyrus Accessions by Country of Origin – 55 Countries Most Requested Last 5 Years Afghanistan 2 Israel 6 Serbia 18 Rank Accession