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Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies International Journal of Oceanography and Hydrobiology Volume 50, No. 3, September 2021 pages (259-268) ISSN 1730-413X eISSN 1897-3191 A review of occurrence, distribution and alien status of Notodiaphana atlantica Ortea, Moro and Espinosa, 2013 and Liloa mongii (Audouin, 1826) (Mollusca: Heterobranchia) in the Mediterranean Sea by Abstract 1 2 Notodiaphana atlantica and Liloa mongii are two Luigi Romani , Lionello P. Tringali , cephalaspidean species described respectively from the 3, Fabio Crocetta * Atlantic Ocean and the Red Sea, and considered widespread in their native ranges. Both species have also been recently recorded from the Mediterranean Sea, prompting some authors to consider them alien. Notwithstanding clear morphological differences in their shells, the two species have often been confused or misidentified in the literature, or specimens have been described with incorrect locality data. DOI: 10.2478/oandhs-2021-0022 We hereby review the occurrence, distribution and status of Category: Original research paper both species in the Mediterranean Sea based on published data and examination of new material. Notodiaphana Received: December 5, 2020 atlantica is considered a cryptogenic species with a range Accepted: January 21, 2021 spanning from the western to eastern part of the basin. The presence of L. mongii in the Mediterranean is questioned until specimens that can be reliably assigned to this taxon 1Via delle Ville 79, I-55012 Capannori or to any congeneric species are found in the area. Alien species inventories play an important role in regional policy (loc. Lammari), Italy and management decisions, thus requiring a high degree 2Via Elio Lampridio Cerva 100, I-00143 Roma, of confidence in the validity of species identification and their non-indigenous status. The present paper adds further Italy evidence of the excess of “bibliographically introduced” alien 3Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, records and reiterates the need for periodic re-evaluation of Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa published data. Comunale, I-80121 Napoli, Italy Key words: biological invasions, alien and cryptogenic species, faunal diversity, cephalaspideans, misidentifications * Corresponding author: [email protected] online at www.oandhs.ug.edu.pl ©2021 Luigi Romani et al. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-NoDerivs License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) 260 Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies, VOL. 50, NO. 3 | SEPTEMBER 2021 Luigi Romani, Lionello P. Tringali, Fabio Crocetta 1. Introduction require further work even to resolve their distribution, with Notodiaphana atlantica Ortea, Moro & Espinosa, The introduction of marine alien species (MAS) 2013 and Liloa mongii (Audouin, 1826) being two of into the Mediterranean Sea is an extensive process them in particular. (Zenetos et al. 2010; 2012; 2017). Mollusca play a key Notodiaphana atlantica has only recently been role in this phenomenon, accounting for more than described from the Atlantic Ocean (Ortea et al. 2013), 200 taxa censused so far (Zenetos et al. 2012; Sabelli whereas L. mongii is a taxon originally described from & Taviani 2014). The largest number of MAS in the the Red Sea (Audouin 1826) and frequently recorded Mediterranean Sea is reported to come from the throughout the Indo-Pacific area under the name Bulla Red Sea via the Suez Canal (the so-called Lessepsian curta A. Adams, 1850, a junior synonym (fide Micali migration: Gofas & Zenetos 2003; Zenetos et al. 2017). 2014). The Mediterranean distribution of both taxa was Recently, however, an increasing number of tropical recently discussed by Micali (2014), who considered or subtropical Atlantic species have also entered N. atlantica as widespread in the western and central the area. Their status as native or alien is still widely Mediterranean Sea (Morocco, France, Italy, Malta, debated because the Mediterranean basin was and Tunisia), and L. mongii as recorded only in the almost entirely recolonized by the Atlantic fauna after Mediterranean Sea from Cyprus, based on specimens the re-establishment of the Atlanto-Mediterranean previously recorded by Cecalupo & Quadri (1996) and connection, and this process is presumably still identified as Cylichnina cfr. mongii. Notwithstanding ongoing (Crocetta et al. 2013; Canning-Clode & such a review, and as part of our work on alien and Carlton 2017). The situation is further complicated cryptogenic molluscan species in the Mediterranean by morphological plasticity and discovered cryptic Sea, we have noted some discrepancies with respect to diversity, which can cause taxonomic complications, the available literature. while minute sizes of species may result in We therefore proceed to review the Mediterranean underestimation of distribution ranges, with recent records of these two heterobranch taxa by analyzing natural dispersals potentially being interpreted as published and unpublished material with the objective human-induced introductions, and vice versa, due to to shed some light on the occurrence, distribution and vectors that can easily act even at small scale such as alien status of both species in the basin. shipping, rafting on plastic debris, aquaculture, and so forth. 2. Materials and methods Among species recorded in the Mediterranean basin and corresponding to previous findings, the heterobranch taxa require special mention due to 2.1. Published and unpublished data the complexity of their taxonomy and mode of life. For example, identifications of Atys macandrewii E.A. Both indexed and grey literature was reviewed for Smith, 1872 and Okenia longiductis Pola, Paz-Sedano, published Mediterranean records of Notodiaphana Macali, Minchin, Marchini, Vitale, Licchelli & Crocetta, atlantica and Liloa mongii. The material examined in 2019 have been uncertain and problematic or they the present paper was collected from the bioclastic have been consistently misidentified in the recent bottom by scuba diving or dredging. Comparisons past for similar species, resulting in an overestimation were made with material illustrated in recent studies of the number of alien species in the Mediterranean and samples collected from several localities, all listed Sea (Micali et al. 2016; Pola et al. 2019). Juvenile below. The analyzed material is currently preserved specimens of the native species Aplysia punctata in private collections (explanation under individual (Cuvier, 1803) were misidentified for almost a century records). as Aplysia parvula Mörch, 1863 and often listed as a Mediterranean alien or cryptogenic species (Crocetta 2.2. Identification, taxonomy, and laboratory work et al. 2015; Corsini-Foka et al. 2015; Zenetos et al. 2016; Golestani et al. 2019). Finally, Aplysia dactylomela Identifications follow the literature and/or type Rang, 1828 and Bursatella leachii Blainville, 1817 were material referenced below. The updated taxonomy and commonly suspected to be Lessepsian migrants, nomenclature used in this study follow MolluscaBase while molecular data suggested they were Atlantic (2020). Shells were examined using Kyowa SDZ-PL newcomers (Alexander & Valdés 2013; Valdés et al. (Japan), Labolan S.L., Lomo MBC-10 (Russia), and 2013; Bazzicalupo et al. 2018; 2020). However, while the Olympus SZ61 (Japan) stereomicroscopes, and taxonomic issues concerning the above-mentioned measurements were carried out using an eyepiece taxa are now considered clarified, other species still micrometer. Selected shells and their details were www.oandhs.ug.edu.pl Journal owner: Faculty of Oceanography and Geography, University of Gdańsk, Poland Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies, VOL. 50, NO. 3 | SEPTEMBER 2021 261 A review of occurrence, distribution and alien status of Notodiaphana atlantica and Liloa mongii in the Mediterranean Sea also examined using Philips XL30 (the Netherlands) Kerkennah Islands, Tunisia: see Cecalupo et al. (2008): and Quanta200 (Massachusetts) scanning electron plate 75, Figs 4–6 as Cylichnina multiquadrata and microscopes (SEMs) in the Centro de Apoyo Científico Micali (2014) y Tecnológico a la Investigación (CACTI) – University of Cylichnina multiquadrata (Oberling, 1970) – Perna Vigo, after air drying and mounting on SEM stubs. (2013): 243, figure [Scilla, Italy] Notodiaphana atlantica Ortea, Moro et Espinosa, 2.3. Abbreviations and acronyms 2013 – Micali (2014): 499–504, Figs 3–6, 12–16 [Djerba, Tunisia; Messina, Augusta, and Linosa, Italy; Tétouan, The following abbreviations and acronyms were Morocco] – Figs 13 and 15–16 incorrectly reported used: from Tunisia, but found in Cyprus: see Scaperrotta et al. sh – empty shells; (2016) lv – live specimens; Retusa sp. – Oliver et al. (2015): 111, 142, 144, Figs APC – Attilio Pagli collection (Lari, Italy); 179–182 [Chafarinas Islands, Spain] ARC – Alessandro Raveggi collection (Firenze, Italy); Notodiaphana atlantica Ortea, Moro & Espinosa, 2013 CBC – Cesare Bogi collection (Livorno, Italy); – Scaperrotta et al. (2016): 25, 110, figures [Kerkennah FAC – Franco Agamennone collection (Pescara, Italy); Islands, Tunisia and Protaras, Cyprus] LTC – Lionello P. Tringali collection (Roma, Italy); Notodiaphana atlantica Ortea, Moro et Espinosa, SBC – Stefano Bartolini collection (Firenze, Italy). 2013 – Giacobbe & Renda (2018): 29, 30, 31, Fig. 6 [Capo d’Armi, Italy] 3. Results Notodiaphana atlantica Ortea, Moro & Espinosa, 2013 – Albano et al. (2020): 4065, Figs k–l [Rosh Carmel Systematics plateau
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