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Diccionario De Anatomía E Histología

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Diccionario De Anatomía E Histología Libros de Cátedra Diccionario de anatomía e histología Francisco Speroni FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS EXACTAS DICCIONARIO DE ANATOMÍA E HISTOLOGÍA Francisco Speroni Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Este diccionario está dedicado a Ludmila Concetti, Felipe Piermaria, Clara Nicolini y Lucio Bender. Agradecimientos Por la motivación, las sugerencias y las revisiones a Gabriel Arp, Mariana Speroni y Gustavo Rinaldi. Por las horas compartidas en el aula, por los debates y demás conchabanzas a mis compañeros de cátedra Emilia Velázquez, Ezequiel Harnichar, Ivanna Rolny, Juan Ignacio Felice, María Laura Sbaraglini, María Virginia Gangoiti, Marina Ibáñez Shimabukuro, Sara Chuguransky y Yamil Chain. Parece que los anatomistas se hubieran complacido en multiplicar la confusión dando a cada estructura denominaciones variadas LEO TESTUT, TRATADO DE ANATOMÍA HUMANA Índice general PRESENTACIÓN ____________________________________________________________ 9 ABREVIATURAS ____________________________________________________________11 PREFIJOS, SUJIFOS Y RAÍCES ________________________________________________12 ALGUNAS EXPRESIONES QUE MERECEN ATENCIÓN ____________________________14 DICCIONARIO DE ANATOMÍA E HISTOLOGÍA ____________________________________19 REFERENCIAS ____________________________________________________________189 EL AUTOR ________________________________________________________________190 Índice de cuadros e ilustraciones Figura 1 _____________________________________________________________________25 Conductos del aparato reproductor masculino y relaciones con sus órganos Figura 2 _____________________________________________________________________27 Esquema de los componentes del arco reflejo, para distintos ejemplos Figura 3 _____________________________________________________________________30 Relación entre las clasificaciones de las articulaciones según composición histológica y movilidad y ejemplos. Figura 4 _____________________________________________________________________31 Componentes típicos de una diartrosis o articulación sinovial ejemplificados para la articulación de la rodilla. Figura 5 _____________________________________________________________________56 Esquema de la parte izquierda del corazón que muestra las relaciones entre las valvas, las cuerdas tendinosas, las columnas carnosas y la pared del ventrículo. Figura 6 _____________________________________________________________________57 Componentes del complejo de unión. Figura 7 _____________________________________________________________________65 Esquema del cortocircuito de la circulación pulmonar. Figura 8 _____________________________________________________________________9 Clasificación de ganglios. Figura 9 _____________________________________________________________________95 Algunas estructuras formadas por las túnicas del globo ocular en la parte anterior y en la parte posterior del globo ocular. Figura 10 ____________________________________________________________________98 Esquema de 2 hepatocitos formando un canalículo biliar. Figura 11 ___________________________________________________________________100 Divisiones de la hipófisis según distintos criterios Figura 12 ___________________________________________________________________102 Componentes de tejido conectivo de un hueso. Figura 13 ___________________________________________________________________110 Esquema de la formación, ubicación y drenaje del líquido cefalorraquídeo. Figura 14 ___________________________________________________________________122 Organización de los componentes de tejido muscular esquelético y tejido conectivo en un músculo. Figura 15 ___________________________________________________________________124 Organización de los componentes de tejido nervioso y tejido conectivo en un nervio. Figura 16 ___________________________________________________________________125 Esquema de un nervio craneal sensitivo y motor, con sus núcleos de origen y terminación y su ganglio sensitivo. Figura 17 ___________________________________________________________________131 Clasificación de los núcleos basales. Figura 18 ___________________________________________________________________147 Esquema del desarrollo embrionario de algunas estructuras del ojo. Figura 19 ___________________________________________________________________159 Clasificación anatómica del sistema nervioso. Figura 20 ___________________________________________________________________186 Clasificación de vías motoras somáticas. Figura 21 ___________________________________________________________________187 Clasificación de las vías somatosensitivas. Presentación Acerca del diccionario y de su uso: El vocabulario de Anatomía e Histología es profuso, heterogéneo y conflictivo. Desde el siglo XIX se ha detectado esto como un obstáculo para la comunicación y el aprendizaje de estas disciplinas. Las explicaciones, teorías, investigaciones, y aún las especulaciones sobre la realidad, se elaboran y transmiten a través de discursos verbales, de modo que aprender una determinada disciplina científica significa adquirir su lenguaje. En base a esta premisa y habiendo detectado características tales como gran cantidad de términos, polisemia, paronimia y sinonimia, pareció conveniente tener un material que a modo de diccionario defina brevemente una serie de expresiones empleadas en nuestra asignatura. De esta manera se ha confeccionado el presente diccionario de Anatomía e Histología adaptado al nivel de complejidad con que se estudian los temas en el curso de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas de la Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Los términos se listan en orden alfabético. A continuación de cada término, entre paréntesis, se indica el contexto (tejidos, aparatos o sistemas, estadio embrionario) en que el término se emplea con más frecuencia. Se recomienda entonces también usar la herramienta de búsqueda (“buscar”, “find”, “search” u otra, dependiendo de la versión del programa que se use para leer) y los hipervínculos para ubicar el término de interés en el contexto de otras definiciones (por ejemplo, “hipófisis” se define en la entrada “glándula hipófisis”, pero se menciona también en la definiciones de “sistema porta hipofisario”, “silla turca”, “celda hipofisaria” y otras, que en conjunto se complementan con conceptos útiles para conocer las características de la hipófisis). En el mismo sentido, expresiones que aparecen entre comillas (“ ”) dentro de una definición están definidas también en una entrada independiente, se sugiere entonces consultarlas para obtener más información sobre un tema. Es interesante prestar atención al contexto (tejido, aparato o sistema, estadio embrionario) porque algunas palabras tienen en otros ámbitos un significado diferente, por ejemplo “factor” en el sistema endócrino se refiere a una molécula que cumple función de hormona, pero en otros contextos (en las matemáticas, por ejemplo) se refiere a otro concepto. 9 Las definiciones son breves y se plantean como una herramienta facilitadora para el acercamiento a la asignatura, no reemplazan a las descripciones detalladas que se encuentran en los libros de texto. En algunos casos, además de la definición, se presentan descripciones mínimas o comentarios sobre aspectos que, por la experiencia en la cátedra, se considera conveniente aclarar, por ejemplo, si la estructura definida pertenece a la escala molecular, subcelular, microscópica o macroscópica. Las figuras aparecen interpuestas y numeradas entre las definiciones, cada figura se presenta una sola vez, pero puede relacionarse con más de una definición, en cuyo caso se indica “ver figura x”. Los términos sinónimos se definen una sola vez, se muestran vinculados con el signo “=” en la entrada en que son definidos, mientras que en las entradas correspondientes al orden alfabético se indica qué término ver para encontrar la definición. En la sección “Algunas expresiones que merecen atención” hay comentarios y preguntas sencillas diseñados para desambiguar o prestar atención a términos que han generado confusión como algunos parónimos o expresiones polisémicas. 10 Abreviaturas En este diccionario se usan abreviaturas, entre paréntesis a continuación del término definido, para indicar el contexto (tejido, órgano, aparato, sistema o disciplina) en que el término se emplea con más frecuencia: Ap. Circ.: aparato circulatorio. Ap. Dig.: aparato digestivo. Ap. Locom.: aparato locomotor. Ap. Rep. Fem.: aparato reproductor femenino. Ap. Rep. Masc.: aparato reproductor masculino. Ap. Resp.: aparato respiratorio. Ap. Urin.: aparato urinario. Embr.: embriología. Msc.: misceláneos, términos utilizados en diversos temas o sistemas. Oído: sentido del oído. Ojo: globo ocular, anexos y sentido de la vista. Sist. End.: sistema endócrino. Sist. Esq.: sistema esquelético. Sist. Linf.: sistema linfático. Sist. Nerv.: sistema nervioso y tejido nervioso. Sist. Teg.: sistema tegumentario. Tej. Con.: tejido conectivo. Tej. Epit.: tejido epitelial. Tej. Musc.: tejido muscular. 11 Prefijos, sujifos y raíces Algunos términos del vocabulario de Anatomía e Histología están formados por elementos compositivos que contienen información. Los sufijos, prefijos y raíces son fragmentos de las palabras que expresan significado. Conocer el significado de estos fragmentos simplifica el estudio de Anatomía e Histología ya que permite predecir y relacionar el significado de los términos. A continuación se listan algunos de esos fragmentos seguidos de sus significados y ejemplos: A- : ausencia de, como en acelular o amielínico.
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