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Die Schweiz Und Die Deutschen Lösegelderpressungen in Den Unabhängige Expertenkommission Schweiz – Zweiter Weltkrieg Die Schweiz und die deutschen Lösegelderpressungen in den besetzten Niederlanden Vermögensentziehung, Freikauf, Austausch 1940–1945 Beiheft zum Bericht Die Schweiz und die Flüchtlinge zur Zeit des Nationalsozialismus Wurde ersetzt durch die leicht überarbeitete Fassung: Bettina Zeugin, Thomas Sandkühler: Die Schweiz und die deutschen Lösegelderpressungen in den besetzten Niederlanden. Vermögensentziehung, Freikauf, Austausch 1940–1945. Beitrag zur Forschung, Zürich 2001 (Veröffentlichungen der Unabhängigen Expertenkommission Schweiz – Zweiter Weltkrieg, Bd. 24). Bestellung: Chronos Verlag (www.chronos-verlag.ch) Die Unabhängige Expertenkommission: Schweiz – Zweiter Weltkrieg (UEK) erhielt im Dezember 1996 vom Parlament den Auftrag, den Umfang und das Schicksal der infolge der nationalsozialistischen Herrschaft in die Schweiz gelangten Vermögenswerte historisch und rechtlich zu untersuchen. In seiner Ernennungsverfügung hat der Bundesrat das Mandat dahingehend präzisiert, dass auch die Bedeutung der Flüchtlingspolitik im Zusammenhang mit den wirtschaftlichen und finanziellen Beziehungen der Schweiz mit den Achsenmächten und den Alliierten geklärt werden müsse. Einigen Juden gelang es, sich durch die Bezahlung eines Lösegelds der Verfolgung durch den NS-Staat zu entziehen. Da einzelne dieser Personen als Flüchtlinge in die Schweiz gelangten und die Bezahlung solcher Gelder auch über Schweizer Privatpersonen und Banken erfolgte, hat die Kommission beschlos- sen, neben der Darstellung der behördlichen Politik und Praxis und deren Auswirkungen auf die betrof- fenen Flüchtlinge auch diesen Forschungsbericht als Beiheft zum Bericht «Die Schweiz und die Flücht- linge zur Zeit des Nationalsozialismus» zu publizieren. Mitglieder der Unabhängigen Expertenkommission: Schweiz – Zweiter Weltkrieg Jean-François Bergier (Präsident), Sybil Milton (Vizepräsidentin), Joseph Voyame (Vizepräsident), Wladyslaw Bartoszewski, Saul Friedländer, Georg Kreis, Harold James, Jacques Picard, Jakob Tanner Herausgeber Unabhängige Expertenkommission Schweiz – Zweiter Weltkrieg Postfach 259 3000 Bern 6 www.uek.ch Unabhängige Expertenkommission Schweiz – Zweiter Weltkrieg (Hg.): Die Schweiz und die deutschen Löse- gelderpressungen in den besetzten Niederlanden. Vermögensentziehung, Freikauf, Austausch, 1940–1945. Beiheft zum Bericht: Die Schweiz und die Flüchtlinge zur Zeit des Nationalsozialismus. Verfasst von Thomas Sandkühler und Bettina Zeugin, unter Mitarbeit von Christian Horn, Ernest H. Latham III, Bertrand Perz, Hans Safrian, Alexandra-Eileen Wenck. Bern 1999. ISBN 3-908661-09-9 Vertrieb BBL/EDMZ, 3003 Bern www.admin.ch/edmz Art.-Nr. 201.282.2 12.99 500 H-UEK 07-10-99 Unabhängige Expertenkommission Schweiz – Zweiter Weltkrieg Die Schweiz und die deutschen Lösegelderpressungen in den besetzten Niederlanden Vermögensentziehung, Freikauf, Austausch 1940–1945 Beiheft zum Bericht Die Schweiz und die Flüchtlinge zur Zeit des Nationalsozialismus Projektleitung Bettina Zeugin Redaktion Thomas Sandkühler Autorinnen und Autoren Christian Horn, Ernest H. Latham III, Bertrand Perz, Hans Safrian, Thomas Sandkühler, Alexandra-Eileen Wenck, Bettina Zeugin Berichtsleitung Sybil Milton Jakob Tanner Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 EINLEITUNG ......................................................................................................................................7 1.1 EINGRENZUNG DES THEMAS.....................................................................................................................9 1.2 BEGRIFFLICHKEIT ..................................................................................................................................12 1.2.1 Lösegelderpressungen .........................................................................................................................................12 1.2.2 Intermediäre ........................................................................................................................................................14 1.3 FORSCHUNGSSTAND UND QUELLENLAGE ................................................................................................15 1.3.1 Forschungsstand..................................................................................................................................................15 1.3.2 Quellenlage .........................................................................................................................................................17 1.4 FRAGESTELLUNGEN UND GLIEDERUNG DES BERICHTS .............................................................................18 2 DIE HINTERGRÜNDE .....................................................................................................................21 2.1 JUDENVERFOLGUNG UND VERMÖGENSENTZIEHUNG IM NS-STAAT ...........................................................21 2.1.1 Massnahmen bis 1938.........................................................................................................................................21 2.1.2 Vom «Anschluss» zum reichsweiten Pogrom .....................................................................................................22 2.2 NEUTRALITÄT UND SCHUTZMACHTFUNKTION .........................................................................................26 2.2.1 Völkerrechtliche Ausgangslage...........................................................................................................................26 2.2.2 Judenverfolgung und Zivilgefangenenaustausch.................................................................................................29 3 DIE SITUATION IN DEN NIEDERLANDEN..................................................................................33 3.1 DIE STELLUNG DER NIEDERLANDE IM NS-BESATZUNGSSYSTEM...............................................................33 3.2 JUDENVERFOLGUNG UND LÖSEGELDERPRESSUNGEN ................................................................................35 3.2.1 «Arisierung» und Freikauf 1940/41 ....................................................................................................................35 3.2.2 Reichsfluchtsteuer und Auswanderungsverbot 1941/42 .....................................................................................40 3.2.3 Massendeportationen und «Rückstellungen» im Jahre 1942...............................................................................43 3.2.4 Hitlers Entscheidung und die Gründung des Lagers Bergen-Belsen...................................................................45 3.2.5 Die Entwicklung in den Jahren 1943/44 .............................................................................................................48 4 DIE HALTUNG DER ALLIIERTEN................................................................................................51 4.1 WISSEN UND PERSPEKTIVEN...................................................................................................................51 4.2 DIE POLITIK DER SCHWARZEN LISTEN ....................................................................................................53 5 DIE ROLLE DER SCHWEIZER INTERMEDIÄRE.......................................................................57 5.1 VERBINDUNGSLINIEN ZWISCHEN DEN NIEDERLANDEN UND DER SCHWEIZ.................................................57 5.2 DIE SCHWEIZER INTERMEDIÄRE .............................................................................................................59 5.2.1 Die Tätigkeit der Intermediäre.............................................................................................................................59 5.2.1.1 Dr. Arthur Wiederkehr .........................................................................................................................................61 5.2.1.2 Walter Büchi ........................................................................................................................................................65 5.2.1.3 Dr. Anna Hochberg...............................................................................................................................................70 5.2.1.4 Dr. René Niederer ................................................................................................................................................72 5.2.1.5 Dr. Veit Wyler......................................................................................................................................................72 5.2.2 Zwischen Rettungsversuchen und Kollaboration ................................................................................................73 5.2.3 Die Rolle der Banken ..........................................................................................................................................76 5.2.4 Rechtliche Bestimmungen im zwischenstaatlichen Zahlungsverkehr.................................................................85 6 WAHRNEHMUNG UND REAKTIONEN DER SCHWEIZER BEHÖRDEN ...............................91 6.1 STRUKTUREN UND RAHMENBEDINGUNGEN .............................................................................................91 6.2 DAS VORGEHEN DER BEHÖRDEN ............................................................................................................92 6.3 DIE TÄTIGKEIT DER SCHWEIZERISCHEN GESANDTSCHAFT IN BERLIN........................................................97 6.3.1 Die Schutzmachtabteilung und ihre Aufgaben....................................................................................................97
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