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Thématiques Dans Les Récits Des Enfants Cachés Dans L'univers Catholique En France

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Thématiques Dans Les Récits Des Enfants Cachés Dans L'univers Catholique En France Western University Scholarship@Western Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository 12-17-2014 12:00 AM Thématiques dans les récits des enfants cachés dans l'univers catholique en France Carmen P. McCarron The University of Western Ontario Supervisor Alain Goldschläger The University of Western Ontario Graduate Program in French A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree in Doctor of Philosophy © Carmen P. McCarron 2014 Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd Part of the Other French and Francophone Language and Literature Commons Recommended Citation McCarron, Carmen P., "Thématiques dans les récits des enfants cachés dans l'univers catholique en France" (2014). Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository. 2595. https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/2595 This Dissertation/Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarship@Western. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository by an authorized administrator of Scholarship@Western. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THÉMATIQUES DANS LES RÉCITS DES ENFANTS CACHÉS DANS L’UNIVERS CATHOLIQUE EN FRANCE (Thesis format : Monograph) by Carmen McCarron Graduate Program in French Studies A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The School of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies The University of Western Ontario London, Ontario, Canada Carmen McCarron, 2014 Résumé Cette thèse examine des thématiques communes à une vingtaine de récits publiés en français par des enfants de la Shoah qui ont été cachés dans des familles et des institutions catholiques, surtout en France. La bibliographie étendue de l’Institut de recherche sur la littérature de l’Holocauste nous a donné la possibilité de rassembler et d’étudier ces textes en un corpus cohérent, pour la première fois. Nous lisons les récits dans une perspective pluridisciplinaire, tout en les situant selon l’histoire sociale, afin de relever les préoccupations centrales des enfants juifs lorsqu’ils prennent la décision délicate de partager leur histoire avec le public. Les thèmes en question incluent : l’hypothèse erronée d’une appartenance qui se devrait d’être protectrice à la communauté française, la violence de la séparation nécessitée par le sauvetage, les motivations ambivalentes des protecteurs, les mauvais traitements physiques, psychologiques, voire les abus sexuels, notamment au sein des lieux d’accueil de l’Église, le prosélytisme et les conversions, la crise identitaire, et la mort de la famille. Nos recherches confirment qu’en dépit des intentions honnêtes d’un certain nombre de Catholiques généreux, dans le cas des enfants cachés, le sauvetage entrepris au sein de l’Église a représenté un moindre mal. Collectivement, les récits des enfants expriment des traumatismes qu’ils réussissent à surmonter au point de pouvoir rédiger leurs témoignages, sans pourtant y trouver une guérison. Mots clés Shoah, Holocauste, juif, enfant caché, France, Belgique, récit, témoignage, thématique, Église catholique, sauvetage, baptême, conversion, identité, mémoire ii Remerciements Je suis éternellement redevable à mon directeur, Dr Alain Goldschläger, de m’avoir ouvert en grand les portes de l’Institut de recherche sur la littérature de l’Holocauste, et de m’avoir partagé ses connaissances et son expertise. Ce projet de recherche et de préservation n’aurait pas pu s’accomplir sans son inspiration, ses conseils toujours avisés et son soutien inébranlable. Je tiens également à remercier professeur Patrick Imbert de l’Université d’Ottawa, d’avoir accepté d’être l’examinateur externe, les membres du jury, Dr John Hatch et Dr Henri Boyi pour leurs questions intéressantes et leurs commentaires encourageants concernant l’avenir de ces recherches, et particulièrement Dr Karin Schwerdtner pour sa relecture minutieuse et enrichissante de mon manuscrit. Les suggestions constructives du comité m’ont énormément aidé à faire avancer mes réflexions et présider mes propos. L’aide inestimable de ma collègue et amie Valérie Prat a rendu ce texte infiniment plus lisible, et son encouragement et son enthousiasme m’ont redonné du souffle à chaque étape. Merci, Valérie. J’adresse aussi mes remerciements à ma famille et mes amis d’avoir souvent posé des questions pertinentes qui ont élargi ma perspective. L’encouragement et la compréhension de mes parents, en particulier, sont grandement appréciés. iii Je voudrais remercier tout particulièrement mon cher époux, Andrew, et nos deux fils, Greyson et John, qui m’ont donné la motivation, le temps et le courage de savoir mener ce projet à terme. Je les remercie du fond de mon cœur. iv Table des matières Résumé et mots clés……………………………………………………………………....ii Remerciements…………………………………………………………………………...iii Préface et dédicace.………………………………………………………........................ vi Introduction ...…………………………………………………………….……………….1 Chapitre 1 Le Silence de l’Église : histoire et représentation……...….......... 21 Chapitre 2 Le Thème des familles juives en voie d’assimilation face à l’antisémitisme …………………………………………………..53 Chapitre 3 Sauvetages et séparations………………………………………...88 Chapitre 4 Des Enfants juifs cachés dans l’univers catholique…………….128 Chapitre 5 Conversion, ressentiment, réconciliation…………………….…161 Conclusion Réflexions sur le défi de prendre la plume…………….……….198 Appendice A Écriture testimoniale des enfants………………… ……………211 Table des matières de l’appendice…………………………...…211 Bibliographie ………………………………………………………………….226 Table des matières de la bibliographie………………………….226 Curriculum Vitae……………………………………………………………………….241 v Préface et dédicace En 2006, j’ai eu le grand honneur d’assister à la cérémonie de remise d’une médaille de Justes parmi les nations à l’ambassade d’Israël à Ottawa, méritée à titre posthume par les grands-parents de mon époux. À partir de la fin de 1942, Jon Mes et Margaret Mes-van Dinther, jeune couple catholique, ont caché les familles De Wit et Blomhof – douze Juifs entre dix et soixante-cinq ans – sous leur toit à Eindhoven. Jon a activement participé à la résistance en Hollande. Dans ses mémoires, Margaret décrit la situation précaire que sa famille a endurée pendant presque deux ans : les propriétaires de la maison où habitait ce grand groupe, menaçaient sans cesse son époux et elle-même de dénonciation, tout en les forçant par chantage à payer un loyer exorbitant, et en contrôlant de façon inique les cartes de rationnement. 1 Tous ont survécu au plan nazi d’exterminer les Juifs et de punir ceux qui les protégeaient. En lisant les mémoires de Margaret, certaines questions me revenaient à l’esprit. D’abord, si les enfants Rice de Wit et sa sœur Ienke de Wit, cachés à l’âge impressionnable de douze ans et de dix ans, respectivement, avaient rédigé un témoignage, comment auraient-ils représenté, de leur perspective, les événements décrits par Margaret ? Surtout, auraient-ils été affectés ou préoccupés par le fait particulier d’être cachés par des Catholiques - aspect de la situation que Margaret n’aborde pas ? Ces questions qui resteront malheureusement en suspens ont inspiré la présente enquête, entreprise dans le domaine de la littérature française. Cette thèse est humblement dédiée à la mémoire de Margaret et Jon. 1 Margaret Mes-van Dinther. Glimpses of my Life . Publié à compte d’auteur S.d. 1995. vi Introduction What happens when a child has everything, absolutely everything, taken away – food and nurturance, parents and grand-parents, shelter and safety ?And what happens if by chance that child survives ? Some say all that is left is a child and a story. - Robert Krell 2 La publication des récits des enfants cachés et l’intérêt qu’on y porte, ont pris de l’ampleur suite à la première réunion internationale des enfants cachés, qui a eu lieu à New York en mai 1991. Aujourd’hui, tandis que la vague de publications de la première génération tire à sa fin, le nombre de témoignages des enfants cachés s’élève à plus de trois cent cinquante. Parmi ces titres, se trouve une sous-catégorie significative de récits rédigés par des enfants cachés dans les microcosmes des familles et des institutions catholiques, lieux où les croyances religieuses imposées aux jeunes juifs s’opposaient fondamentalement à celles de leurs familles et de leurs communautés d’origine. Cependant, on n’a guère posé la question de savoir comment ces enfants ont représenté leur vécu à l’intérieur d’un monde religieux étranger. L’on ne saurait ignorer le traumatisme fondamental de tous les enfants cachés ; qu’ils se trouvent cachés dans le contexte catholique, protestant, juif, ou dans un autre contexte religieux, leur détresse provient avant tout des pertes et des blessures associées à la séparation et à la disparition des familles vouées à la déportation. Cependant, le fait de vivre parmi des Catholiques – pratiquants ou non – ajoute une dimension particulière à la souffrance des jeunes Juifs vulnérables, car le prosélytisme inscrit dans la doctrine de l’Église représente une forte menace spirituelle et identitaire. Malgré cette particularité importante, qui s’exprime 2 Robert Krell. Therapeutic Value of Documenting Child Survivors, in Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry . Baltimore, Volume 24, No. 4, July 1985, pp. 376-412, p. 398. 1 invariablement au niveau thématique, nous n’avons trouvé aucune bibliographie spécifiquement consacrée aux témoignages écrits par des enfants d’origine juive cachés dans l’univers catholique. Il existe cependant au
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