Algemeen Ambtsbericht Syrië

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Algemeen Ambtsbericht Syrië Algemeen ambtsbericht Syrië Datum januari 2013 Pagina 1 van 82 Algemeen ambtsbericht Syrië januari 2013 Colofon Plaats Den Haag Opgesteld door Directie Consulaire Zaken en Migratiebeleid Afdeling Migratie en Asiel T- 070 - 3485612 Redacteur(en): DCM/MA Inhoudsopgave Pagina 3 van 82 Algemeen ambtsbericht Syrië januari 2013 Colofon ......................................................................................................3 Inhoudsopgave ............................................................................................3 1 Inleiding .................................................................................................. 7 2 Landeninformatie..................................................................................... 8 2.1 Basisgegevens.............................................................................................8 2.1.1 Land en volk ...............................................................................................8 2.2 Staatsinrichting............................................................................................8 2.3 Politieke ontwikkelingen ..............................................................................11 2.3.1 Binnenlandspolitieke situatie (juni – december 2012) ....................................... 11 2.3.2 Oppositie ..................................................................................................13 2.3.3 Syrië en omringende landen Terwijl de onrust in Syrië verder om zich heen greep, maakten omringende landen zich in de verslagperiode steeds meer zorgen over de gevolgen van een mogelijke val van het regime van president Assad. ........................................................16 2.3.4 VN-inspanningen voor een vreedzame politieke oplossing (juni – december 2012) 18 2.4 Veiligheidssituatie ......................................................................................21 3 Mensenrechten........................................................................................30 3.1 Waarborgen ..............................................................................................30 3.1.1 Grondwet.................................................................................................. 30 3.1.2 Verdragen................................................................................................. 30 3.1.3 Overige nationale wetgeving ........................................................................31 3.1.4 Toezicht ...................................................................................................32 3.2 Naleving en schendingen.............................................................................32 3.2.1 Vrijheid van meningsuiting...........................................................................32 3.2.2 Vrijheid van vereniging en van vergadering ....................................................34 3.2.3 Vrijheid van godsdienst ...............................................................................35 3.2.4 Bewegingsvrijheid ......................................................................................37 3.2.5 Rechtsgang ...............................................................................................42 3.2.6 Arrestaties en detenties ..............................................................................44 3.2.7 Mishandeling en foltering.............................................................................46 3.2.8 Verdwijningen en ontvoeringen.....................................................................49 3.2.9 Buitengerechtelijke executies en moorden......................................................50 3.2.10 Doodstraf .................................................................................................50 3.3 Positie van specifieke groepen......................................................................51 3.3.1 Etnische minderheden.................................................................................51 3.3.2 Vrouwen...................................................................................................54 3.3.3 Homoseksuelen .........................................................................................57 3.3.4 Minderjarigen ............................................................................................57 3.3.5 Dienstplichtigen .........................................................................................59 4 Migratie ..................................................................................................61 4.1 Ontheemden- en vluchtelingenstroom............................................................61 4.2 Opvang in de regio .....................................................................................62 4.2.1 Algemeen Steeds meer Syriërs slaan op de vlucht voor het geweld in hun land. In de buurlanden Irak, Jordanië, Libanon en Turkije werden volgens UNHCR in september 2012 ongeveer 300.000 geregistreerde vluchtelingen uit Syrië opgevangen, veelal vrouwen en kinderen. Het werkelijke aantal vluchtelingen ligt waarschijnlijk nog veel Pagina 5 van 82 Algemeen ambtsbericht Syrië januari 2013 hoger, omdat veel vluchtelingen pas om hulp vragen als ze geen andere uitweg meer zien. Dit aantal kan volgens de VN eind 2012 oplopen tot 700.000 personen.62 4.2.2 Turkije .....................................................................................................63 4.2.3 Jordanië ...................................................................................................64 4.2.4 Irak .........................................................................................................66 4.2.5 Libanon Volgens UNHCR zijn er in Libanon sinds eind september 2012 meer dan 72.913 vluchtelingen afkomstig uit Syrië geregistreerd. 20.503 Syrische vluchtelingen wachten nog op registratie. 60% van de vluchtelingen zit in Noord-Libanon, 35% in de Bekaa vallei en 5% in de omgeving van Beiroet. UNHCR verwacht eind december 2012 ruim 120.000 vluchtelingen afkomstig uit Syrië. Er is voor de vluchtelingen geen toestemming van de autoriteiten om vrij in het land rond te reizen, ook zijn er geen mogelijkheden om te werken. De vluchtelingen vormen een belangrijke financiële last voor het land, met name omdat de gemeenschappen die het merendeel van de Syrische vluchtelingen opvangen, tot de armste van Libanon behoren. Beveiliging van de vluchtelingen is een grote zorg, omdat ongeveer 800 Syrische vluchtelingen zijn gehuisvest in dorpen in een gevaarlijke zone langs de Syrisch- Libanese grens. .........................................................................................66 4.3 Activiteiten internationale organisaties...........................................................67 4.4 Standpunt UNHCR inzake terugkeer naar Syrië................................................68 5 Bijlage - Overzicht Syrische oppositie (augustus 2012) ............................69 6 Literatuur ...............................................................................................76 Pagina 6 van 82 Algemeen ambtsbericht Syrië januari 2013 1 Inleiding In dit algemeen ambtsbericht wordt de situatie in Syrië beschreven voor zover deze van belang is voor de beoordeling van asielverzoeken van personen die afkomstig zijn uit Syrië en voor besluitvorming over de terugkeer van afgewezen Syrische asielzoekers. Dit ambtsbericht is een actualisering van eerder verschenen algemene ambtsberichten over de situatie in Syrië (laatstelijk op 15 mei 2012) en beslaat de periode van mei tot en met december 2012. Het algemeen ambtsbericht is gebaseerd op informatie van openbare en vertrouwelijke bronnen. Bij de opstelling is gebruik gemaakt van informatie van verschillende organisaties van de Verenigde Naties, niet-gouvernementele organisaties, vakliteratuur en berichtgeving in de media. Een overzicht van de geraadpleegde openbare bronnen is opgenomen in de literatuurlijst. In het algemeen ambtsbericht wordt veelvuldig verwezen naar geraadpleegde openbare bronnen. Daar waar openbare bronnen zijn vermeld, wordt de tekst in veel gevallen ook ondersteund door informatie die op vertrouwelijke basis is ingewonnen. De in de tekst van het algemeen ambtsbericht opgenomen voorbeelden zijn niet uitputtend. Sinds het uitbreken van de onlusten in maart 2011 kunnen feiten, gebeurtenissen of omstandigheden in Syrië onder andere vanwege door de Syrische overheid opgelegde restricties aan de (inter)nationale media, beperkte bewegingsvrijheid, sluiting van de Nederlandse ambassade in Damascus, alsmede de onveilige situatie in het gehele land niet of nauwelijks meer onafhankelijk worden onderzocht en geverifieerd. In hoofdstuk twee van dit algemeen ambtsbericht wordt ingegaan op recente ontwikkelingen op politiek en veiligheidsgebied. Ook is een korte passage over de geografie en de bevolking van Syrië opgenomen. In hoofdstuk drie wordt de mensenrechtensituatie in Syrië geschetst. Na een beschrijving van wettelijke garanties en internationale verdragen waarbij Syrië partij is, komen de mogelijkheden van toezicht op naleving van de mensenrechten aan de orde. Daarna volgt de beschrijving van de naleving dan wel schending van enkele klassieke mensenrechten. Tenslotte wordt de positie van specifieke groepen belicht. In hoofdstuk vier komt de opvang van binnenlandse ontheemden en vluchtelingen aan de orde en wordt informatie verstrekt over de activiteiten van internationale organisaties, waaronder de UNHCR. Pagina 7 van 82 Algemeen ambtsbericht Syrië januari 2013 2
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