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University Microfilms, a XEROX Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan 71-0626 2 1 FCAKj M ic h a e l G e o rg e , 1917- TERMINATION OF MEMBERSHIP IN THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS AND UNITED NATIONS : A STUDY OF THE WITHDRAWALS AND LONE EXPULSION. The American University, Ph.D., 1970 Political Science, international law and r e la t io n s University Microfilms, A XEROX Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan © 1971 MICHAEL GEORGE ZIFCAK ALL RIGHTS RESERVED TERMINATION OF MEMBERSHIP IK THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS AMD UNITED NATIONS: A STUDY OF THE WITHDRAWALS AND LONE EXPULSION. by Michael George Zifcak Submitted to the Faculty of the School of International Service □f The American University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in International Studies, Signatures otffthe Committee: ^—) /JL£w- C l . O/^Deati of the School Date =___________________ J<?7Q THE AMERICAN UNIVERSITY 1970 SEP 1 7 1970 Tlie American U n iv ersity . Washington, D. C. W! PREFACE Grateful appreciation 1 g expressed to the faculty of the School of International Service, and especially to Professors Durvrard V, Sandifer, James R. Joss and Mary E, Bradshaw for their assistance during my course of study at The American University, which is termin­ ated with the research project contained in this study* Appreciation is also extended to Omar Matowidjojo for assistance in research of documents of Indonesian origin In Chapter VIII of thl3 study. Thanks are extended to members of the staff of the School of International Service and The American University for their patience and answers during my doctoral program, 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface . ............................................... • .................................................. 1 Chapter 1 . INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................ 1 Nature and Purpose ....... ......«<« 2 T h esis .................................................................................................. 3 Substantive Review of the Study ......... 4 I I . THE LEAGUE IS FORMED...................................................................... 7 Acceptance of Warfare ...... ........ B International Law • 10 Functional la m ................................................................ 14 The I n d u s tr ia l R evolu tion ................................................... 16 The Balance o f Power Concept ........... IB The Hague C onferences ..... ..................................... 20 War and the Guilt Complox ................................................... 24 The S ecret Treaty o f L o n d o n ............................................... 25 The Future, Projected in Thought ................................. 26 Approaches Toward a Peacy Treaty 32 The C o v en a n t .................................................................................... 41 I I I . JAPANESE IMPERIALISM ...................................................................... 47 Problems in the Far E ast ........................................................ 47 The Paris Peace Conference 54 The Washington C onference ............ 55 The Twenty-One D em ands ............................................................. 59 The Chinese C iv il W a r ............................................................. 50 The P o s itiv e P o l i c y ................................................................. 51 Renunciation of War ............... 61 Japan in Manchuria and Mongolia ......... 63 The In cid en t o f September 16 . ......... 65 The C hinese A ppeals ....... ....... 67 The Assembly and the Lytton Report ........ 70 Japan Opts Out ............................................................. 73 IV. GERMANY AND THE LEAGUE................................................................. 75 Political Clauses for Europe .................................... 76 Military Clauses .......................................................................... 08 i l The Subjective Frames of Reference , 97 The A n s c h l u s s * . 104 V. ITALY CHALLENGES THE LEAGUE .................................................. 113 The Corfu Incident 115 The Inter-crisis Period 131 Prelude to the Itallan-Ethiopian War 133 The I talc-Ethiopian War a . i . ............................. 146 The Hungarian Withdrawal ..a.**..'*..* 152 The S zen t-G otth ard I n c i d e n t ............................................. 153 IV, THE LATIN E X IT S ................................................................................... 164 F in an ces o r th e Monroe D octrine? *...*■* . * 165 The Quest for Status 167 A Case of Unequal Treatment » , . * , , • , . < 174 The Economic Durden ■ 190 The I n e f f e c t iv e L e a g u e ............................................ 195 The F in a l L a tin E x i t s ........................................................... 201 V II. THE SOVIET UNION IS EXPELLED.................................................... 203 The Form ative Y ears 204 Political Disputations ............................................................ 207 Functional Participation 213 Prospects of Soviet Membership .......................................... 216 Cautionary Participation 221 Soviet Membership in the League ..................................... 231 Membership Terminated 236 V III, THE INDONESIAN C A S E ...................................................................... 244 The Bandung Conference 247 Guided Democracy *»,,*, , 251 Problems of Alignment ,»». *>.*,<*,** 255 The New and Old F orces ,i*. »..*,<*>•* 260 "Crush Malaysia" and a W ithdrawal ................................ 265 Cessation of Co-operation ».»*•«.<*,,« 276 IX, CONCLUSIONS......................................................................................... 278 Political Motivations 230 Value Perceptions ................... ...... .»i» . 2 90 Failure of the League 303 Success of the United N ations .......................................... 310 General Operative Rules . .......... 314 BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................ 321 H i I INTRODUCTION The life of the League of Nations, a product of the inter­ national political situation in Europe for several centuries, was marred by a total of nineteen withdrawals, a ll but one of which was volu n ta ry . The League was man '3 first real attempt at universal organi­ zation for peaceful purposes* The subject had been mentioned at various times but was considered too expansive to warrant any more than lip service. The historic decision to form the League filled the hearts and minds of many peoples with visions of a warless exis­ tence in the pursuit of life's goals* All 3igns indicated that man finally had reached that level of political sophistication at which ha would have control over his destiny and could shape the world to conform with the desires of the majority who desired peace* The restoration of peace and tranquility after a devastating war, supposedly the last to be suffered by mankind, gradually was transformed from a political dream into a horrible nightmare too realistic to be confined to the realm of slumber. The quest for stability, fortunately, did not die with the embers of peace on the second round (World War II). In spite of the difficulties faced by the previous universal organization, the League 1 of Nations, the world contained too great a number of leaders who considered it their destiny to shape a second universal organization that might re-kindle the spirit of friendly and peaceful political Intercourse among the nation-states of the world* Their dreams have not received complete fulfilment but many rest with the pleasure of knowing that their product, while not perfect, has suffered only one rejection by a member* The Indonesian rejection, it must be admitted, can be debated as to whether it actually was a withdrawal, which will receive elaboration in this study* Nature and Purpose This study focuses upon the fundamental theoretical problem □f assessing the political motivations of the various actors who with­ drew from the League of Nations and the single debatable withdrawal from the United Nations* The major conceptual problem w ill be tc determine the actual effect of the withdrawals upon each of the two universal organizations, and simultaneously assess the value of membership in universal organizations as perceived by the members, especially the departing members. The empirical aspects of the analysis of the withdrawals from the League of Nations, including the forced withdrawal of the Soviet Union, w ill include concentrations on the political, legal and social factors prevalent during existence of the League which inhibited the life expectancy of the League* The study w ill be brought Into the contemporary context by analyzing the lone so-called withdrawal from the United Nations, In 3 this case, the domestic and immediate regional situations w ill be studied for clues involved in the decision-making process terminating with the decision to saver relations with the United Nations and its sponsored activities. The combined theoretical-em pirical approach not only permits observations concerning the necessary political requisites for effective permanency of an international organisation but also pro­ vides insights of the easily reached political demarcations estab­ lished by the departing members, member's value perception of each organisation, the extent to which they are willing to sacrifice so- called national sovereignty in return for continued membership and the various interests of
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