Ending America's Vietnam

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Ending America's Vietnam Ending America’s Vietnam War: Vietnamization’s Domestic Origins and International Ramifications, 1968-1970 A dissertation presented to the faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of Ohio University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy David L. Prentice December 2013 © 2013 David L. Prentice. All Rights Reserved. 2 This dissertation titled Ending America’s Vietnam War: Vietnamization’s Domestic Origins and International Ramifications, 1968-1970 by DAVID L. PRENTICE has been approved for the Department of History and the College of Arts and Sciences by Chester J. Pach Associate Professor of History Robert A. Frank Dean, College of Arts and Sciences 3 Abstract PRENTICE, DAVID L., Ph.D., December 2013, History Ending America’s Vietnam War: Vietnamization’s Domestic Origins and International Ramifications, 1968-1970 Director of Dissertation: Chester J. Pach America’s exit from Vietnam was as contingent, complicated, and agonizing as its decision to pursue war in Indochina, and this dissertation focuses on the critical period— 1968-1970. Based on research at eight domestic and foreign archives, I argue that the perception of a crumbling home front drove U.S. policymaking and that America’s allies and enemies appreciated and reacted to this domestic context and decision-making. In 1968, President Lyndon Johnson concluded he had little choice but to cap U.S. troop strength, stop bombing North Vietnam, and begin negotiations, but he drew the line at unilateral withdrawals and kept military escalation on the table. Hence, the battle over America’s exit strategy occurred during Richard Nixon’s first year in office. During 1969, three individuals—Richard Nixon, Henry Kissinger, and Melvin Laird—plotted, schemed, and wrangled over Nixon’s Vietnam strategy. The allure of victory remained strong as Nixon and Kissinger devised an elaborate plan to threaten and then launch a savage bombing campaign against North Vietnam to compel its capitulation before time ran out at home. Secretary of Defense Laird argued the domestic front would not tolerate such a mad scheme. Instead, Laird developed what became America’s exit strategy, Vietnamization—the strategy of improving South Vietnamese military capabilities while withdrawing American troops. Though overlooked by historians, Laird’s Vietnamization defeated Kissinger’s militant strategy to halt U.S. troop 4 reductions and escalate the war. By the end of 1969, Nixon sided with Laird, hoping that Vietnamization could win the war at home and abroad. Vietnamization’s domestic origins reflect only part of the story, and this dissertation establishes its international context as well. Foreign officials understood U.S. policymakers had changed course to abate pressure at home. Whereas both the North and (surprisingly) South Vietnamese greeted Vietnamization with confidence, Australia and Great Britain worried it could be an early symptom of a global American retreat. They feared humiliation in Vietnam would create an isolationist lobby that would curtail U.S. commitments worldwide. Nevertheless, they judged Nixon’s resolve and Vietnamization positively. The Nixon administration was holding the line in the United States and South Vietnam, but all understood that Vietnamization marked the beginning of the end of America’s Vietnam War. 5 For my parents 6 Acknowledgments This dissertation was the product of many hours of meticulous research, writing, and revising, but it is in no way the product of one individual. Many people, guided, enriched, and encouraged this work, and I consider myself in their debt. Its omissions and errors, of course, are my own. First, I would like to thank Brooks Flippen. His guidance and timely advice were invaluable to me as I began my own career as a historian. From explaining what a historian does to commenting on my earliest work, Dr. Flippen was diligent to make me a better scholar. In short, Dr. Flippen was the first person to show me what it means to be a professional historian; it is an example I will always strive to live up to. At Cornell University, I am thankful to whoever put Keith Taylor and Fredrik Logevall’s course on the Vietnam War in Baker Laboratory. It was appropriate that I wandered in just as they began covering the Tet Offensive. Enthralled, I snuck back in for the rest of the semester. Along those same lines, I am thankful to Professor Logevall for opening his door to a student in Chemistry and Chemical Biology. He was generous with his time and advice when few others would have been as kind. Years later, he again proved most helpful as he offered suggestions on how to turn my domestic-centered thesis into a manageable, international history of Vietnamization. Without the aid of the hard-working people at archives worldwide, this dissertation would have lacked the sources necessary to sustain its central arguments. At the Gerald Ford Library, I would like to thank William McNitt who introduced me to the archival system and helped me locate key documents. I was more than a little apprehensive about my first trip to an archive, but he quickly put me at ease. Archivists at the Nixon and 7 Johnson presidential libraries also went out of their way to facilitate my research. Thanks also goes to the staffs at the National Archives in College Park, Public Records Office in Kew, National Archives of Australia, and Fulbright papers in Fayetteville. Nancy Adgent at the Rockefeller Archives Center also deserves especial mention. Knowing that I had little time, she accommodated my requests and went above and beyond to get me the necessary documents. I would also like to thank the librarians at the Dallas Public Library. They filled hundreds of inter-library loan requests without question and always with the utmost speed. They enabled me to continue my work after I had moved from Athens. I could not have completed my comprehensive exams or secondary research without their assistance. Former Secretary of Defense Melvin Laird is also among those whose unexpected generosity amazed me. I never will forget that fateful February night, when while working on the seminar paper that prefigured this dissertation, I received a surprise telephone call from Laird himself. While Laird has provided me with priceless conversations and leads, perhaps his biggest contribution to my present and future work was that first phone call. For a new generation of scholars born after the Vietnam War, it is too easy to forget that we are writing about real people and events. Laird brought that realization home to me, and as a result, I have shown greater diligence to test my assumptions and portray events as accurately as possible. At Ohio University, there are too many to name but I will try nonetheless. I am grateful to the History Department and the Contemporary History Institute for generously funding my many research trips. Professors Robert Ingram, John Brobst, Kevin Mattson, and Chester Pach supervised my subject fields and thereby established the intellectual 8 foundation for my scholarly endeavors. Laura Seddelmeyer proved invaluable in helping me navigate the literature on Australian grand strategy and Vietnam as well as Australia’s archives. A true gentleman and scholar, Bruce Steiner was a wellspring of encouragement and delightful conversation. I would be remiss if I did not thank two of my thesis defense committee members, Marvin Fletcher and Kevin Mattson. Both provided insightful comments on the thesis while raising questions I had not thought to ask. Similarly, my dissertation committee members, Ingo Trauschweizer, Paul Milazzo, and Patrick Washburn, gave useful suggestions on the prospectus and then the dissertation itself. I also owe a tremendous debt of gratitude to my advisor and dissertation chair, Chester Pach. As a first year-graduate student searching for a seminar topic, I was in his office often, and Professor Pach suggested I look into Vietnamization. As I began delving deeper into the subject, Dr. Pach continued to provide timely advice despite having his own heavy workload. Perhaps most valuable of all was his thorough comments on each of the dissertation’s revisions. They made for a much better dissertation. Likewise, his thoughtful counsel on the other aspects of our profession will make me a better historian. Of course, many others deserve mention. Ed Hull and I spent countless hours discussing the thesis, the Vietnam War, and history broadly, and I look back on those evenings with the utmost fondness. Ed and his wife Patty also deserve my eternal thanks for introducing me to my wife. The Byrds and the Sargents were constant sources of encouragement and friendship as well. Most important of all have been the love, support, and encouragement of my family. Words cannot describe how much they mean to me, and so I will keep it relatively short. Young James was born just as I began the second chapter, and he was ever by my side as 9 I wrote and finished the dissertation (though naptimes were an invaluable blessing). Now a precocious toddler, he is in and out of the office rather than a constant presence but he never ceases to bring a smile to my face. My wife Jaclyn deserves my utmost praise and gratitude. More than anyone else, she stood by me and cheered my work on. She also endured many a research trip, patiently scanning or photocopying thousands of documents. In some cases, it felt like we looted and carted off whole archives. She is the perfect research assistant but more importantly, she is the perfect companion and wife. My parents, Russell and Ann Prentice, saw this work through from the beginning. Their encouraging phone calls and support were an immeasurable help. They, along with Jaclyn and James, remind me that life is so much more than books and study.
Recommended publications
  • Ken Hughes 2201 Old Ivy Road, Charlottesville, VA 22904 Tel: (434) 924-7236 E-Mail: [email protected]
    Ken Hughes 2201 Old Ivy Road, Charlottesville, VA 22904 Tel: (434) 924-7236 E-mail: [email protected] EXPERIENCE Researcher, University of Virginia’s Miller Center 2000-Today Studies the secretly recorded White House tapes of Richard M. Nixon, Lyndon B. Johnson and John F. Kennedy. Identifies historically significant conversations, prepares and annotates transcripts, writes findings for public dissem- ination. Freelance Journalist 1997-1999 Researched and wrote articles on the Kennedy and Nixon White House tapes for the New York Times Magazine, Washington Post, Boston Globe Magazine and other publications. Managing Editor, LRP Publications, Arlington, VA 1994-1999 Covered federal agencies, Congress and the courts for Federal Human Resources Week and Federal EEO Adviser. Launched daily Web news service. Generated and assigned stories. Supervised employees. Edited copy. Writer/Reporter, Federal Times, Springfield, VA 1989-1994 Covered federal agencies, Congress and the courts for national weekly newspaper for federal employees. Reporter, American Community Cablevision, Ithaca, NY 1987-1989 Local cable television news reporter and occasional anchor. EDUCATION Cornell University, Ithaca, NY Bachelor of Science, Industrial and Labor Relations BOOKS Chasing Shadows: The Nixon Tapes, the Chennault Affair, and the Origins of Watergate. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2014. Fatal Politics: The Nixon Tapes, the Vietnam War and the Casualties of Reelection. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2015. BOOK IN PROGRESS Mortal Consequences. Kennedy White House tapes and declassified documents reveal the president’s hidden role in the coup plot that resulted in South Vietnamese President Ngo Dinh Diem’s overthrow and assassination. ARTICLES/PAPERS “How Richard Nixon Stabbed America in the Back,” Salon, 26 April 2015.
    [Show full text]
  • National Security Advisor SAIGON EMBASSY FILES KEPT by AMBASSADOR GRAHAM MARTIN: Copies Made for the NSC, 1963-1975 (1976)
    Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library & Museum National Security Advisor SAIGON EMBASSY FILES KEPT BY AMBASSADOR GRAHAM MARTIN: Copies Made for the NSC, 1963-1975 (1976) SUMMARY DESCRIPTION Copies of State Department telegrams and White House backchannel messages between U.S. ambassadors in Saigon and White House national security advisers, talking points for meetings with South Vietnamese officials, intelligence reports, drafts of peace agreements, and military status reports. Subjects include the Diem coup, the Paris peace negotiations, the fall of South Vietnam, and other U.S./South Vietnam relations topics, 1963 to 1975. QUANTITY 4.0 linear feet (ca. 8000 pages) DONOR Gerald R. Ford (accession number 82-73) ACCESS Open. The collection is administered under terms of the donor's deed of gift, a copy of which is available on request, and under National Archives and Records Administration general restrictions (36 CFR 1256). COPYRIGHT President Ford has donated to the United States of America his copyrights in all of his unpublished writings in National Archives collections. The copyrights to materials written by other individuals or organizations are presumed to remain with them. Works prepared by U.S. Government employees as part of their official duties are in the public domain. Prepared by Karen B. Holzhausen, November 1992; Revised March 2000 [s:\bin\findaid\nsc\saigon embassy files kept by ambassador graham martin.doc] [This finding aid, found at https://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/library/guides/findingaid/ nsasaigon.asp, was slightly adapted on pp. 6-7 by the Bayerische Staatsbibliothek in July 2018 to serve as a guide to the microfilm edition published by Primary Source Media.] 2 VIETNAM WAR CHRONOLOGY (Related to this collection) August 21, 1963 Ngo Dinh Nhu's forces attack Buddhist temples.
    [Show full text]
  • Henry Kissinger and the Dilemmas of American Power Osher Lifelong Learning 2015 Henry A
    Celebrity Diplomat Henry Kissinger and the Dilemmas of American Power Osher Lifelong Learning 2015 Henry A. Kissinger LBJ on Vietnam/Kissinger http://millercenter.org/presidentialclassroo m/exhibits/assessing-the-war Kissinger and LBJ 1.) Part-time adviser (despite continuing ties to Rockefeller) 2.) Active in attempting to get secret negotiations with the North Vietnamese – “Pennsylvania” 3.) Thought Moscow might be an intermediary 4.) Develops ties to both Republicans and Democrats 1968 election 1.) Kissinger works for Rockefeller – deeply disappointed with his defeat 2.) But stays involved in Paris negotiations – warns Nixon of bombing halt – “October Surprise” 3.) Nixon tells South Vietnamese to not come to the negotiating table – Johnson considers this treason 4.) Criticized in “Trials of Henry Kissinger” by Christopher Hitchens Nixon and Kissinger America in the late 1960s 1.) Half a million men in Vietnam – no strategy for victory 2.) Serious racial conflict and violent polarization at home 3.) Perceived over-extension in foreign policy commitments and defense spending – country turning inward, public support for foreign commitments waning Kissinger as National Security Adviser 1.) Responsible only to the President - Centralization of power in the White House 2.) Secrecy in policymaking 3.) Cutting out the bureaucracy, especially the State Department 4.) Credit for foreign policy success goes to the President - foreign policy as a domestic political asset Nixon’s goal: “Peacemaker” 1.) Nixon talked about an era
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Report
    COUNCIL ON FOREIGN RELATIONS ANNUAL REPORT July 1,1996-June 30,1997 Main Office Washington Office The Harold Pratt House 1779 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W. 58 East 68th Street, New York, NY 10021 Washington, DC 20036 Tel. (212) 434-9400; Fax (212) 861-1789 Tel. (202) 518-3400; Fax (202) 986-2984 Website www. foreignrela tions. org e-mail publicaffairs@email. cfr. org OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS, 1997-98 Officers Directors Charlayne Hunter-Gault Peter G. Peterson Term Expiring 1998 Frank Savage* Chairman of the Board Peggy Dulany Laura D'Andrea Tyson Maurice R. Greenberg Robert F Erburu Leslie H. Gelb Vice Chairman Karen Elliott House ex officio Leslie H. Gelb Joshua Lederberg President Vincent A. Mai Honorary Officers Michael P Peters Garrick Utley and Directors Emeriti Senior Vice President Term Expiring 1999 Douglas Dillon and Chief Operating Officer Carla A. Hills Caryl R Haskins Alton Frye Robert D. Hormats Grayson Kirk Senior Vice President William J. McDonough Charles McC. Mathias, Jr. Paula J. Dobriansky Theodore C. Sorensen James A. Perkins Vice President, Washington Program George Soros David Rockefeller Gary C. Hufbauer Paul A. Volcker Honorary Chairman Vice President, Director of Studies Robert A. Scalapino Term Expiring 2000 David Kellogg Cyrus R. Vance Jessica R Einhorn Vice President, Communications Glenn E. Watts and Corporate Affairs Louis V Gerstner, Jr. Abraham F. Lowenthal Hanna Holborn Gray Vice President and Maurice R. Greenberg Deputy National Director George J. Mitchell Janice L. Murray Warren B. Rudman Vice President and Treasurer Term Expiring 2001 Karen M. Sughrue Lee Cullum Vice President, Programs Mario L. Baeza and Media Projects Thomas R.
    [Show full text]
  • Diplomatic Negotiations and the Portrayal of Détente in Pravda, 1972-75
    A Personal Affair : Diplomatic Negotiations and the Portrayal of Détente in Pravda, 1972-75 Michael V. Paulauskas A thesis submitted to the faculty of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Department of History. Chapel Hill 2006 Approved by Advisor: Donald J. Raleigh Reader: David Griffiths Reader: Chad Bryant ABSTRACT MICHAEL V. PAULAUSKAS: A Personal Affair: Diplomatic Negotiations and the Portrayal of Détente in Pravda, 1972-75 (Under the direction of Donald J. Raleigh) This thesis explores how diplomatic relations between the US and the USSR changed during détente , specifically concentrating on the period between the 1972 Moscow Summit and the enactment of the Jackson-Vanik Amendment to the 1974 Trade Bill . I employ transcripts of diplomatic negotiations to investigate the ways that Soviet and American leaders used new personal relationships with their adversaries to achieve thei r foreign policy goals. In order to gain further understanding of the Soviet leadership’s attitudes toward détente, I also examine how the Soviet government, through Pravda, communicated this new, increasingly complex diplomatic relationship to the Soviet public in a nuanced fashion, with multilayered presentations of American foreign policy that included portrayals of individual actors and not simply impersonal groups . ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction………………………………………..…………………………………………. 1 A Cautious Beginning: Soviet -American Relations before the Moscow Summit ..…………...9 The Lifting of the Veil: The 1972 Moscow Summit …………………………..…………….16 The High -Water Mark of Détente: The 1973 US Summit …..………………………….……30 “Nixon’s Last Friend”: The Watergate Scandal …………………………………………..…37 Détente in Crisis: The Jackson-Vanik Amendment ……………..…………………………..45 Conclusion…………………………………………………..……………………………….53 Appendices ……………………………………………..……………………………………57 Bibliography …………………………………………..……………………………………..65 iii Introduction Soviet Ambassador to the United States Anatoly Dobrynin greeted the news of Richard M.
    [Show full text]
  • 121219 Shorenstein Newsletter
    J Winter 2006 PRESS/POLITICS News from the Joan Shorenstein Center on the Press, Politics and Public Policy John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University From the Director John S. Carroll to Serve as First Knight Something Visiting Lecturer basic in main- stream journal- The Shoren- and the highest ethical standards. ism has stein Center Earlier this year, Carroll retired changed, and it will host the after five years as top editor of has happened first Knight Vis- the Los Angeles Times, during without debate iting Lecturer. which time the paper won 13 or even much The lectureship Pulitzer Prizes. discussion. is a position for “John Carroll is one of the Alex S. Jones Now, as John S. Carroll distinguished most important journalists of readers and viewers, we feel it is journalists who his generation,” said Alberto our right to know why news will study, analyze and comment Ibargüen, president and CEO decisions were made. We now on the future of journalism in of Knight Foundation. “We’re feel entitled to a transparency America and around the world. glad to help make possible an that is unprecedented. John S. Carroll, former editor opportunity to reflect on his For instance, readers of the of the Los Angeles Times, is the experience and on journalism in New York Times have demanded first to receive this appointment, society at a time of transforma- to know why the Times decided funded with a $200,000 grant tional change. Students and to hold its story on domestic from the John S. and James L.
    [Show full text]
  • The Present and Future of Americanization in South Korea
    ARTICLE .51 The Present and Future of Americanization in South Korea Seong Won Park The Hawaii Research Center USA Abstract This paper examines the historical origins and current processes of both pro- and anti-Americanism in South Korea, where Americanization is associated with Koreans' wealth and security in the era of globalization. However, it is suggested here that South Korea should explore alternatives to Americanization by considering a range of alternative futures for Korean society. The future is always changing, so South Korea has to carefully observe current situations and continuously redesign their vision of the future by considering four alternatives to Americanization rather than subscribing to only one dominant vision. Keywords: Americanization, anti-Americanism, patriarchal society, South Korea, alternatives, globalization, English Introduction South Korea has done nothing to curb Americanization since the 1950s, and in an era of global- ization, Korean society is becoming more influenced by the United States in terms of economic, political, and psychological realms. However, anti-Americanism has been recently growing rapidly there. The reactions to Americanization reflect changes of Koreans' consciousness about wealth and security. This paper examines the origins and processes of both pro- and anti-Americanism in Korea and forecasts possible alternatives appropriate for strengthening Korea's future security and wealth. The first part of this paper discusses how Americanization occurred in South Korea and how it has become Americanized through 1) the number of US-educated Ph.D.s in universities and govern- ment, 2) the propensity to adopt American lifestyles, and 3) the high market shares of American movies and television programming.
    [Show full text]
  • Book Review: Doris Kearns, Lyndon Johnson and the American Dream
    Book Review: Doris Kearns, Lyndon Johnson and the American Dream September 16, 2010 Teaching American History Year Three Final Paper Chuck Myrbeck P.O. Box 1325 Dennis Port, MA 02639 1 Lyndon Johnson and the American Dream, Doris Kearns first book, published three years after LBJ’s death, present one of the first drafts of history for our thirty‐sixth President. President Johnson chose the twenty‐five year old Doris Kearns from the White House Fellows program for his staff after he shocking announced to the nation that he would not seek another term as President of the United States. The choice surprised many since the Harvard doctoral candidate had coauthored an article critical of LBJ’s Vietnam policy in the New Republic titled “How to Remove LBJ in 1968”. After his Presidency ended, he asked her to live at the LBJ ranch and help him write his autobiography, The Vantage Point. Kearns spent long weekends and breaks from her teaching of government at Harvard at the ranch with Lyndon and Lady Bird Johnson. Their relationship lasted the last five years Lyndon Baines Johnson’s life. Thesis Doris Kearns attempts to analyze the childhood, look at the conflicting demands his parents put on him and see how the larger than life personality that emerged dealt with each stage of his political rise and fall. Famed developmental psychologist and Harvard professor Erik Erikson is referred to frequently. Johnson’s motives for giving such access to his personal recollections and papers in the final stage of his life lead to speculation. “Perhaps, even at the end, Lyndon Johnson was looking, planning, for some chance to achieve that place in history that meant so much to him” (Kearns, pg.
    [Show full text]
  • Intellipedia-Operationpocketmoney
    This document is made available through the declassification efforts and research of John Greenewald, Jr., creator of: The Black Vault The Black Vault is the largest online Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) document clearinghouse in the world. The research efforts here are responsible for the declassification of hundreds of thousands of pages released by the U.S. Government & Military. Discover the Truth at: http://www.theblackvault.com NATIONAL SECURITY AGENCY FORT GEORGE G. MEADE, MARYLAND 20755-6000 FOIA Case: 105679A 12 December 2018 JOHN GREENEWALD 27305 W LIVE OAK ROAD SUITE #1203 CASTAIC CA 91384 Dear Mr. Greenewald: This responds to your Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) request of 11 November 2018, for Intellipedia pages on Operation Pocket Money. As stated in our initial response dated 26 November 2018, your request was assigned Case Number 105679. For purposes of this request and based on the information you provided, you are considered an "all other" requester. As such, you are allowed 2 hours of search and the duplication of 100 pages at no cost. There are no assessable fees for this request. Your request has been processed under the provisions of the FOIA. For your information, NSA provides a service of common concern for the Intelligence Community (IC) by serving as the executive agent for Intelink. As such, NSA provides technical services that enable users to access and share information with peers and stakeholders across the IC and DoD. Intellipedia pages are living documents that may be originated by any user organization, and any user organization may contribute to or edit pages after their origination.
    [Show full text]
  • Florida State University Libraries
    Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2018 Doing a Real Job: The Evolution in Women's Roles in British Society through the Lens of Female Spies, 1914-1945 Danielle Wirsansky Follow this and additional works at the DigiNole: FSU's Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected] FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES “DOING A REAL JOB”: THE EVOLUTION IN WOMEN’S ROLES IN BRITISH SOCIETY THROUGH THE LENS OF FEMALE SPIES, 1914-1945 By DANIELLE WIRSANSKY A Thesis submitted to the Department of History in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts 2018 Danielle Wirsansky defended this thesis on March 6, 2018. The members of the supervisory committee were: Nathan Stoltzfus Professor Directing Thesis Charles Upchurch Committee Member Diane Roberts Committee Member The Graduate School has verified and approved the above-named committee members, and certifies that the thesis has been approved in accordance with university requirements. ii After the dazzle of day is gone, Only the dark, dark night shows to my eyes the stars; After the clangor of organ majestic, or chorus, or perfect band, Silent, athwart my soul, moves the symphony true. ~Walt Whitman iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am thankful to my major professor, Dr. Nathan Stoltzfus, for his guidance and mentorship the last five years throughout my undergraduate and graduate studies. Without his encouragement, I may never have discovered my passion for history and found myself on the path I am on today. His support has provided me with so many opportunities and the ability to express myself both artistically and academically.
    [Show full text]
  • Immigration and Restaurants in Chicago During the Era of Chinese Exclusion, 1893-1933
    University of South Carolina Scholar Commons Theses and Dissertations Summer 2019 Exclusive Dining: Immigration and Restaurants in Chicago during the Era of Chinese Exclusion, 1893-1933 Samuel C. King Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/etd Recommended Citation King, S. C.(2019). Exclusive Dining: Immigration and Restaurants in Chicago during the Era of Chinese Exclusion, 1893-1933. (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/etd/5418 This Open Access Dissertation is brought to you by Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Exclusive Dining: Immigration and Restaurants in Chicago during the Era of Chinese Exclusion, 1893-1933 by Samuel C. King Bachelor of Arts New York University, 2012 Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History College of Arts and Sciences University of South Carolina 2019 Accepted by: Lauren Sklaroff, Major Professor Mark Smith, Committee Member David S. Shields, Committee Member Erica J. Peters, Committee Member Yulian Wu, Committee Member Cheryl L. Addy, Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School Abstract The central aim of this project is to describe and explicate the process by which the status of Chinese restaurants in the United States underwent a dramatic and complete reversal in American consumer culture between the 1890s and the 1930s. In pursuit of this aim, this research demonstrates the connection that historically existed between restaurants, race, immigration, and foreign affairs during the Chinese Exclusion era.
    [Show full text]
  • COLD WAR, DETENTE & Post- Cold War Scenario
    Lecture #01 Political Science COLD WAR, DETENTE & Post- Cold War Scenario For B. A.(Hons.) & M.A. Patliputra University, Patna E-content / Notes by Prof. (Dr.) S. P. Shahi Professor of Political Science & Principal A. N. College, Patna - 800013 Patliputra University, Patna, Bihar E-mail: [email protected] 1 Outline of Lecture Cold War: An Introduction Meaning of Cold War Causes of Cold War DETENTE End of Cold War International Scenario after Cold War Conclusion Cold War: An Introduction After the Second World War, the USA and USSR became two Super Powers. One nation tried to reduce the power of other. Indirectly the competition between the super powers led to the Cold War. It is a type of diplomatic war or ideological war. The Cold War was a period of geopolitical tension or conflict between two superpowers i.e., the United States of America and USSR, after World War-II. 2 The period is generally considered to span the Truman Doctrine (1947) to the dissolution of the Soviet Union (1991), but the first phase of the Cold War began immediately after the end of the Second World War in 1945. The conflict was based around the ideological and geopolitical struggle for global influence by the two powers. United States of America was a representative of Capitalistic ideology and Soviet Union was a representative of Socialist ideology. The United States created the NATO military alliance in 1949 in apprehension of a Soviet attack and termed their global policy against Soviet influence containment. The Soviet Union formed the Warsaw Pact in 1955 in response to NATO.
    [Show full text]