DOCSLIB.ORG

COLD WAR, DETENTE & Post- Cold War Scenario

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
COLD WAR, DETENTE & Post- Cold War Scenario Lecture #01 Political Science COLD WAR, DETENTE & Post- Cold War Scenario For B. A.(Hons.) & M.A. Patliputra University, Patna E-content / Notes by Prof. (Dr.) S. P. Shahi Professor of Political Science & Principal A. N. College, Patna - 800013 Patliputra University, Patna, Bihar E-mail: [email protected] 1 Outline of Lecture Cold War: An Introduction Meaning of Cold War Causes of Cold War DETENTE End of Cold War International Scenario after Cold War Conclusion Cold War: An Introduction After the Second World War, the USA and USSR became two Super Powers. One nation tried to reduce the power of other. Indirectly the competition between the super powers led to the Cold War. It is a type of diplomatic war or ideological war. The Cold War was a period of geopolitical tension or conflict between two superpowers i.e., the United States of America and USSR, after World War-II. 2 The period is generally considered to span the Truman Doctrine (1947) to the dissolution of the Soviet Union (1991), but the first phase of the Cold War began immediately after the end of the Second World War in 1945. The conflict was based around the ideological and geopolitical struggle for global influence by the two powers. United States of America was a representative of Capitalistic ideology and Soviet Union was a representative of Socialist ideology. The United States created the NATO military alliance in 1949 in apprehension of a Soviet attack and termed their global policy against Soviet influence containment. The Soviet Union formed the Warsaw Pact in 1955 in response to NATO. Meaning of Cold War The term ‘Cold War’ was first used by the English writer ‘George Orwell’ in an article published in 1945 to refer to what the predicted would be a nuclear stalemate between 3 “two or three monstrous super-states, each possessed of a weapon by which millions of people can be wiped out in a few seconds”. It was first used in the United States by the American financier and presidential adviser Bernard Baruch in a speech at the State House in Columbia, South Carolina in 1947. The Cold War has solidified by 1947-48, when U.S. aid provided under the Marshall Plan to Western Europe had brought those countries under American influence and the Soviet Union had installed openly communist regimes in Eastern Europe. Cause of Cold War Different political systems of two super powers. United Sates was based on democracy, capitalism and freedom. But, USSR was based on dictatorship, communism and control. 4 Both powers thought their system was better and distrusted the others intentions. Distrust during World War-II. USSR fear of the American’s atomic bomb or American attack. American fear of communist attack. American’s refusal to share nuclear secrets. Turman’s dislike of Stalin. Russian’s aim of spreading world communism. USSR dislike of capitalism. DETENTE: Detente (French pronunciation: meaning ‘relaxation’) is the easing of strained relations, especially in a political situation, through verbal communication. It was the policy of relaxing tensions between U.S.A. and U.S.S.R. The first evidence of ‘detente’ era cooperation came in the Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty (NPT) of 1968, a pact signed by several of the major nuclear and non-nuclear 5 power nations pledging their cooperation in stemming the spread of nuclear technology. While the NPT did not ultimately prevent the proliferation of nuclear arms, it paved the way for the first round of Strategic Arms Limitations Talks (SALT-I) from November, 1969 to May, 1972. A peaceful coexistence between the super powers began with Nixon visited both China and Soviet Union in 1972. Unfortunately, not all, but most good things must end. By the end of the 1970s the warm glow of U.S. – Soviet detente began to fade away. While diplomats of both nations agreed on a second SALT agreement (SALT-II), neither government ratified it. Instead, both nations agreed to continue to adhere to the arms reduction provisions of the old SALT-I pact pending future negotiations. Detente all but ended when the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan in 1979. President Jimmy Carter angered the Soviets by increasing U.S. defence spending and 6 subsidizing the efforts of anti-Soviet Mujahideen fighters in Afghanistan and Pakistan. The Afghanistan invasion also led the United States to boycott the 1980 Olympics held in Moscow. Later the same year, Ronald Reagan was elected President of the United States after running on an anti-detente platform. Under the ‘Reagan Doctrine’ the United States undertook the largest military build-up since World War-II and implemented new policies directly opposed to the Soviet Union. Finally, Reagan abandoned all attempts to implement provisions of the SALT-II nuclear arms agreement. Arms control talks would not resume until Mikhail Gorbachev, being the only candidate on the ballot, was elected president of the Soviet Union in 1990. End of Cold War The causes of the end of the Cold War remain one of the most important, and highly contested, debates in the study of international politics. 7 The destruction of the Berlin Wall in late 1989 marked, in a symbolic way, the beginning of the end of the Cold War. The Soviet Union’s economic decline is often seen as a key reason why the Cold War ended. The other factor that could be linked to the above point is technological and industrial competition between both powers. Soviet Union collapsed because of overspending on the arms race and financial aid to his allies’ countries. Decline of Communist ideology. Soviet Union abandoned its nine-year war in Afghanistan. The end of the Cold War in the early 1990s has had a dual impact on international relations. On the one hand the Soviet military withdrawal from Eastern Europe and the Third World brought an end to the Cold War, allowed democratization to proceed in many states previously ruled by Marxist dictatorships, and led to significant progress in 8 resolving several Third World Conflicts that had become prolonged during the Cold War. The failure of the August Coup marked the end of the Soviet Union. Yeltsin entered into agreements with the leaders of other Soviet republics for the dissolution of the USSR, replacing it in December of 1991 with a “Commonwealth of Independent States”. On 25 December, 1991 Mikael Gorbachev, who was still the highest Soviet official, officially recognized the bankruptcy and collapse of the Soviet Union and the Cold War finally came to an end. International Scenario after Cold War Collapse of USSR and Russia emerged as a largest state. With the collapse of communist regimes in Eastern Europe and disintegration of the Soviet Union, the bipolar international system dominating the Cold War period disappeared. Germany became a unified single state. 9 The American Empire may best be seen operating in the Persian Gulf, Iraq and the middle East in general where the armed forces of the United States have established a semi permanent foothold and thousands of soldiers deployed at bases keep a watch on Iran, Syria and other potential enemies. American military power serves as an organizer of military coalition, both permanent (such as NATO) and ad-hoc (such as peacekeeping missions). From an economic or political point of view, on the other hand the international system can be said to be multipolar, rather than unipolar. Another feature of the post-Cold War era is that since the West has become the victor of the East-West ideological rivalry, Western systems and Western influences in general, started to dominate the whole world. The invasion of Kuwait by Iraq in August, 1990 and the following Gulf Crisis, in a way created an opportunity for 10 the USA to exercise its hegemonic power in the Middle East. In the following years, in the absence of a counter-power, the influence of the USA increased further. With the military operation to Afghanistan and invasion of Iraq after the 11 Sep. 2001 attacks, the USA perpetuated its dominance in the region. Another threat to peace in the post Cold War period is raising religious militancy. The post Cold War period also witnessed the resurgence of North-South economic antagonism. Such confrontation is not new. It has occurred before in international arena. But, in accordance with the decline of ideological clashes, it has begun to occupy a more significant agenda in international affairs. 11 Conclusion It can be said that Cold War is type of diplomatic war which occurred due to distrust among USA and USSR and many other factors. International relations have become truly global in the post-Cold War world. The dissolution of the Soviet Union, shattering the bipolar system, resulted in power gaps in some region and triggered struggles for influence. In the post-Cold War environment, states that seemed to be in the same bloc or former allies became competing rivals. For instance, the European Union, as well as Japan, rose as rival centres of power against established United States dominance. No doubt, the rise of China and the resurgence of the Russian Federation as powerful rivals to the United Sates are also notable. 12 .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Fifty Years Ago This May, John F. Kennedy Molded Cold War Fears Into a Collective Resolve to Achieve the Almost Unthinkable: Land American Astronauts on the Moon
    SHOOTING FOR THE MOON Fifty years ago this May, John F. Kennedy molded Cold War fears into a collective resolve to achieve the almost unthinkable: land American astronauts on the moon. In a new book, Professor Emeritus John Logsdon mines the details behind the president’s epochal decision. .ORG S GE A IM NASA Y OF S NASA/COURTE SHOOTING FOR THE MOON Fifty years ago this May, John F. Kennedy molded Cold War fears into a collective resolve to achieve the almost unthinkable: land American astronauts on the moon. In a new book, Professor Emeritus John Logsdon mines the details behind the president’s epochal decision. BY JOHN M. LOGSDON President John F. Kennedy, addressing a joint session of Congress on May 25, 1961, had called for “a great new American enterprise.” n the middle of a July night in 1969, standing The rest, of course, is history: The Eagle landed. Before a TV outside a faceless building along Florida’s eastern audience of half a billion people, Neil Armstrong took “one giant coast, three men in bright white spacesuits strolled leap for mankind,” and Buzz Aldrin emerged soon after, describing by, a few feet from me—on their way to the moon. the moonscape before him as “magnificent desolation.” They climbed into their spacecraft, atop a But the landing at Tranquility Base was not the whole story massive Saturn V rocket, and, a few hours later, of Project Apollo. I with a powerful blast, went roaring into space, the It was the story behind the story that had placed me at weight on their shoulders far more than could be measured Kennedy Space Center that July day.
    [Show full text]
  • John F. Kennedy and Berlin Nicholas Labinski Marquette University
    Marquette University e-Publications@Marquette Master's Theses (2009 -) Dissertations, Theses, and Professional Projects Evolution of a President: John F. Kennedy and Berlin Nicholas Labinski Marquette University Recommended Citation Labinski, Nicholas, "Evolution of a President: John F. Kennedy and Berlin" (2011). Master's Theses (2009 -). Paper 104. http://epublications.marquette.edu/theses_open/104 EVOLUTION OF A PRESIDENT: JOHN F. KENNEDYAND BERLIN by Nicholas Labinski A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School, Marquette University, in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts Milwaukee, Wisconsin August 2011 ABSTRACT EVOLUTION OF A PRESIDENT: JOHN F. KENNEDYAND BERLIN Nicholas Labinski Marquette University, 2011 This paper examines John F. Kennedy’s rhetoric concerning the Berlin Crisis (1961-1963). Three major speeches are analyzed: Kennedy’s Radio and Television Report to the American People on the Berlin Crisis , the Address at Rudolph Wilde Platz and the Address at the Free University. The study interrogates the rhetorical strategies implemented by Kennedy in confronting Khrushchev over the explosive situation in Berlin. The paper attempts to answer the following research questions: What is the historical context that helped frame the rhetorical situation Kennedy faced? What rhetorical strategies and tactics did Kennedy employ in these speeches? How might Kennedy's speeches extend our understanding of presidential public address? What is the impact of Kennedy's speeches on U.S. German relations and the development of U.S. and German Policy? What implications might these speeches have for the study and execution of presidential power and international diplomacy? Using a historical-rhetorical methodology that incorporates the historical circumstances surrounding the crisis into the analysis, this examination of Kennedy’s rhetoric reveals his evolution concerning Berlin and his Cold War strategy.
    [Show full text]
  • CIA Files Relating to Heinz Felfe, SS Officer and KGB Spy
    CIA Files Relating to Heinz Felfe, SS officer and KGB Spy Norman J. W. Goda Ohio University Heinz Felfe was an officer in Hitler’s SS who after World War II became a KGB penetration agent, infiltrating West German intelligence for an entire decade. He was arrested by the West German authorities in 1961 and tried in 1963 whereupon the broad outlines of his case became public knowledge. Years after his 1969 release to East Germany (in exchange for three West German spies) Felfe also wrote memoirs and in the 1980s, CIA officers involved with the case granted interviews to author Mary Ellen Reese.1 In accordance with the Nazi War Crimes Disclosure Act the CIA has released significant formerly classified material on Felfe, including a massive “Name File” consisting of 1,900 pages; a CIA Damage Assessment of the Felfe case completed in 1963; and a 1969 study of Felfe as an example of a successful KGB penetration agent.2 These files represent the first release of official documents concerning the Felfe case, forty-five years after his arrest. The materials are of great historical significance and add detail to the Felfe case in the following ways: • They show in more detail than ever before how Soviet and Western intelligence alike used former Nazi SS officers during the Cold War years. 1 Heinz Felfe, Im Dienst des Gegners: 10 Jahre Moskaus Mann im BND (Hamburg: Rasch & Röhring, 1986); Mary Ellen Reese, General Reinhard Gehlen: The CIA Connection (Fairfax, VA: George Mason University Press, 1990), pp. 143-71. 2 Name File Felfe, Heinz, 4 vols., National Archives and Records Administration [NARA], Record Group [RG] 263 (Records of the Central Intelligence Agency), CIA Name Files, Second Release, Boxes 22-23; “Felfe, Heinz: Damage Assessment, NARA, RG 263, CIA Subject Files, Second Release, Box 1; “KGB Exploitation of Heinz Felfe: Successful KGB Penetration of a Western Intelligence Service,” March 1969, NARA, RG 263, CIA Subject Files, Second Release, Box 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter One: Postwar Resentment and the Invention of Middle America 10
    MIAMI UNIVERSITY The Graduate School Certificate for Approving the Dissertation We hereby approve the Dissertation of Jeffrey Christopher Bickerstaff Doctor of Philosophy ________________________________________ Timothy Melley, Director ________________________________________ C. Barry Chabot, Reader ________________________________________ Whitney Womack Smith, Reader ________________________________________ Marguerite S. Shaffer, Graduate School Representative ABSTRACT TALES FROM THE SILENT MAJORITY: CONSERVATIVE POPULISM AND THE INVENTION OF MIDDLE AMERICA by Jeffrey Christopher Bickerstaff In this dissertation I show how the conservative movement lured the white working class out of the Democratic New Deal Coalition and into the Republican Majority. I argue that this political transformation was accomplished in part by what I call the "invention" of Middle America. Using such cultural representations as mainstream print media, literature, and film, conservatives successfully exploited what came to be known as the Social Issue and constructed "Liberalism" as effeminate, impractical, and elitist. Chapter One charts the rise of conservative populism and Middle America against the backdrop of 1960s social upheaval. I stress the importance of backlash and resentment to Richard Nixon's ascendancy to the Presidency, describe strategies employed by the conservative movement to win majority status for the GOP, and explore the conflict between this goal and the will to ideological purity. In Chapter Two I read Rabbit Redux as John Updike's attempt to model the racial education of a conservative Middle American, Harry "Rabbit" Angstrom, in "teach-in" scenes that reflect the conflict between the social conservative and Eastern Liberal within the author's psyche. I conclude that this conflict undermines the project and, despite laudable intentions, Updike perpetuates caricatures of the Left and hastens Middle America's rejection of Liberalism.
    [Show full text]
  • The Marshall Plan and the Beginnings of Comecon
    THE MARSHALL PLAN AND THE BEGINNINGS OF COMECON Cristian BENȚE Abstract: The integration of the Eastern-European states into the Soviet Union’s sphere of influence at the end of the Second World War represented a complex process that aimed all the vital sectors in those states. In a relatively short period of time, the political, economic, social and cultural life of the Eastern-European states was radically transformed, according to the models imposed by Moscow. The Soviet Union imposed its control over Eastern Europe because it had strategic, political, military and economic interests in this region. The states in this region became, after the Soviet Union broke relations with its former Western allies, the main suppliers of resources for the recovery of the soviet economy. The soviet control over the Eastern-European economies took many forms: from the brutal transfer of raw materials, finite products and technology during the first years after the war, to more subtle methods, as the establishment of “mixed enterprises”, the initialization of bilateral agreements and finally by establishing the COMECON. The establishment of the COMECON in January 1949 was one of the measures taken by Moscow in order to counteract the effects of the Marshall Plan and to consolidate the Soviet influence in the satellite-states from Eastern Europe. This measure was preceded by other actions meant to strengthen Moscow’s political, economic and ideological control over these states. Keywords: Marshall Plan, COMECON, Cold War economic integration, Iron Curtain The launch of the Marshall Plan in the summer of 1947 and its rejection by the Soviet Union represents a turning point in the evolution of the Cold War.
    [Show full text]
  • Dwight Eisenhower, the Warrior, & John Kennedy, the Cold Warrior
    Student Publications Student Scholarship Fall 2014 Dwight Eisenhower, The aW rrior, & John Kennedy, The oldC Warrior: Foreign Policy Under Two Presidents Andrew C. Nosti Gettysburg College Follow this and additional works at: https://cupola.gettysburg.edu/student_scholarship Part of the American Politics Commons, Defense and Security Studies Commons, European History Commons, Political History Commons, Public Policy Commons, Social and Cultural Anthropology Commons, and the United States History Commons Share feedback about the accessibility of this item. Nosti, Andrew C., "Dwight Eisenhower, The aW rrior, & John Kennedy, The oC ld Warrior: Foreign Policy Under Two Presidents" (2014). Student Publications. 265. https://cupola.gettysburg.edu/student_scholarship/265 This is the author's version of the work. This publication appears in Gettysburg College's institutional repository by permission of the copyright owner for personal use, not for redistribution. Cupola permanent link: https://cupola.gettysburg.edu/student_scholarship/ 265 This open access student research paper is brought to you by The uC pola: Scholarship at Gettysburg College. It has been accepted for inclusion by an authorized administrator of The uC pola. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Dwight Eisenhower, The aW rrior, & John Kennedy, The oldC Warrior: Foreign Policy Under Two Presidents Abstract This paper presents a comparison between President Eisenhower and President Kennedy's foreign affairs policies, specifically regarding the Cold War, by examining the presidents' interactions with four distinct Cold War regions. Keywords Eisenhower, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Kennedy, John F. Kennedy, Foreign Affairs, Policy, Foreign Policy, Cold War, President Disciplines American Politics | Anthropology | Defense and Security Studies | European History | History | Political History | Public Affairs, Public Policy and Public Administration | Public Policy | Social and Cultural Anthropology | United States History Comments This paper was written for Prof.
    [Show full text]
  • Cold War Triumphalism and the Reagan Factor
    Cold War Triumphalism and the Reagan Factor Onur İŞÇİ* Abstract Key Words Three decades after Gorbachev’s 1986 Cold War Triumphalism, Reagan Victory Glasnost campaign, the sudden death of School, US-Soviet Confrontation, Demise of the the Soviet Union still continues to keep USSR, Mikhail Gorbachev. diplomatic historians busy with its momentous implications. The mutually excluding political realms of the Cold War forged a conservative In 1986 the Union of Soviet Socialist American historical discourse, which perceived the Soviet Union as an evil empire. Existing Republics finally became the toast of biases against Moscow continued after the American diplomats, who believed Soviet collapse and were conjured up in a new that global harmony was a step closer. scholarly genre that might properly be termed as After four decades of superpower “the Reagan Victory School”. The adherents of conflict, the new Russia was seen as a this school suggest that President Reagan’s resolve and unsophisticated yet faithfully pragmatic long lost friend that reemerged from its foreign policy designs – the Strategic Defense ashes, promising to adopt democracy Initiative (SDI) in particular – became the and a liberal market economy. Mikhail major factor behind the Soviet Union’s demise Gorbachev’s Glasnost and Perestroika and America’s “triumph” after the Cold War. signaled the end of a modern period Looking at several influential monographs on the subject, this paper seeks to demonstrate the in history that had been economically well nuanced yet often mono-causal notions and politically exhausting for virtually vocalized by American scholars of Cold War the whole world. Faced with a serious triumphalism.
    [Show full text]
  • Military Advisors in Vietnam: 1963
    Military Advisors in Vietnam: 1963 Topic: Vietnam Grade Level: 9-12 Subject Area: US History after World War II Time Required: 1 class period Goals/Rationale In the winter of 1963, the eyes of most Americans were not on Vietnam. However, Vietnam would soon become a battleground familiar to all Americans. In this lesson plan, students analyze a letter to President Kennedy from a woman who had just lost her brother in South Vietnam and consider Kennedy’s reply, explaining his rationale for sending US military personnel there. Essential Question: What were the origins of US involvement in Vietnam prior to its engagement of combat troops? Objectives Students will: analyze primary sources. discuss US involvement in the Vietnam conflict prior to 1963. evaluate the “domino theory” from the historical perspective of Americans living in 1963. Connections to Curriculum (Standards) National Standards: National Center for History in the Schools Era 9 - Postwar United States (1945 to early 1970s), 2B - The student understands United States foreign policy in Africa, Asia, the Middle East, and Latin America. Era 9, 2C - The student understands the foreign and domestic consequences of US involvement in Vietnam. Massachusetts Frameworks US II.20 – Explain the causes, course and consequences of the Vietnam War and summarize the diplomatic and military policies of Presidents Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson, and Nixon. Prior Knowledge Students should have a working knowledge of the Cold War. They should be able to analyze primary sources. Prepared by the Department of Education and Public Programs, John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum Historical Background and Context After World War II, the French tried to re-establish their colonial control over Vietnam, the most strategic of the three states comprising the former Indochina (Cambodia, Vietnam and Laos).
    [Show full text]
  • Rhetoric and Reality
    History Studies Volume 13 History Studies Volume 13 information on Walsh, but he was still dismissed by the Catholic Church. After his sacking Jimmy Walsh was Rhetoric and Reality -A History of the Formation employed as a hospital porter, but spent the rest of his life of the 'Domino Theory' trying to enter various religious orders, becoming a novice in a Luke Butterly Benedictine Monastery. He was unsuccessful in these attempts Gaps between rhetoric and reality in U.S. foreign however because he had once been married and was now policy have often been large; indeed such gaps might be said to constitute a defining characteristic of this separated. Jimmy Walsh died after a prolonged illness on 12 nation's diplomacy. I March 1977. and was buried in Sydney. He had never returned 76 to treland. When U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower announced the 'domino theory' at a news conference in 1954, he was not announcing a radical departure in Washington's understanding of the emerging situation in Indochina. Rather, he was making public aspects of U.S. foreign policy that had been in the making since the end of World War ll, which in turn interacted with older themes. This essay will first situate this 'theory' in the historiography of the Vietnam War in order to contextualise what follows. It will then map the formation of the domino theory from 1945 to 1954, and will briefly look at the broader implications of such an approach in foreign policy. This will be achieved by examining the secondary literature on the various historical events covered and reviewing the relevant primary sources.
    [Show full text]
  • Timeline of the Cold War
    Timeline of the Cold War 1945 Defeat of Germany and Japan February 4-11: Yalta Conference meeting of FDR, Churchill, Stalin - the 'Big Three' Soviet Union has control of Eastern Europe. The Cold War Begins May 8: VE Day - Victory in Europe. Germany surrenders to the Red Army in Berlin July: Potsdam Conference - Germany was officially partitioned into four zones of occupation. August 6: The United States drops atomic bomb on Hiroshima (20 kiloton bomb 'Little Boy' kills 80,000) August 8: Russia declares war on Japan August 9: The United States drops atomic bomb on Nagasaki (22 kiloton 'Fat Man' kills 70,000) August 14 : Japanese surrender End of World War II August 15: Emperor surrender broadcast - VJ Day 1946 February 9: Stalin hostile speech - communism & capitalism were incompatible March 5 : "Sinews of Peace" Iron Curtain Speech by Winston Churchill - "an "iron curtain" has descended on Europe" March 10: Truman demands Russia leave Iran July 1: Operation Crossroads with Test Able was the first public demonstration of America's atomic arsenal July 25: America's Test Baker - underwater explosion 1947 Containment March 12 : Truman Doctrine - Truman declares active role in Greek Civil War June : Marshall Plan is announced setting a precedent for helping countries combat poverty, disease and malnutrition September 2: Rio Pact - U.S. meet 19 Latin American countries and created a security zone around the hemisphere 1948 Containment February 25 : Communist takeover in Czechoslovakia March 2: Truman's Loyalty Program created to catch Cold War
    [Show full text]
  • Section Summary 16 the WAR’S END and IMPACT SECTION 4
    Name Class Date CHAPTER Section Summary 16 THE WAR’S END AND IMPACT SECTION 4 When Nixon became President, he believed that a peace deal could READING CHECK be negotiated with North Vietnam. When these negotiations stalled, however, Nixon gradually began to pull American troops out of How many American troops Vietnam. He believed that the South Vietnamese Army should fight were killed in Vietnam? on its own and called this approach Vietnamization. He hoped that American supplies to the South Vietnamese Army would be suffi- cient for the army to secure and hold South Vietnam. In 1970, however, Nixon ordered a ground attack on communists in Cambodia, which angered antiwar activists at home who claimed that Nixon was widening the war, not ending it. Protests erupted on many college campuses. At Kent State University, members of the National Guard fired into a group of protesters, killing four. This led to demonstrations on other campuses, including Jackson State in Mississippi, where two students were killed. Other events also outraged the public. American troops killed VOCABULARY STRATEGY over four hundred unarmed Vietnamese in the village of My Lai. What does the word induced The Pentagon Papers showed that the government had been dishon- mean in the underlined sen- est with the public and with Congress about the Vietnam War. tence? Circle the words in the American bombing finally induced the North Vietnamese to underlined sentence that could resume negotiations. In January 1973, the United States, South help you learn what induced Vietnam, North Vietnam, and the Vietcong signed the Paris Peace means.
    [Show full text]
  • The Development of the Cold War, 1953-1962
    THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE COLD WAR, 1953-1962 Chairman So – did Khrushchev make the Cold War better, or worse? Russian historian Of course he made things better. It was a political earthquake in the Soviet Union in 1956 when he declared Stalin is being a tyrant, and going to de- Stalinise Russia. E.European historian Pfaff! ‘De-Stalinsation’ was just window-dressing. Khrushchev TALKED de- Stalinisation, but tell me ONE example of where he did it. There was no curbing of the KGB, no granting of human rights. Control was actually tightened in Poland and Czechoslovakia! Hungary was worse – when Nagy [actors’ note: pronounced Noj ] tried to reinstate the Catholic religion, introduce democracy, allow freedom of speech – wham …Khrushchev sent in the Red Army! Do not they say 30,000 Hungarians were killed? Russian historian 30,000 is a HUGE overestimate. Nowadays, we think perhaps 4,000 at most, with only 300 executed. E.European historian … 4,000 is still a HUGE number … Russian historian Maybe, but most of Khrushchev’s so-called ‘tyranny’ in Hungary was American propaganda. The TRUTH is VERY different. Khrushchev invented the idea of ‘peaceful co- existence’ – he said: ‘There are only two ways - either peaceful co-existence or the most destructive war in history’ He was right!!! Do you realise how close US came to using nuclear weapons in Korea in 1953? Khrushchev’s ‘Peaceful co-existence’ idea , pulled the world back from the brink.of a nuclear catastophe Khrushchev saved world – it is as simple as that. American historian I’ve heard as much of this as I can stomach! What Khrushchev meant by ‘peaceful co-existence’ was ‘unhindered competition’ – he wanted to be free to build his armies, buy allies with economic aid – while the US sat back and let him! So he talked ‘peaceful co-existence’, but in practice he was hellish aggressive.
    [Show full text]