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Problem Formulation for Cyclic Aliphatic Bromides Cluster (HBCD)

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Problem Formulation for Cyclic Aliphatic Bromides Cluster (HBCD) EPA Document# EPA-740-R1-7012 May 2018 United States Office of Chemical Safety and Environmental Protection Agency Pollution Prevention Problem Formulation for Cyclic Aliphatic Bromides Cluster (HBCD) CASRN NAME 25637-99-4 Hexabromocyclododecane 3194-55-6 1,2,5,6,9,10-Hexabromocyclododecane 3194-57-8 1,2,5,6-Tetrabromocyclooctane May 2018 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................................................6 ABBREVIATIONS ....................................................................................................................................7 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .......................................................................................................................9 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................12 1.1 Regulatory History ......................................................................................................................14 1.2 Assessment History .....................................................................................................................14 1.3 Data and Information Collection .................................................................................................16 1.4 Data Screening During Problem Formulation .............................................................................17 2 PROBLEM FORMULATION ........................................................................................................18 2.1 Physical and Chemical Properties ...............................................................................................18 2.2 Conditions of Use ........................................................................................................................19 Data and Information Sources ............................................................................................... 19 Identification of Conditions of Use ....................................................................................... 19 2.2.2.1 Categories and Subcategories Determined not to be Conditions of Use or Otherwise Excluded During Problem Formulation ......................................................................................... 20 2.2.2.2 Categories and Subcategories of Conditions of Use Included in the Scope of the Risk Evaluation ...................................................................................................................................... 26 2.2.2.3 Overview of Conditions of Use and Lifecycle Diagram ................................................ 30 2.3 Exposures ....................................................................................................................................33 Fate and Transport ................................................................................................................. 33 Releases to the Environment ................................................................................................. 34 Presence in the Environment and Biota ................................................................................. 35 Environmental Exposures ...................................................................................................... 35 Human Exposures .................................................................................................................. 36 2.3.5.1 Occupational Exposures ................................................................................................. 36 2.3.5.2 Consumer Exposures ...................................................................................................... 36 2.3.5.3 General Population Exposures ....................................................................................... 38 2.3.5.4 Potentially Exposed or Susceptible Subpopulations ...................................................... 39 2.4 Hazards (Effects) .........................................................................................................................40 Environmental Hazards ......................................................................................................... 40 Human Health Hazards .......................................................................................................... 42 2.4.2.1 Non-Cancer Hazards ...................................................................................................... 42 2.4.2.2 Genotoxicity and Cancer Hazards .................................................................................. 43 2.4.2.3 Potentially Exposed or Susceptible Subpopulations ...................................................... 44 2.5 Conceptual Models ......................................................................................................................44 Conceptual Model for Industrial and Commercial Activities and Uses: Potential Exposures and Hazards ........................................................................................................................... 45 Conceptual Model for Consumer Activities and Uses: Potential Exposures and Hazards .... 47 Conceptual Model for Environmental Releases and Wastes: Potential Exposures and Hazards .................................................................................................................................. 50 2.5.3.1 Pathways that EPA Plans to Include and Further Analyze in Risk Evaluation .............. 50 2.5.3.2 Pathways that EPA Plans to Include in the Risk Evaluation but Not Further Analyze .. 51 2.5.3.3 Pathways that EPA Does Not Expect to Include in the Risk Evaluation ....................... 52 Page 2 of 115 2.6 Analysis Plan ...............................................................................................................................56 Exposure ................................................................................................................................ 56 2.6.1.1 Environmental Releases ................................................................................................. 57 2.6.1.2 Environmental Fate ........................................................................................................ 60 2.6.1.3 Environmental Exposures ............................................................................................... 61 2.6.1.4 Occupational Exposures ................................................................................................. 62 2.6.1.5 Consumer Exposures ...................................................................................................... 64 2.6.1.6 General Population ......................................................................................................... 66 Hazards (Effects) ................................................................................................................... 68 2.6.2.1 Environmental Hazards .................................................................................................. 68 2.6.2.2 Human Health Hazards ................................................................................................... 70 Risk Characterization ............................................................................................................. 73 REFERENCES .........................................................................................................................................74 APPENDICES ..........................................................................................................................................84 REGULATORY HISTORY .......................................................................................... 84 PROCESS, RELEASE AND OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE INFORMATION .. 88 B.1.1 Manufacture (Including Import) .............................................................................................88 B.1.1.1 Import ..............................................................................................................................88 B.1.2 Processing and Distribution ....................................................................................................88 B.1.2.1 Incorporated into a Formulation, Mixture or Reaction Product ......................................88 B.1.2.2 Incorporated into an Article .............................................................................................88 B.1.2.3 Recycling .........................................................................................................................89 B.1.3 Uses .........................................................................................................................................89 B.1.3.1 Building/Construction Materials .....................................................................................89 B.1.4 Disposal ..................................................................................................................................89 SUPPORTING INFORMATION FOR OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE CONCEPTUAL MODEL ...................................................................................................................... 95 SUPPORTING INFORMATION FOR CONSUMER, GENERAL POPULATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE CONCEPTUAL MODEL................................................. 99 INCLUSION AND EXCLUSION CRITERIA FOR FULL TEXT SCREENING 106 Page 3 of 115 LIST OF TABLES Table 1-1. Assessment History of HBCD ................................................................................................
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