DOCSLIB.ORG

Bio-Based Flame Retardation of Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Bio-Based Flame Retardation of Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene BIO-BASED FLAME RETARDATION OF ACRYLONITRILE-BUTADIENE-STYRENE by GUSTAVO SCHINAZI Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY January, 2021 CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES We hereby approve the dissertation of Gustavo Schinazi candidate for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy*. Committee Chair and Advisor David A. Schiraldi Committee Member and Co-Advisor Jonathan K. Pokorski Committee Member and Co-Advisor José Roberto Moraes d’Almeida Committee Member Gary E. Wnek Committee Member Hatsuo Ishida Committee Member Ya-Ting T. Liao Committee Member Mônica Feijó Naccache Committee Member Amanda Lemette Teixeira Brandão Date of Defense October 21, 2020 *We also certify that written approval has been obtained for any proprietary material contained therein. Dedicado à Vovó Geny pelo seu amor incondicional e infinito. Meu amor por você é maior do que o mundo inteiro. Dedicated to my Grandma, Vovó Geny, for your unconditional and infinite love. My love for you is bigger than the entire world. iv Table of Contents 1. INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE REVIEW ...............................................2 1.1. Introduction, Objectives, and Methodology ....................................................... 2 1.2. Literature Review ................................................................................................. 6 1.2.1. The Combustion Cycle and Ways to Suppress It ................................................. 6 1.2.2. Flame Retardants – Definition, Modes of Action, and Classification ................ 10 1.2.2.1. Physical Modes of Action ................................................................................. 11 1.2.2.2. Chemical Modes of Action ............................................................................... 12 1.2.2.3. Condensed Phase vs. Gas Phase ...................................................................... 13 1.2.3. Commercial Flame Retardants ........................................................................... 14 1.2.3.1. Halogenated Flame Retardants ....................................................................... 15 1.2.3.1.1. General Information ....................................................................................... 15 1.2.3.1.2. Main Issues .................................................................................................... 17 1.2.3.2. Organophosphorus Flame Retardants ............................................................. 20 1.2.3.2.1. General Information ....................................................................................... 20 1.2.3.2.2. Main Issues .................................................................................................... 21 1.2.3.3. Inorganic Flame Retardants ............................................................................ 21 1.2.3.3.1. General Information ....................................................................................... 21 1.2.3.3.2. Main Issues .................................................................................................... 23 1.2.3.4. Nitrogen-Based Flame Retardants ................................................................... 24 1.2.3.4.1. General Information ....................................................................................... 24 1.2.3.4.2. Main Issues .................................................................................................... 25 1.2.4. Bio-Sourced Flame Retardants ........................................................................... 26 1.2.5. Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS) ............................................................. 41 v 2. EXPERIMENTAL....................................................................................................47 2.1. Materials .............................................................................................................. 47 2.2. Methodology ........................................................................................................ 49 2.3. Sample Preparation ............................................................................................ 51 2.3.1. Drying of Starting Materials ............................................................................... 51 2.3.2. Melt Processing for Phase 1 (Screening Phase) ................................................. 52 2.3.2.1. Batch Mixing .................................................................................................... 52 2.3.2.2. Phase 1 Compression Molding ........................................................................ 53 2.3.2.3. Sample Cutting for Vertical Burn Testing ........................................................ 53 2.3.3. Melt Processing for Phase 2 (Detailed Analysis and Mechanistic Study Phase) 54 2.3.3.1. Extrusion .......................................................................................................... 54 2.3.3.2. Phase 2 Compression Molding ........................................................................ 55 2.3.3.3. Injection Molding ............................................................................................. 56 2.4. Characterization ................................................................................................. 56 2.4.1. Vertical Burn Testing ......................................................................................... 56 2.4.2. Microscale Combustion Calorimetry ................................................................. 57 2.4.3. Cone Calorimetry ............................................................................................... 58 2.4.4. Thermogravimetric Analysis .............................................................................. 59 2.4.5. Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ......................................... 60 2.4.6. Tensile Testing ................................................................................................... 63 2.4.7. Impact Testing .................................................................................................... 64 3. BIO-BASED FLAME RETARDATION OF ABS EVALUATED BY MICROSCALE COMBUSTION CALORIMETRY ...................................................67 3.1. Introduction ......................................................................................................... 67 3.2. Experimental Planning and Design of Experiments ........................................ 73 vi 3.2.1. Material Selection ............................................................................................... 73 3.2.2. Selection of Fabrication and Analysis Techniques ............................................ 80 3.2.3. Preliminary Experiments .................................................................................... 82 3.2.3.1. Determination of Melt-Processing Parameters ............................................... 82 3.2.3.2. Evaluation of Processing Effect on Material Properties ................................. 84 3.2.3.3. Selection of Type and Amount of Compatibilizer ............................................. 88 3.2.3.3.1. Vertical Burn Testing for Compatibilizer Evaluation ................................... 90 3.2.3.3.2. Microscale Combustion Calorimetry for Compatibilizer Evaluation ............ 92 3.2.4. Design of Experiments for Determination of Sample Compositions ................. 94 3.2.4.1. First Set of Samples .......................................................................................... 95 3.2.4.2. Second Set of Samples ...................................................................................... 99 3.3. Flammability Results and Discussion.............................................................. 102 3.3.1. Vertical Burn Testing ....................................................................................... 102 3.3.2. Microscale Combustion Calorimetry ............................................................... 114 3.3.2.1. MCC Curves and Results ............................................................................... 114 3.3.2.2. Additive Hypothesis and the Quantification of Synergy ................................ 125 3.3.2.3. Synergistic Analysis Based on MCC Results ................................................. 134 3.4. Conclusions ........................................................................................................ 141 4. DETAILED ANALYSIS AND MECHANISTIC STUDY OF BIO-BASED FLAME-RETARDANT ABS COMPOSITES ............................................................145 4.1. Introduction ....................................................................................................... 145 4.2. Cone Calorimetry.............................................................................................. 148 4.2.1. Direct Cone-Calorimetry Results ..................................................................... 149 4.2.2. Results and Mechanisms from MCC-Cone Calorimetry Comparisons ........... 159 4.3. Microscale Combustion Calorimetry and Thermogravimetric Analysis .... 172 vii 4.3.1. Revisiting Microscale Combustion Calorimetry .............................................. 172 4.3.2. Thermogravimetric Analysis ............................................................................ 180 4.3.3. MCC-TGA Comparison and Activation Energy .............................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Properties of Polypropylene Yarns with a Polytetrafluoroethylene
    coatings Article Properties of Polypropylene Yarns with a Polytetrafluoroethylene Coating Containing Stabilized Magnetite Particles Natalia Prorokova 1,2,* and Svetlana Vavilova 1 1 G.A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Akademicheskaya St. 1, 153045 Ivanovo, Russia; [email protected] 2 Department of Natural Sciences and Technosphere Safety, Ivanovo State Polytechnic University, Sheremetevsky Ave. 21, 153000 Ivanovo, Russia * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: This paper describes an original method for forming a stable coating on a polypropylene yarn. The use of this method provides this yarn with barrier antimicrobial properties, reducing its electrical resistance, increasing its strength, and achieving extremely high chemical resistance, similar to that of fluoropolymer yarns. The method is applied at the melt-spinning stage of polypropylene yarns. It is based on forming an ultrathin, continuous, and uniform coating on the surface of each of the yarn filaments. The coating is formed from polytetrafluoroethylene doped with magnetite nanoparticles stabilized with sodium stearate. The paper presents the results of a study of the effects of such an ultrathin polytetrafluoroethylene coating containing stabilized magnetite particles on the mechanical and electrophysical characteristics of the polypropylene yarn and its barrier antimicrobial properties. It also evaluates the chemical resistance of the polypropylene yarn with a coating based on polytetrafluoroethylene doped with magnetite nanoparticles. Citation: Prorokova, N.; Vavilova, S. Properties of Polypropylene Yarns Keywords: coatings; polypropylene yarn; polytetrafluoroethylene; magnetite nanoparticles; barrier with a Polytetrafluoroethylene antimicrobial properties; surface electrical resistance; chemical resistance; tensile strength Coating Containing Stabilized Magnetite Particles. Coatings 2021, 11, 830. https://doi.org/10.3390/ coatings11070830 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Tape-Unyte High Density Ptfe Tape
    TAPE-UNYTE® HIGH DENSITY PTFE TAPE T-TAPE-SPEC PRODUCT DESCRIPTION COLOR/CONSISTENCY TENSILE STRENGTH - LONGITUDINAL 3000 PSI max - ASTM D882 (mod) PRODUCT The tape is white in color. It shall be free of visible voids, cracks, folds, ELONGATION TAPE-UNYTE® High Density PTFE Tape contamination and has consistent physical properties. TAPE-UNYTE® has an 50% min - ASTM D882 (mod) TYPE indefinite shelf life. THICKNESS ® TAPE-UNYTE is a heavy duty, all TEMPERATURE RANGE USE purpose, non-seizing, PTFE thread sealing .0040 ± .0005 Inches - ASTM D374-42 -A compound in tape form that produces a Gases: PACKAGING leakproof seal on all types of metal and -450EF (-268EC) to 500EF (260EC) plastic threaded connections. TAPE- UNYTE® is a high density, 4 MIL PTFE Liquids: U.S. Measure: (polytetrafluoroethylene) Tape supplied on -450EF (-268EC) to 500EF (260EC) finished spools. Stock Code Size PRESSURE RANGE USE F520 ¼" x 520" (.63 cm x 13.2 m) RECOMMENDED USES T260 ½" x 260" (1.27 cm x 6.6 m) Gases: T520 ½” x 520" (1.27 cm x 13.2 m) TAPE-UNYTE® will not transfer any taste up to 10,000 PSI (1450 kPa) T1296 ½” x 1296" (1.27 cm x 32.9 m) or odor to the system being sealed. Liquids: W260 ¾" x 260" (1.9 cm x 6.6 m) Excellent for food and water systems. up to 3,000 PSI (435 kPa) W520 ¾" x 520" (1.9 cm x 13.2 m) TAPE-UNYTE® will never harden, and is an X260 1" x 260" (1.9 cm x 6.6 m) anti-galling tape making it possible to The system may be pressurized disassemble pipes and bolts easily after immediately after assembly.
    [Show full text]
  • Sodium Sulfate CAS N°: 7757-82-6
    OECD SIDS SODIUM SULFATE FOREWORD INTRODUCTION Sodium sulfate CAS N°: 7757-82-6 UNEP PUBLICATIONS 1 OECD SIDS SODIUM SULFATE SIDS Initial Assessment Report For SIAM 20 Paris, France, 19 – 22 April 2005 1. Chemical Name: Sodium sulfate 2. CAS Number: 7757-82-6 3. Sponsor Country: Slovak Republic Contact Point: Centre for Chemical Substances and Preparations, Bratislava Contact Person: Peter Rusnak, Ph.D. Director Co-sponsor Country: Czech Republic Contact Point: Ministry of Environment Contact Person: Karel Bláha, Ph.D. Director Department of Environmental Risks Prague 4. Shared Partnership with: Sodium Sulfate Producers Association (SSPA)∗ and TOSOH 5. Roles/Responsibilities of the Partners: • Name of industry sponsor Sodium Sulfate Producers Association (SSPA) /consortium • Process used Documents were drafted by the consortium, then peer reviewed by sponsor countries experts 6. Sponsorship History • How was the chemical or Nominated by ICCA in the framework of the ICCA HPV category brought into the program OECD HPV Chemicals Programme? 7. Review Process Prior to Two drafts were reviewed by the Slovakian/Czech authorities; third the SIAM: draft subject to review by OECD membership 8. Quality check process: Data was reviewed against the OECD criteria as described in the SIDS manual. These criteria were used to select data for extraction into the SIDS dossier. Original data was sought wherever possible. Originally reported work was deemed reliable if sufficient information was reported (according to the manual) to judge it robust. Reviews were only judged reliable if reported 2 UNEP PUBLICATIONS OECD SIDS SODIUM SULFATE by reputable organisations/authorities or if partners had been directly involved in their production 9.
    [Show full text]
  • Polyacrylonitrile Ternary System
    Thermodynamic Study of a Water–Dimethylformamide– Polyacrylonitrile Ternary System Lianjiang Tan,1 Ding Pan,1 Ning Pan2 1State Key Laboratory for Chemical Fiber Modification and Polymer Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People’s Republic of China 2Biological and Agricultural Engineering Department, University of California, Davis, California 65616 Received 23 October 2007; accepted 6 March 2008 DOI 10.1002/app.28392 Published online 15 September 2008 in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). ABSTRACT: Experimental cloud-point data were ob- formation. The skin–core structure and fingerlike pores in tained by cloud-point titration. The phase diagram for a polyacrylonitrile fiber may be effectively eliminated if the ternary system of water–dimethylformamide–polyacryloni- composition of the spinning solution is properly chosen, trile was determined by numerical calculation on the basis and consequently, homogeneous polyacrylonitrile fiber of the extended Flory–Huggins theory and was found to with a bicontinuous structure and good mechanical proper- agree well with the cloud-point data. To construct the theo- ties can be obtained through the spinning process. Ó 2008 retical phase diagram, three binary interaction parameters Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 110: 3439–3447, 2008 were obtained with different methods. The ternary phase diagram was used to investigate the mechanism of fiber Key words: fibers; mixing; phase behavior; thermodynamics INTRODUCTION with the method of cloud-point titration.1–11 At high polymer concentration, however, the interaction Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) is soluble in many polar or- between macromolecules is so strong that the poly- ganic liquids, such as dimethylformamide (DMF), di- mer solution shows signs of crystallization or methyl sulfoxide, and dimethyl acetemide.
    [Show full text]
  • Study of Polystyrene Degradation Using Continuous Distribution Kinetics in a Bubbling Reactor
    Korean J. Chem. Eng., 19(2), 239-245 (2002) Study of Polystyrene Degradation Using Continuous Distribution Kinetics in a Bubbling Reactor Wang Seog Cha†, Sang Bum Kim* and Benjamin J. McCoy** School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Kunsan National University, Kunsan 573-701, Korea *Department of Chemical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Korea **Department of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA (Received 3 April 2001 • accepted 10 September 2001) Abstract−A bubbling reactor for pyrolysis of a polystyrene melt stirred by bubbles of flowing nitrogen gas at at- mospheric pressure permits uniform-temperature distribution. Sweep-gas experiments at temperatures 340-370 oC allowed pyrolysis products to be collected separately as reactor residue(solidified polystyrene melt), condensed vapor, and uncondensed gas products. Molecular-weight distributions (MWDs) were determined by gel permeation chro- matography that indicated random and chain scission. The mathematical model accounts for the mass transfer of vaporized products from the polymer melt to gas bubbles. The driving force for mass transfer is the interphase differ- ence of MWDs based on equilibrium at the vapor-liquid interface. The activation energy and pre-exponential of chain scission were determined to be 49 kcal/mol and 8.94×1013 s−1, respectively. Key words: Pyrolysis, Molecular-Weight-Distribution, Random Scission, Chain-end Scission, Continuous Distribution Theory INTRODUCTION Westerout et al. proposed a random-chain dissociation (RCD) model, based on evaporation of depolymerization products less than Fundamental and practical studies of plastics processing, such a certain chain length. In a subsequent paper [Westerout et al., 1997b] as energy recovery (production of fuel) and tertiary recycle (recov- on screen-heater pyrolysis, the RCD model was further described.
    [Show full text]
  • OFR Staff Plan
    Staff Briefing Package Project Plan: Organohalogen Flame Retardant Chemicals Assessment July 1, 2020 CPSC Consumer Hotline and General Information: 1-800-638-CPSC (2772) CPSC's Web Site: http://www.cpsc.gov THIS DOCUMENT HAS NOT BEEN REVIEWED CLEARED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE OR ACCEPTED BY THE COMMISSION UNDER CPSA 6(b)(1) Acknowledgments The preparation, writing, and review of this report was supported by a team of staff. We acknowledge and thank team members for their significant contributions. Michael Babich, Ph.D., Directorate for Health Sciences Charles Bevington, M.P.H., Directorate for Health Sciences Xinrong Chen, Ph.D., D.A.B.T., Directorate for Health Sciences Eric Hooker, M.S., D.A.B.T., Directorate for Health Sciences Cynthia Gillham, M.S., Directorate for Economic Analysis John Gordon, Ph.D., Directorate for Health Sciences Kristina Hatlelid, Ph.D., M.P.H., Directorate for Health Sciences Barbara Little, Attorney, Office of the General Counsel Joanna Matheson, Ph.D., Directorate for Health Sciences ii THIS DOCUMENT HAS NOT BEEN REVIEWED CLEARED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE OR ACCEPTED BY THE COMMISSION UNDER CPSA 6(b)(1) Table of Contents Briefing Memo ............................................................................................................................... iv 1. Executive summary .............................................................................................................. 5 2. Introduction .........................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Reinforcement of Styrene Butadiene Rubber Employing Poly(Isobornyl Methacrylate) (PIBOMA) As High Tg Thermoplastic Polymer
    polymers Article Reinforcement of Styrene Butadiene Rubber Employing Poly(isobornyl methacrylate) (PIBOMA) as High Tg Thermoplastic Polymer Abdullah Gunaydin 1,2, Clément Mugemana 1 , Patrick Grysan 1, Carlos Eloy Federico 1 , Reiner Dieden 1 , Daniel F. Schmidt 1, Stephan Westermann 1, Marc Weydert 3 and Alexander S. Shaplov 1,* 1 Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 5 Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; [email protected] (A.G.); [email protected] (C.M.); [email protected] (P.G.); [email protected] (C.E.F.); [email protected] (R.D.); [email protected] (D.F.S.); [email protected] (S.W.) 2 Department of Physics and Materials Science, University of Luxembourg, 2 Avenue de l’Université, L-4365 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg 3 Goodyear Innovation Center Luxembourg, L-7750 Colmar-Berg, Luxembourg; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +352-2758884579 Abstract: A set of poly(isobornyl methacrylate)s (PIBOMA) having molar mass in the range of 26,000–283,000 g mol−1 was prepared either via RAFT process or using free radical polymerization. ◦ These linear polymers demonstrated high glass transition temperatures (Tg up to 201 C) and thermal Citation: Gunaydin, A.; stability (T up to 230 ◦C). They were further applied as reinforcing agents in the preparation of the Mugemana, C.; Grysan, P.; onset Eloy Federico, C.; Dieden, R.; vulcanized rubber compositions based on poly(styrene butadiene rubber) (SBR). The influence of the Schmidt, D.F.; Westermann, S.; PIBOMA content and molar mass on the cure characteristics, rheological and mechanical properties of Weydert, M.; Shaplov, A.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Pathways for Degradation of Plastic Polymers Floating in the Marine Environment
    Environmental Science Processes & Impacts View Article Online CRITICAL REVIEW View Journal | View Issue Pathways for degradation of plastic polymers floating in the marine environment Cite this: Environ. Sci.: Processes Impacts ,2015,17,1513 Berit Gewert, Merle M. Plassmann and Matthew MacLeod* Each year vast amounts of plastic are produced worldwide. When released to the environment, plastics accumulate, and plastic debris in the world's oceans is of particular environmental concern. More than 60% of all floating debris in the oceans is plastic and amounts are increasing each year. Plastic polymers in the marine environment are exposed to sunlight, oxidants and physical stress, and over time they weather and degrade. The degradation processes and products must be understood to detect and evaluate potential environmental hazards. Some attention has been drawn to additives and persistent organic pollutants that sorb to the plastic surface, but so far the chemicals generated by degradation of the plastic polymers themselves have not been well studied from an environmental perspective. In this paper we review available information about the degradation pathways and chemicals that are formed by degradation of the six plastic types that are most widely used in Europe. We extrapolate that information Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported Licence. to likely pathways and possible degradation products under environmental conditions found on the oceans' surface. The potential degradation pathways and products depend on the polymer type. UV-radiation and oxygen are the most important factors that initiate degradation of polymers with a carbon–carbon backbone, leading to chain scission. Smaller polymer fragments formed by chain scission are more susceptible to biodegradation and therefore abiotic degradation is expected to Received 30th April 2015 precede biodegradation.
    [Show full text]
  • A Review of Electrospun Carbon Fibers As Electrode Materials for Energy Storage
    A Review of Electrospun Carbon Fibers as Electrode Materials for Energy Storage The MIT Faculty has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters. Citation Mao, Xianwen, T. Hatton, and Gregory Rutledge. “A Review of Electrospun Carbon Fibers as Electrode Materials for Energy Storage.” COC 17, no. 13 (June 1, 2013): 1390–1401. As Published http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1385272811317130006 Publisher Bentham Science Version Author's final manuscript Citable link http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/92409 Terms of Use Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike Detailed Terms http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ A Review of Electrospun Carbon Fibers as Electrode Materials for Energy Storage Xianwen Mao, T. Alan Hatton, and Gregory C. Rutledge* Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge Massachusetts, 02139, USA E-mail: [email protected] Abstract: The applications of electrospun carbon fiber webs to the development of energy storages devices, including both supercapacitors and lithium ion batteries (LIB), are reviewed. Following a brief discussion of the fabrication process and characterization methods for ultrafine electrospun carbon fibers, recent advances in their performance as supercapacitors and LIBs anode materials are summarized. Optimization of the overall electrochemical properties of these materials through choice of thermal treatment conditions, incorporation of additional active components (such as carbon nanotubes, metal oxides, and catalysts), and generation of novel fibrous structures (such as core-shell, multi-channel or porous fibers) is highlighted. Further challenges related to improving the conductivity, surface area, and mechanical properties of the carbon nanofiber webs, as well as the scale-up ability of the fabrication technique, are discussed.
    [Show full text]
  • Trade Names and Manufacturers
    Appendix I Trade names and manufacturers In this appendix, some trade names of various polymeric materials are listed. The list is intended to cover the better known names but it is by no means exhaustive. It should be noted that the names given may or may not be registered. Trade name Polymer Manufacturer Abson ABS polymers B.F. Goodrich Chemical Co. Acrilan Polyacrylonitrile Chemstrand Corp. Acrylite Poly(methyl methacrylate) American Cyanamid Co. Adiprene Polyurethanes E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. Afcoryl ABS polymers Pechiney-Saint-Gobain Alathon Polyethylene E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. Alkathene Polyethylene Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd. Alloprene Chlorinated natural rubber Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd. Ameripol cis-1 ,4-Polyisoprene B.F. Goodrich Chemical Co. Araldite Epoxy resins Ciba (A.R.L.) Ltd. Arnel Cellulose triacetate Celanese Corp. Arnite Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Algemene Kunstzijde Unie N.Y. Baypren Polychloroprene Farbenfabriken Bayer AG Beetle Urea-formaldehyde resins British Industrial Plastics Ltd. Ben vic Poly(vinyl chloride) Solvay & Cie S.A. Bexphane Polypropylene Bakelite Xylonite Ltd. Butacite Poly( vinyl butyral) E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. Butakon Butadiene copolymers Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd. Butaprene Styrene-butadiene copolymers Firestone Tire and Rubber Co. Butvar Poly(vinyl butyral) Shawinigan Resins Corp. Cap ran Nylon 6 Allied Chemical Corp. Carbowax Poly(ethylene oxide) Union Carbide Corp. Cariflex I cis-1 ,4-Polyisoprene Shell Chemical Co. Ltd. Carina Poly(vinyl chloride) Shell Chemical Co. Ltd. TRADE NAMES AND MANUFACTURERS 457 Trade name Polymer Manufacturer Carin ex Polystyrene Shell Chemical Co. Ltd. Celcon Formaldehyde copolymer Celanese Plastics Co. Cellosize Hydroxyethylcellulose Union Carbide Corp.
    [Show full text]
  • Transparent PC/PMMA Blends Via Reactive Compatibilization in a Twin-Screw Extruder
    polymers Article Transparent PC/PMMA Blends Via Reactive Compatibilization in a Twin-Screw Extruder Tobias Bubmann 1, Andreas Seidel 2 and Volker Altstädt 1,3,* 1 Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, Bayreuth 95447, Germany; [email protected] 2 Covestro Deutschland AG, Business Unit Polycarbonates, Research & Development, Development Blends, Leverkusen 51365, Germany; [email protected] 3 Bavarian Polymer Institute and Bayreuth Institute of Macromolecular Research; University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, Bayreuth 95447, Germany * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +49-(0)-921-55-7471 Received: 6 November 2019; Accepted: 7 December 2019; Published: 12 December 2019 Abstract: The effect of different catalysts on reactive compatibilization of 50/50 polycarbonate (PC)/polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) blends achieved via transesterification that occurs during compounding in a twin-screw extruder was investigated on a phenomenological (optical and mechanical properties), mesoscopic (phase morphology), and molecular level (PC-graft(g)-PMMA-copolymer formation and polymer molecular weight degradation). Formation of PC-(g)-PMMA-copolymer by transesterification resulting in transparent mono-phase PC/PMMA blends with obviously improved compatibility of the two polymer constituents requires use of a suitable catalyst. As a side-effect, PC-(g)-PMMA-copolymer formation by transesterification is always accompanied by a significant simultaneous decomposition of the molecular weight (Mw) of the PC. For the first time, a colorless, transparent (mono-phase) PC/PMMA 50/50 blend was achieved by a twin-screw extrusion process that can be easily transferred into industrial scale. To achieve this milestone, 0.05 wt% of a weakly acidic phosphonium salt catalyst had to be applied.
    [Show full text]
  • Comment Response 7-1 7 0 Propose to Add References to AMAP Report 2012 on Effects of BC in the Arctic
    Expert Review Comments on the IPCC WGI AR5 First Order Draft -- Chapter 7 Comment Chapter From From To To No Page Line Page Line Comment Response 7-1 7 0 Propose to add references to AMAP report 2012 on effects of BC in the Arctic. AMAP, 2011. The Impact of reviewer needs to be specific as to where this fits. Black Carbon on Arctic Climate (2011). Quinn et al. Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP), Preference goes to peer-reviewed literature. Oslo. 72 pp. [Øyvind Christophersen, Norway] 7-2 7 0 This chapter is considerably improved from the ZOD, and I commend the authors for constructing a draft that We concur with these comments about the amounts is more balanced, better organized, covers most of the important issues, and is well written. That having been of detail in each section. We will try to address the said, there are still differences in approach and emphasis among the individual sections on clouds, aerosols, imbalances while at the same time reducing the and cloud-aerosol interactions. The chapter as a whole would benefit if these differences were reduced. The overall length as required by the TSU. clouds section, with one exception noted in a future comment, really focuses on the climatic effects of clouds and eschews detailed discussions of the cloud physics that leads to these climate effects, so much so that some of the more important science issues are ignored and others given short shrift. The aerosol section is just the opposite - it reads more like a review article in a journal than an IPCC report section, reviewing all the details of aerosol physics/chemistry, including many things that may or may not turn out to be significant in the future but which have not yet been demonstrated to be important to climate change.
    [Show full text]