Etnis Tionghoa: Pluralisme Dan Regulasi Birokrasi Di Indonesia

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Etnis Tionghoa: Pluralisme Dan Regulasi Birokrasi Di Indonesia ETNIS TIONGHOA: PLURALISME DAN REGULASI BIROKRASI DI INDONESIA A Maftuh Sujana, Eva Syarifah Wardah, Alfiah UIN Sultan Maulana Hasanuddin BANTEN [email protected], [email protected] ABSTRAK Artikel ini mencoba mengulas dan memberikan gambaran tentang kehidupan warga Indonesia yang leluhurnya dari Tionghoa ataupun peranakan. Selian itu juga di gambarkan kehidupan yang pluralis serta kebijakan yang melandasi sikap pluralis tersebut. Metode yang di gunakan dalam penelitian adalah metode sejarah, dengan empat tahap yakni Heuristik, Verifikasi, Intepretasi dan Historiografi. Hasil temuan menunjukkan bahwa warga minoritas Tionghoa di Indonesia terdapat dua kelompok yaitu Cina Peranakan dan Cina Totok. Tionghoa totok adalah orang asli Tionghoa yang berdarah murni Cina (totok Tionghoa), sedangkan cina peranakan adalah hasil percampuran antara warga Tionghoa Asli dengan penduduk tempatan. Perbedaan keduanya terletak pada bahasa yang digunakannya di rumah. Terdapat juga perbedaan-perbedaan dalam logat dan dialek, ucapan dalam kehidupan sosial budaya dan dalam corak pendidikan serta dalam adat istiadat lainnya. Perbedaan ini disebabkan oleh karena pengaruh dari lingkungan kehidupan masyarakatnya. Pluralitas ke Indonesiaan mulai tampak saat KH. Abdurahman Wahid sebagai Presiden menghapus politik asimilasi diskriminasi terhadap etnis Tionghoa dengan mengeluarkan Keputusan Presiden No. 6 Tahun 2000, dilandasi oleh pemikiran demokrasi KH. Abdurahman Wahid tidak sejalan dengan implementasi kebijakan yang diberlakukan pada masa Orde Baru. Keyword. Pluralisme, Tionghoa, Diskriminasi, Abdurahman Wahid. PENDAHULUAN Tionghoa di Indonesia sering membuat Indonesia merupakan negara yang etnis Tionghoa merasa didiskriminasikan, memiliki keragaman budaya, suku, terlebih pada saat diberlakukannya agama, ras dan golongan-golongan yang kebijakan asimilasi total oleh Presiden berujung pada kemajemukan. Soeharto. Sejatinya, kebijakan asimilasi Kemajemukan ini di dalamnya terdapat ini bertujuan meleburkan kebudayaan kelompok Tionghoa yang hidup bersama minoritas etnis Tionghoa dalam dengan masyarakat Indonesia lainnya. kebudayaan mayoritas masyarakat Keberadaan etnis Tionghoa di Indonesia pribumi ke dalam satu wadah yaitu dengan berbagai peranannya kurang Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia. diterima dengan baik oleh masyarakat Berbagai peraturan yang asimilatif telah pribumi sejak tahun 1930-an. Akibatnya ditetapkan dan dilaksanakan pada masa hubungan antara penduduk pribumi dan Orde Baru. Pada hakekatnya kebijakan etnis Tionghoa di Indonesia tidak terjalin asimilasi bertujuan menghapus tiga pilar dengan baik pula (Siska Yulia Nurda, dkk. utama kebudayaan Tionghoa yang terdiri tt : 3). Ketidak harmonisan yang terjalin atas media massa atau pers berbahasa antara masyarakat pribumi dan etnis Tionghoa sekolah-sekolah Tionghoa, dan 181 organisasi-organisasi Tionghoa. Masyarakat Tionghoa umumnya bingung, Penghilangan tiga pilar utama kalau bukan putus asa. Bahkan banyak kebudayaan Tionghoa ini merupakan yang bertanya-tanya apakah masih ada tindakan pemerintah yang diskriminatif tempat bagi etnis Tionghoa di Republik terhadap etnis Tionghoa. Indonesia ini (Leo,Suryadinata, 2010: 201). Kebijakan asimilasi dan politik diskriminan terhadap etnis Tionghoa di PEMBAHASAN Indonesia yang dilakukan oleh Presiden A. Awal Kedatangan Tionghoa di Soeharto mulai mengalami perubahan Indonesia pada masa Reformasi. Keberadaan etnis Sebelum berdirinya Negara yang Tionghoa di Indonesia mulai diakui dan diberi nama Indonesia ditanah Jawa, etnis diperhatikan kembali, terlebih pada masa Tionghoa sudah menginjakan kaki pemerintahan KH. Abdurahman Wahid. ditanah Jawa ini. Dari berbagai catatan Usaha KH. Abdurahman Wahid dalam sejarah para pedagang Tionghoa telah keberpihakannya terhadap kelompok datang kedaerah pesisir laut cina selatan minoritas, khususnya etnis Tionghoa sejak 300 tahun sebelum masehi, namun (yang dalam hal ini adalah menghapus catatan sejarah tertulis menunjukan diskriminasi), lebih diwujudkan ketika mereka datang ke Asia Tenggara lama KH. Abdurahman Wahid menjabat setelah itu (Abdullah Dahana, 2001: 54). sebagai presiden Republik Indonesia Beberapa catatan tertua ditulis oleh para tahun 1999-2001. agamawan, seperti Fa Hien pada abad ke- Etnis Tionghoa tidak dipaksakan 4 dan I Ching pada abad ke-7. Fa Hien lagi untuk berasimilasi total dengan melaporkan suatu kerajaan dijawa (“To lo penduduk pribumi, KH. Abdurahman mo”) dan I Ching ingin datang ke India Wahid berusaha membebaskan etnis untuk mempelajari agama Buddha dan Tionghoa di Indonesia dari kebijakan- singgah di Jawa untuk mempelajari kebijakan yang mendiskriminasikan bahasa sangsekerta. Di Jawa, I Ching keberadaan etnis Tionghoa. Etnis berguru pada seseorang yang bernama Tionghoa di Indonesia diperbolehkan Janabhadra (FX. Lilik Dwi M, : 2017: 1). untuk melakukan semua aktivitas Dalam catatan kuno Cina menyebutkan keagamaan, bahkan dibebaskan untuk bahwa kerajaan-kerajaan kuno Jawa mempertahankan identitas Tionghoanya sudah menjalin hubungan erat dengan (Siska Yulia Nurda, dkk, : 3). Tanggal 13- dinasti-dinasti yang berkuasa di Cina. 14 Mei 1998 adalah hari-hari yang Pada abad ke-14 ditemukan penting bagi etnis Tionghoa diIndonesia sumber yang menyatakan adanya karena, selama dua hari itu di Jakarta dan perkampungan orang Tionghoa islam di Solo terjadi kerusuhan anti Tionghoa muara sungai Brantas Kiri atau yang secara besar-besaran. Kaum minoritas ini sekarang disebut Kali Porong. Pada tidak mendapat perlindungan sama sekali awalnya mereka hanya tinggal beberapa dan teriakan mereka tidak didengar oleh waktu yang pendek selama masa penguasa. Peristiwa itu telah mengejutkan kunjungan perdagangan yang dilakukan masyarakat Tionghoa dan dunia dibeberapa kota pesisir. Namun melihat internasional. Mereka yang mampu telah kekayaan dan potensi tanah Jawa pada mengungsi keluar negeri, tetapi sebagian tahun-tahun berikutnya banyak etnis besar tetap berdiam di Indonesia. Tionghoa berdatangan dan menetap di 182 Jawa untuk memperoleh penghidupan stratifikasi sosial dalam catatan Ma Huan yang lebih baik dengan tujuan utamanya ketika dia mengunjungi ibu kota kerajaan adalah berdagang. Majapahit, Trowulan dalam armada Kedatangan mereka (etnis pelayaran Cheng Ho. Dalam catatannya Tionghoa) diterima dengan baik oleh terdapat tiga kelompk sosial disana yaitu warga pribumi, akulturasi yang berjalan (W.P. Groeneveldt, 2009: 63-69). antara dua kebudayaan tersebut berjalan a. Masyarakat muslim Huihui atau dengan baik. Bahkan karena para Huihui ren yang berasal dari barat perantau Tionghoa yang dating ke Jawa dan menetap disana. Disebutkan didominasi oleh kaum laki-laki orang- bahwa pakaian dan makanan orang tionghoa ini kemudian menikah mereka bersih dan layak (dalam dengan wanita-wanita pribumi. Banyak manuskrip asli Ma Huan yang diantara anak-anak mereka ini memeluk memakai aksara Cina jelas agama islam dan banyak diantara mereka disebutkan Huihui, sedangkan ini yang menikah dengan anak-anak dalam terjemahan Indonesia kata wanita dari keuarga kerajaan. Hal inilah ini dirubah maknanya yaitu yang menjadi salah satu jalan penyebara kelompok arab . padahal aksara agama Islam di Nusantara oleh orang- itu dikalangan arab adalah Ta orang Tionghoa. Kedekatan orang-orang Shih). Tionghoa dengan kerajaan yang berkuasa b. Masyarakat Tionghoa atau Tang pada saat itu diantaranya Majapahit abad ren yang berasal dari Guangdong, pada masa kekuasaan Hayam Wuruk Zhangzou,dan Quazhou. Mereka member banyak keuntungan, diantaranya adalah pelarian dari daerah muncul berbagai perlakuan istimewa asalnya dan menetap di ibu kota terhadap orang asing dengan memberikan kerajaan Majapahit. Pakaian dan kedudukan setara dengan pejabat dan makanan mereka sangat layak dan memberikan wewenang kepada orang- bagus. Mayoritas dari kelomok ini orang asing diantaranya orang-orang adalah beragama I slam dan Tionghoa (Adrian Perkasa, 2012: 47). Tak mengajarkan ajarannya. heran jika berbagai perlakuan istimewa c. Penduduk pribumi. Menurut Ma didapatkan oleh orang-orang Huan, kelompok ini sangat kotor Tionghoamkarena keberadaan mereka dan jelek. Tidak memakai alas bias dikatakan sangat berperan besar kaki dan makanan mereka tidak dalam perkembangan perekonomian layak namun banyak dari mereka ditanah Jawa, khususnya kemakmuran kaya dan menyukai barang mewah Majapahit. Orang-orang Tionghoa yang seperti porselen dari Cina. menetap di Jawa mengembangkan kota- Perbedaan antara raja dan rakyat kota pelabuhan penting di pantai utara sangat kentara seperti keratin raja seperti Gersik, Tuban dan Surabaya. yang megah sedangkan rumah Mereka adalah peoneers pertama dari tinggal penduduk hanya imigran-imigran Tionghoa ke Nan-Yang beralaskan jerami. (Lautan Selatan). Dalam catatan tersebut Namun dibalik keadaan Majapahit menunjukan bahwa kejayaan yang yang mencapai puncak kejayaannya pada diperoleh oleh kerajaan Majapahit tidak saat itu terdapat sebuah kondisi sepenuhnya dinikmati oleh rakyat 183 Majapahit yang masih hidup pada B. Cina Totok dan Cina Peranakan tingkatan sosial paling bawah dibawah Para pengamat minoritas Tionghoa bangsa asing yang mendiami tanah Jawa di Indonesia mengetahui bahwa ada dua ini. Kedudukan orang Tionghoa yang kelompok Tionghoa, yaitu Cina beragama islam dengan kemapanannya Peranakan dan Cina Totok, juga sangat berpengaruh terhadap pengelompokan itu kurang lebih penyebaran dan perkembangan ajaran merupakan akibat dari perbedaan tingkat islam di Majapahit. Karena dengan asimilasi mereka kedalam masyarakat kedudukan tersebut akan dengan mudah pribumi
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