> ’ movements The Orang Asli of In the eyes of the government, developers and investors, the Orang Asli (Malaysia’s Theme > indigenous peoples) are in the wrong time and place. Seen as lacking a sense of time, place Malaysia or history, they are deemed backward peoples in need of assistance. In other words, they ples are losing control of the forests. In resettle Orang Asli away from their forest should be modernised. Their purported nomadism is unsettling to the government, which the contest for resources, they are often bases and to open the land for exploita- advocates their sedentarisation to resolve the ‘problem’ of their frequent mobility. on the losing side (Nicholas 2000). tion.

A Semai village locat- During the ‘opening up’ of the country The Aboriginal Peoples Act (1974) per- ed along the Tapah- in the late nineteenth and early twenti- mits the Orang Asli to collect minor for- eth centuries, forests were treated as if est products but, under the Forestry Act Road they were weeds to be cleared, and trans- of 1935, the Forestry Department has formed into plantations and tin mines. regulatory rights. The Act requires After the Second World War, the Orang traders to obtain licences to purchase or Asli and their forest abodes became trade forest products and to pay levies strategically important in the fight and taxes on commodities. By such against communist insurgents, who means the Department can regulate mostly operated from jungle camps. The trading and control Orang Asli access to push for economic development accel- the forests. While Orang Asli are not per- erated the conversion of forests into mitted to collect forest products from plantations, mines and land develop- national parks, this restriction is not ments. The construction of roads and always enforced. As Colin Nicholas dams destroyed large tracts of forest (2000: 134), Director of the NGO Cen- and, with them, Orang Asli livelihoods. tre of Orang Asli Concerns has observed, Timber became an important export personnel of the Department of Wildlife bankrolling Malaysia’s development. and National Parks even act as middle- men in the trading of minor forest prod- Between logging and ucts gathered by Orang Asli from Taman preservation Negara National Park. Paradoxically, the growing middle class produced by Malaysia’s economic suc- It is more than the contest for resources cess began to clamour for the protection that concerns government officials. In an

courtesy of author of courtesy of forests and the creation of forest parks attempt to ban tourists from visiting an for recreation. The Orang Asli became an Orang Asli community in , By Alberto G. Gomes minorities but these are quickly stifled it has been in the open. The policy not obstacle to two conflicting interests: com- a government minister in 1997 by the ruling party, the United only facilitates Islamic conversion; it mercial logging and forest preservation. remarked, ‘Although it is natural for rang Asli land is coveted by pow- National Organisation (UMNO). When also prevents Orang Asli from convert- Their ‘shifting cultivation’ was deemed women of the tribe to live half naked in Oerful interests: for its timber and questioned by the media, Malaysia’s first ing to other religions, thus curtailing minerals, for conversion into oil palm Prime Minister Tunku Abdul Rahman their religious freedoms. Islamic con- the government has pursued a policy of assimilation or rubber plantations, golf courses, replied, ‘there is no doubt that the Malays version would mean the Orang Asli hydroelectric power installations, the were the indigenous peoples of this land would no longer have the wrong status to turn Orang Asli into Malay Muslims and, in the International Airport and because the original inhabitants did not as indigenous peoples. However, for process, eradicate the category of aboriginal peoples in development projects to benefit the have any form of civilisation compared resource managers, particularly forestry Malay majority population. The reasons with the Malays…and instead lived like managers, many Orang Asli are still in Malaysia behind Orang Asli relocation or dis- primitives in mountains and thick jun- the wrong place. placement are often concealed from the gle’ (Nicholas 2000: 90). wasteful and damaging to forests and the village, their photographs may give a public eye. Instead, for the Orang Asli, Forest dwellers resources. This perception was not new; wrong impression that Malays here are displacement is called development. There is no doubt that Orang Asli ances- Evidence suggests that, in the first mil- in 1958, the Chief Forester blamed Orang dressed in that manner’ (Nicholas, 2000, Government policies aim to draw them tors settled on the ‘Malay’ Peninsula lenium AD, the Orang Asli were the pri- Asli shifting cultivation for the destruc- p.134). One may conclude that the Orang into ‘the mainstream of society’, into the long before the predecessors of con- mary suppliers of forest products such as tion of valuable forest resources and rec- Asli are not only in the wrong place and ‘right’ place and time. temporary Malays. However, prior set- , bamboo, resins, ivory, and other ommended that ‘it would be foolhardy to time, they are, in their marginal position, tlement does not accord the descendants animal parts in the maritime trade that jeopardise the future of a nation by “pre- also a wrong people in Malaysia. < Labels political privileges. The musings of the linked to markets in serving” a way of life for 50,000 people… The ethnic label Orang Asli, meaning former Prime Minister, Dr Mahathir China, and the Middle East (Gomes when an opportunity, as a result of the References ‘natural people’ in Malay, replaced the Mohamad, are revealing: ‘Aborigines are 2004: 2). Due to the settlement and Emergency, exists today to start settling - Benjamin, Geoffrey, 1985. ‘In the Long term ‘aborigines’ used by the British found in Australia, Taiwan and encroachment of other peoples and inter- them permanently’. Such sentiments Term: Three Themes in Malayan Cultural colonial administration. Orang Asli Japan…but nowhere are they regarded ests onto their territories, Orang Asli peo- have spurred the government’s push to Ecology’ in Hutterer, Karl and Terry Rambo, refers to the indigenous peoples of as the definitive people of the country eds., Cultural Values and Tropical Ecology in who are not Malay concerned. The definitive people are Southeast Asia. Ann Arbor: University of Muslims, Malaysia’s main ethnic group. those who set up the first govern- Michigan. The Orang Asli, together with the Malays ments…. In Malaya, the Malays without - Dentan, Robert, Kirk Endicott, Alberto and indigenous peoples of and doubt formed the first effective govern- Gomes, and Barry Hooker, 1997. Malaysia , form the category of ments…. The Orang Melayu or Malays and the Original People: A Case Study of the known as (‘sons have always been the definitive people Impact of Development on Indigenous Peoples. of the soil’) who make up 65.1 per cent of the .’ (Dentan et al Needham Heights, MA: Allyn and Bacon. of the population; the rest is of Chinese 1997: 21-22) While the argument may - Gomes, Alberto G., 2004. Looking for or Indian descent (http://www.statis- explain Malay rule, it does not resolve Money: Capitalism and Modernity in an tics.gov.my/English/pressdemo.htm). the problem of the existence of a group Orang Asli Village. Subang Jaya, Malaysia The Orang Asli comprise 0.5 per cent of of people who can be considered more and Melbourne: Center for Orang Asli Con- the population (Nicholas 2000:3) and indigenous than the Malays. cerns and Trans Pacific Press. are conventionally divided into eighteen - Nicholas, Colin, 2000. The Orang Asli and ethno-linguistic subgroups. Assimilation the Contest for Resources: Indigenous Poli- To solve this problem, the government tics, Development and Identity in Peninsular Both ethno-labels – bumiputera and has pursued a policy of assimilation to Malaysia. Copenhagen: International Work Orang Asli – imply indigeneity; Malays turn Orang Asli into Malay Muslims Group for Indigenous Affairs; Subang Jaya, are classified as bumiputera but not as and, in the process, eradicate the cate- Malaysia: Centre for Orang Asli Concerns. Orang Asli. In the eyes of non-Malay cit- gory of aboriginal peoples in Malaysia. izens, recognition of an aboriginal peo- In a recent policy statement, the gov- Alberto G. Gomes is Senior Lecturer at the ple weakens the Malay claim to indige- ernment announced its strategy ‘to School of Social Sciences at La Trobe Uni- nous status. Such views are not increase efforts at introducing a value versity, Australia and has conducted research expressed openly, however; Malaysian system based on for the integra- on the Orang Asli since 1976. He has just law prohibits public discussion of the tion of the Orang Asli with the wider completed the manuscript Settling the For- issue of indigenous status, which is con- society in general and Malays in partic- est ‘’: Modernity and the sidered seditious. Occasionally, opposi- ular’ (Nicholas 2000: 98). Such a poli- of Malaysia, forthcoming from Routledge- tion politicians raise questions about cy was tacitly adhered to in earlier days Orang Asli Groups Curzon.

indigeneity and rights of indigenous of government intervention; since 1993 and Locations 1985 Benjamin Source: [email protected]

10 IIAS Newsletter | #35 | November 2004