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Ten Years After the Leipzig Charter Ten years after the Leipzig Charter The enduring relevance of integrated urban development in Europe Ten years after the Leipzig Charter The enduring relevance of integrated urban development in Europe Imprint Published by Federal Institute for Research on Building, Urban Affairs and Spatial Development (BBSR) within the Federal Office for Building and Regional Planning (BBR), Bonn Deichmanns Aue 31–37 53179 Bonn Scientific support Federal Institute for Research on Building, Urban Affairs and Spatial Development (BBSR) Department I 2 – Urban Development Dr. Marion Klemme [email protected] Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety (BMUB) Department SW I 1 – General Issues of Urban Development Policy, BBSR Tilman Buchholz Research contractor European Urban Knowledge Network (EUKN), The Hague Direction: Mart Grisel, Dr. Sjoerdje van Heerden Edited by: Dr. Sjoerdje van Heerden, Lea Scheurer Edited by Kate Elliott Status May 2017 Typesetting and layout Sander Pinkse Boekproductie, Amsterdam Production Warden Press/Wardy Poelstra, Amsterdam Printed by Printforce, Alphen a/d Rijn Orders from [email protected] Stichwort: Ten years after the Leipzig Charter Picture credits Cover: Mart Grisel Bundesregierung/Sandra Steins: p. 3; mapchart.net: p. 23, 29, 34; Stuart Acker Holt: p. 24, 30; Gijs Wilbers: p. 35; Mario Roberto Durán Ortiz: p. 68; Pexels/@little boy: p. 70; commons.wikimedia.org/Palava City: p. 71; commons.wikimedia.org/Andres de Wet: p. 73; Mart Grisel: p. 74, 80 Reprint and copying All rights reserved Reprint allowed with detailed reference only. Please send us two sample copies. The contents of this report reflect the views of the author and do not necessarily represent the views of the publisher. ISBN 978-3-87994-201-5 Bonn 2017 Message from the Minister Ten years ago, the EU Member States agreed on the Leipzig Charter, a basic document on integrated urban development. Since then, the challenges for our cities and societies have grown further. Every- where in Europe we are facing challenges, such as climate change, digitalisation, globalisation, the integration of immigrants and the strengthening of social cohesion. In order to cope with these tasks, not only con- sistent and coordinated solutions across all gov- ernmental levels are necessary. Participation of all groups in the city is also needed. With this claim, the Leipzig Charter specifically focused on socially and economically disadvantaged neighbourhoods already in 2007. The present report “Ten years after the Leipzig Char- ter” investigates in what way urban policy has been designed in an integrated and holistic fashion in various European and some extra- European coun- tries in recent years. Anticipating the German Pres- idency of the Council of the EU in 2020, the study also Photo: Federal Government/Sandra Steins serves to reflect upon the future of integrated urban development in Europe. This study shall provide enriching insights to all readers and shall contribute to the efforts to main- This report’s findings show that, by now, integrat- tain European cities as thriving, inclusive and hab- ed and participative urban development policy itable places. according to the Leipzig Charter prevail all over Europe and at local and regional levels in particu- lar. This report fuels the debate around the Urban Agenda for the EU, established with the Pact of Amsterdam in May 2016. Building upon the lega- cy of the Leipzig Charter will be of key importance Dr. Barbara Hendricks with regard to European structural policy after 2020. Federal Minister for the Environment, Nature Con- servation, Building and Nuclear Safety Table of contents Introduction . 8 1 The Leipzig Charter.........................................................................9 2 An integrated approach to a sustainable urban future .........................................11 3 Ten years after the Leipzig Charter – European policy developments . 13 4 Modern-day urban challenges..............................................................15 5 Methodological approach..................................................................18 6 Integrated urban development in the national practice ........................................20 7 Integrated urban (district) development in Brazil, China, India, South Afrika and the USA ..........69 8 Discussion and conclusion.................................................................79 References.................................................................................84 8 Ten years after the Leipzig Charter Introduction In 2007, the Leipzig Charter on Sustainable Europe- The overarching objective of the study is to take an Cities brought a great deal of political attention stock of the importance of integrated urban de- to integrated approaches to urban development. In velopment policies and concomitant governance 2012, the study “5 Years after the LEIPZIG CHARTER arrangements, coordination mechanisms and – Integrated Urban Development as a Prerequisite financing instruments in view of current, mod- for a Sustainable City” concluded that integrated, ern-day urban challenges and the most recent area based strategies of urban development con- European political developments. A tailor-made tinue to play a prominent role in Western Europe expert survey served as the main tool for data col- while gaining importance in Central and Eastern lection. This survey was distributed among public Europe. In 2017, marking the tenth anniversary of servants working in the national ministries and de- the Leipzig Charter, it is time to analyse and re-as- partments responsible for urban policy. Additional sess the state of integrated urban development in analyses were performed based on desk research. Europe. The content of the report is structured as follows: The present study, which was carried out by the the first chapter discusses the key aspects of the European Urban Knowledge Network (EUKN) and Leipzig Charter, which have not lost their relevance. commissioned by the German Federal Institute Chapter 2 further elaborates on the integrated ap- for Research on Building, Urban Affairs and Spa- proach establishing the core theme of the Leipzig tial Development (BBSR), examines the extent to Charter. The third chapter lists the outcomes of EU which the principles of the Leipzig Charter have Presidencies related to integrated and sustain- been applied during the period from 2012 to 2016. able urban development, culminating in the Urban To this end, thirty-five countries from the European Agenda for the EU in 2016. Following a discussion continent have been studied. In addition, analyses of pressing urban challenges in chapter 4, chapter of national urban policies in five countries outside 5 describes the methodological approach of the Europe – Brazil, China, India, South Africa and the study. Subsequently, chapter 6 analyses the state United States of America – put the ideas of the of integrated urban development across European Leipzig Charter into a wider geographical context. countries, further illustrated by three case studies. Also, three case studies were conducted, illustrat- What follows is a contextualisation of the European ing the practical implementation of an integrated approaches by describing urban development pol- approach to urban development in the cities of Brno icy challenges and solutions in Brazil, China, India, (Czech Republic), Brussels (Belgium) and Vantaa South Africa and the United States of America in (Finland). chapter 7. Finally, the concluding chapter 8 sum- marises the main findings of the report at a glance. The Leipzig Charter 9 1 The Leipzig Charter "Living in cities is becoming increasingly popular. This is a positive development, and one that we have to boost. Families are returning from the urban fringe and rural hinterland to the inner cities. Urbanity is becoming a hallmark of quality. … Europe’s cities are currently experiencing a renaissance, and policy- makers have to shape this renaissance. It will usher in a new phase of urban development." Wolfgang Tiefensee, German EU Council President, 2007 On 24 and 25 May 2007, the EU Ministers responsi- of expert knowledge for support. A systematic and ble for urban development gathered in Leipzig for structured exchange of experience across geo- the Informal Ministerial Meeting on Urban Devel- graphical and sectoral boundaries can help de- opment and Territorial Cohesion. The outcome of velop the necessary skills to implement integrated this meeting was the signing of the Leipzig Char- urban development policies on all levels, and es- ter on Sustainable European Cities. In this political pecially locally (idem). document, all Member States commit to adopt and strengthen an integrated approach to urban de- The Leipzig Charter specifically emphasises the velopment, marking a new era in EU urban policy. ability of the integrated approach to congregate The Charter presents two key principles for pol- and unite different interests of the parties involved. icy-makers to advance the sustainable develop- Building a consensus among administrative levels, ment of cities: 1) to make greater use of integrated the citizenry and businesses is a step further to- urban development policy approaches, and 2) to wards a successful policy. The coordination should give special attention to deprived neighbourhoods also be applied to funding schemes. At a time of within the context of the city as a whole. budgetary constraints and fiscal belt-tightening
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