Gori Temple, District Tharparkar, Sindh “Disaster risk reduction has been a part of USAID’s work for decades. ……..we strive to do so in ways that better assess the threat of hazards, reduce losses, and ultimately protect and save more people during the next disaster.” Kasey Channell, Acting Director of the Disaster Response and Mitigation Division of USAID’s Office of U.S. Foreign Disas ter Ass istance (OFDA)

PAKISTAN EMERGENCY SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS

District Tharparkar May 2014

“Disasters can be seen as often as predictable events, requiring forward planning which is integrated in to broader de velopment programs.” Helen Clark, UNDP Administrator, Bureau of Crisis Preven on and Recovery. Annual Report 2011

Credits iMMAP has been providing Information Management [IM] and Disaster Risk Reduction [DRR] capacity building services in Pakistan since 2010. Based on our lessons learned, while interacting with thousands of humanitarian partners and government officials, both national and international; we believe that the following are 7 basic requirements to improve Disaster Response and Management life cycle:

1. Information Management [IM] is a must for effective disaster response and monitoring; 2. Coordination among all stakeholders [both national and international] is of utmost importance to reduce redundancy and duplication in such critical situations – going beyond clusters and getting connected with local community representatives; 3. Appropriate logistic arrangements are critical for humanitarian relief and mitigation. However, it must be born in mind that logistic requirements drastically vary from disaster to disaster, based on its time, geography, and nature; 4. Disasters and Development are intimately connected. Its important that all disaster responders are aware of the long term implications of their actions of relief and early recovery; 5. It is important that we, as disaster responders, take full responsibility of self-accountability and transparency not only to the satisfaction of the government officials but the general public as well. Not-for-profit sector must be driven by a cause! 6. National, Regional, and International Public/ Private Partnerships [PPP] is the only way to implement sustainable Disaster Risk Management [DRM] measures; 7. Media must be integrated in our response efforts. This vastly helps to disseminate the right information, minimize duplication of efforts, and make all stakeholders aware of your organization’s input/activities.

Pakistan Emergency Situation Analysis [PESA] is a series of District Profiles (DP), which is developed with the above-mentioned 7 basic requirements in focus. PESA DPs are one of the most effective iMMAP IM services in Pakistan, which directly contribute to thousands of humanitarian relief providers’ effective emergency response and disaster management.

I can not conclude this note without thanking iMMAP Pakistan team that has contributed tirelessly, under extreme emergency pressure, to consistently deliver their best on time, during the 2010, 2011, 2012, and 2013 floods, 2013 earthquake in Balochistan, and the most recent drought emergency in Tharparkar, Sindh during 2014.

I particularly wish to express my great appreciation and thanks to my mentors, colleagues, and friends Mr. Fayyaz Ali Khan and Ms. Kathrin Lauer for their continuous feedback and reflection on the profiles quality. At many times, I parked their feedback, due to the time constraints of the service we have been trying to deliver. However, their feedback have always been valued and appreciated. Mr. Naeem Ahmad, being the M&E professional, has proven himself to be a gem for iMMAP. I also appreciate the efforts of other staff members who have been with us in the past and many new faces that joined iMMAP recently for their work with an exceptional dedication. This includes: Farooq Laghari, Qassim Jan, Sumbal Kazmi, Salman Mulk, Zohaib Fazal, Hadya Ali, Dr. Ahmad Ali Malik, Fatima Gillani, Fatima Ali, Laraib Malik, Zeeshan Ahmad, Sarfaraz Meher Din, Muhammad Javed Iqbal, Muneeb Muzamil, Mahwish Muzamil, Tariq Sardar, Wajid Ali, and last but not the least Nouman Ali, our amazingly skilled graphic designer.

Mehdi Bokhari PESA Project Director

Disclaimer

iMMAP Pakistan is pleased to publish this district profile. The purpose of this profile is to promote public awareness, welfare, and safety while providing community and other related stakeholders, access to vital information for enhancing their disaster mitigation and response efforts.

While iMMAP team has tried its best to provide proper source of information and ensure consistency in analyses within the given time limits; iMMAP shall not be held responsible for any inaccuracies that may be encountered. In any situation where the Official Public Records differs from the information provided in this district profile, the Official Public Records should take as precedence.

iMMAP disclaims any responsibility and makes no representations or warranties as to the quality, accuracy, content, or completeness of any information contained in this report. Final assessment of accuracy and reliability of information is the responsibility of the user.

iMMAP shall not be liable for damages of any nature whatsoever resulting from the use or misuse of information contained in this report. The user agrees to indemnify and hold harmless iMMAP and anyone involved in storing, retrieving, or displaying this information for any damage of any type that may be caused by using this information.

The terms used and the maps presented in this profile do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of iMMAP and USAID concerning the legal status and the area of any administrative unit or its authorities.

NOTE: This district profile is a live document and it will continue to improve based on its users feedb ack and upon availability of more accurate and authenticated sources as and when they become available. It’s not always possible to publish these profiles in hardcopy format; however iMMAP will ensure that these updates are made available on DRR Pakistan Information Management Portal. For updated version of following profile, please visit www.drrpakistan.pk/pesa.

Any questions/ comments concerning information presented in this report can be addressed to:

iMMAP Pakistan Services Desk H.# 25, College Road, F-7/2, Islamabad, Pakistan Tel: +92.51.835.0755 eMail: [email protected]

Foreword Timely response to a disaster may save precious human lives and reduce economic costs. However, natural disasters, typically, occur unexpectedly. Consequently, in most cases, the afflicted population lacks the necessary tools and capacity to handle such tragic occurrences and the devastation is manifold more than it should be.

“Before the next disaster hits, now is the time to recommit to making smart investments that save lives, property, and money. Whether at home or abroad, measures to improve response, increase disaster management capacity, plan and prepare, can have dramatic dividends.” (Kasey Channell: Acting Director of the Disaster Response Team for USAID’s Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance.) It is so true, as preparation for unexpected calamities is a tough task. However, if certain precautions are taken, they might lessen the overall damage. This series of district profiles, prepared by iMMAP and funded by USAID, is one such effort to enhance Government of Pakistan, humanitarian organizations and all other stakeholders’ efforts towards rapid needs assessment, disaster response and mitigation.

These profiles are divided into four sections namely background information, disaster history and its impact, hazard vulnerability and capacity assessment (HVCA) and coordination and support services.Background information provides an overview of history, geography, culture, and communication infrastructure. It also provides detailed analyses of demography, livelihood, food security, health and education. The second section provides detailed history of disasters in the district; information about losses and damages; and gap analyses of above mentioned sectors. HVCA section provides detailed analyses of district hazards, vulnerabilities and capacities that exist in the local community. Coordination and support services section gives information on whom to contact in emergency/disaster situations. The motivation stems from the idea that at the time of disaster all the stakeholders in general and the donors and disaster managers in particular can have a fair idea of what to expect and how to prepare for. It is expected that this contribution of USAID and iMMAP would lead to a well-coordinated and coherent response by different humanitarian organizations on managing similar disasters.

Having stated the above, it is very candidly admitted that these profiles are by no means exhaustive and in fact require a lot more input to qualify these as good enough documents for disaster preparedness. However, these are live documents and would be improved upon as and when required. There appears to be an element of repetition, which is owed to the fact that while these documents depict the district profiles in normal circumstances, the same then provide a detail account of the impact of the 2010/2011 floods, the assistance provided by the government and the humanitarian organizations and the remaining gaps. Due to time and resources constraints, the information provided in these profiles is mainly base on secondary source data. Depending on the end users’ response and funding availability, this exercise would be extended to other districts of the country.

Major (Retd) Tahir Iqbal Chairman iMMAP Pakistan Ex-Federal Minister

Table of Contents District at a Glance ...... i Abbreviations ...... iii 1 Background Information ...... 1 1.1 Introduction...... 1 1.1.1 History ...... 1 1.1.2 Geography ...... 2 1.1.3 Culture (Ethnicity, Religion and Politics) ...... 2 1.1.4 Administrative Division ...... 3 1.1.5 Road Network Infrastructure ...... 3 1.1.6 Irrigation...... 4 1.1.7 Access to Drinking Water ...... 6 1.1.8 Solid Waste Management ...... 8 1.2 Demography ...... 9 1.2.1 Population Characteristics ...... 9 1.2.2 Population Growth Pattern ...... 10 1.2.3 Population Distribution by Age and Gender ...... 10 1.2.4 Dependent Population ...... 10 1.3 Livelihood ...... 13 1.3.1 Main Sources of Livelihood/Income ...... 13 1.3.2 Agriculture ...... 14 1.3.3 Industry ...... 15 1.3.4 Livestock ...... 15 1.3.5 Fisheries ...... 16 1.4 Food Security ...... 17 1.4.1 Availability ...... 17 1.4.2 Access ...... 18 1.4.3 Utilization ...... 18 1.5 Health and Immunization ...... 20 1.5.1 Health Facilities ...... 20 1.5.2 Immunization ...... 20 1.6 Education ...... 22 1.6.1 Highlights ...... 22 1.6.2 District School Enrolment Ratio ...... 22 1.6.3 Gender and Level Wise Details ...... 23

2 Disaster History and Its Impact ...... 26 2.1 Disaster in District ...... 26 2.1.1 Disaster History ...... 26 2.1.2 Impact of Disaster on Demography ...... 29 2.1.3 Impact of Disaster on Livelihood & Agriculture ...... 30 2.1.4 Analysis of Food Security Situation ...... 30 2.1.5 Impact of Disaster on Health ...... 31 2.1.6 Impact of Disaster on Education ...... 32 2.1.7 Drought 2013-14 ...... 32 3 Hazard Vulnerability and Capacity Analysis ...... 34 3.1 Hazard Vulnerability and Capacity Analysis ...... 34 3.1.1 Hazard ...... 34 3.1.2 Vulnerability ...... 35 3.1.3 Capacity ...... 38 4 Sectoral DRR Mitigation Measures ...... 42 4.1 Education ...... 42 4.2 Health ...... 42 4.3 Livelihood ...... 43 4.4 Infrastructure ...... 43 4.5 WASH ...... 43 4.6 Food ...... 44 4.7 Government and Humanitarian Sectors ...... 44 5 Coordination and Support Services ...... 45 5.1 Important Contacts ...... 45 5.1.1 Departmental Focal Points ...... 45 5.1.2 Emergency Response ...... 45 5.1.3 List of NGOs Working in District Tharparkar ...... 46 5.2 Health Facilities ...... 47

List of Tables Table 1.1.1: Administrative Division of District Tharparkar 3 Table 1.1.2: Mouzas Reporting Sources of Irrigation 4 Table 1.1.3: Water Delivery System in District Tharparkar 6 Table 1.2.1: Estimated Population of District for 2013 9 Table 1.2.2: Population Details by Taluka 11 Table 1.2.3: 2013 Population by UCs (DCO Office Tharparkar) 11 Table 1.3.1: Number of Mouzas Reporting Sources of Employment 13 Table 1.3.2: Land Utilization Statistics of District Tharparkar (000 Hectares) 14 Table 1.3.3: Livestock in District Tharparkar 15 Table 1.4.1: Number of Mouza Reporting Major Crops 17 Table 1.4.2: Distance of Mouzas from Wholesale Markets 18 Table 1.4.3: Percentage Distribution of HH by Source of Drinking Water 19 Table 1.4.4: Percentage Distribution of HH by Type of Toilet 19 Table 1.5.1: Number of Health Facilities by Type 20 Table 1.6.1: Gross and Net Enrolment Rates by Gender and Locality at Different Levels 22 Table 1.6.2: Enrolment and Educational Facilities by level and Gender 24 Table 2.1.1: Summary of Losses and Damages in Floods/Rains 2011 29 Table 2.1.2: Summary of Losses and Damages by Taluka 29 Table 2.1.3: Crop Loss and Area Damaged Due to Floods/rains 2011 30 Table 2.1.4: Availability stock of Medicine, Equipment, Consumables and Vaccines 31 Table 2.1.5: Losses and Damages of Tharparkar for Drought 2013-14 33 Table 2.1.6: Relief Items distributed in Tharparkar 33

List of Maps 1: Reference Map ii 2: Irrigation System Map 5 3: Tharparkar Surface Fresh Water Availability Map 7 4: Population Density Map 12 5: Health Facilities Map 21 6: Education Facility Map 25 7: Tharparkar Hazard Map 27 8: Tharparkar Village Accessibility Map 28

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DAHLI SENGARIO DAHLI KHENSAR CHACHRO LAPLO RAJORO MITHRIO CHARAN HIRAR ISLAMKOT SHAH PARNO KHARIO GHULAM JOBAR PIRANO KOT ISLAM CHACHRO ReferenceMap WEJHIAR T h a r p a r k a r T h a r p a r k a r March, March, 2014 MANJHOOTI BHATTI MITHRIO RAVINA KANTIO MALAMBO SINDH Pakistan MITHI CHELHAR MITHI U m e r k o t U m e r k o t Tharparkar - JHARMARIO JURUO DIPLO S a n g h a r S a n g h a r MAHERANO DABHARO KHETLARI DIPLO BHATARO KALOI BOLHARI M i r p u r k h a s M i r p u r k h a s B a d i n B a d i n iii Abbreviations ACO Agriculture Census Organization BHU Basic Health Unit CD/GD Civil Dispensary/Government Dispensary CFW Cash For Work DCR District Census Report DDRMP District Disaster Risk Management Plan ECP Election Commission of Pakistan FAO Food and Agricultural Organization GER Gross Enrolment Rate GOS Government of Sindh HH Household NADRA National Database and Registration Authority NDMA National Disaster Management Authority NDP National Drainage Program NER Net Enrolment Rate NFIs Non-Food Items NGO Non-Governmental Organization NHA National Highway Authority PBS Pakistan Bureau of Statistics PCO Population Census Organization PDMA Provincial Disaster Management Authority PLW Pregnant and Lactating Women PSLM Pakistan Social and Living Standard Measurement Survey RHC Rural Health Centre RSU Reform Support Unit SDPI Sustainable Development Policy Institute SMCs School Member Committees SUPARCO Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission UC Union Council UNICEF United Nations Children's Fund UNOCHA United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs WFP World Food Program WHO World Health Organization

DISTRICT THARPARKAR 1

1 Background Information 1.1Introduction

1.1.1 History This region is part of the great Thar Desert, which is spread over parts of India and Pakistan. Most of the Thar Desert lies in the Indian state of Rajhastan and is extended till Haryana and Gujarat. In Pakistan, this desert lies on the eastern border of Sindh Province and is extended till southeastern parts of the Punjab where it joins the Cholistan desert. District Tharparkar is one of the major parts of this desert area in Sindh. The origin of Thar Desert is controversial as many historians have given different account about its origin. Some of the historical references state that previously this region was fertile and it turned into a desert during 2000 to 1500 BC. At that time, a river used to flow in this region, which was a water source for the Indus Valley Civilization. Some historians believe that this is the same river called Sarasvati, one of the main rivers mentioned in Hindi text. The region has also been discussed in the Hindu Mythology, Ramayana, where it is called Lavanasagara that means salt ocean. After the fall of the Indus Civilization, Sindh was ruled by different dynasties, including the Soomras (1024-1351), the Summas (1335-1520), the Arghuns (1520-1650), the Kalhoras (1657- 1783) and the Talpurs (1783-1843). However, these rulers focused on the central and western parts of Sindh and the areas along the eastern boundaries, comprising of Tharparkar, were neglected. When Britain invaded the subcontinent, General Charles Napier, a commander in the British Army, defeated the Talpur dynasty and conquered Sindh in 1843. General Charles Napier was appointed as the first Governor General of Sindh. He made Tharparkar a part of Hyderabad. In 1860, this region was named as “Eastern Sindh Frontier” with its headquarters at UmerKot. In 1882, the British government divided the province into different administrative units and assigned to Zamindars (landlords) to collect taxes for the British government. Umerkot was given the status of district under this promulgation. In 1906, the headquarters of this district was shifted from Umerkot to Mirpurkhas1. In 1990, this district was split into two districts named “Thar” and Mirpurkhas. In 1994, Umerkot was carved out of Thar and was given the status of a district. Now district Tharparkar consists of the areas of Thar Desert. District Tharparkar is one of the most underdeveloped districts of Pakistan as it has been ranked, in Human Development Index, as the lowest among all the districts

1 District Tharparkar, District Disaster Risk Management Plan, (2009), Provincial Disaster Management Authority, Government of Sindh, pp.17

BACKGROUND INFORMATION 2 1.1.2 Geography District Tharparkar lies in 690 3” 35’ to 710 7” 47’ east longitudes and 240 9’ 35” to 250 43’ 6” north latitudes. This district is bounded by India on the East, Rann of Kuch on the South, district Umerkot on the north and district Badin and Mirpurkhas on the west.

The district is mostly deserted and consists of barren tracts of sand dunes covered with thorny shrubs. Since the district is a desert, sweet water is scarce and is available only in some areas of Nagarparkar and Chachro while, in rest of the areas, people consume brackish water. The taluka of Nagarparkar is relatively fertile.

The district has a tropical desert climate. In the summers, it is extremely hot during the day, but nights are remarkably cooler. April, May and June are the hottest months and December, January and February are the coldest months. The mean maximum and minimum temperature during winter is 28°C and 9°C respectively. There are wide fluctuations in the amount of rainfall from year to year and the yearly average for some areas is as low as 100 mm. Most of the rain falls between July and September, during the south-west monsoon.

1.1.3 Culture (Ethnicity, Religion and Politics)

This district shares its boundaries with three different cultures i.e., it touches Sindh on the west, Rajhistan on the East and Gujarat on the south-east. Hence, this district has a unique cultural amalgamation but the Rajhistani culture dominates among all. Thari music seems to be more inspired by the Rajhistani music traditions but with its own rhythm and colors. Women usually wear Shalwar Qameez but women belonging to the Hindu communities dress in the traditional attire, Ghaghra or Parro. Traditionally, women wear bangles. Men usually wear a Shalwar Qameez distinguished by broader bottoms, and a traditional Sindhi style cap.

Majority of this district’s residents are Thari speaking but Sindhi and Marwari are also common languages of the district. Besides, Urdu is spoken and understood in the city areas of Mithi and Islamkot. This district has a huge population of Hindu community. The scheduled castes of Meghwar and Bhil are the largest Hindu tribes living in this district. Muslims constitute 59.4% of the population while Hindus are 40.6% of the total population. Major muslim clans of this district are Arbabs, Syeds, Soomras, Samejos, Halepotas, Panhwars, Samas, Memons, Dal, Khosas and Rinds. Major Hindo clans of this district are Brahman, Lohana, Malhi, Rajputs, Khatri, Bheel, Menghwar and Kolhi.

Arbab family is strong political elite of this district. Arbab Ghulam Rahim, former chief minister of Sindh, belong to this district. Pakistan People’s Party (PPP) is trying to make inroads in to the district’s politics but have yet to succeed. This district is represented by two national assembly and four provincial assembly seats. In the last general election, the Arbab family won most of the national and provincial assembly seats of this district.

DISTRICT THARPARKAR 3 1.1.4 Administrative Division District Tharparkar has its district headquarters at Mithi city. This district has four talukas, named: Nagarparkar, Chachro, Mithi and Diplo. It has 44 union councils and 166 mouzas (revenue village). Out of these mouzas, 157 are rural, 3 are urban, and 6 are partly urban mouzas.

Table 1.1.1: Administrative Division of District Tharparkar

Kanungo Number of Mouzas Patwar Circles/ Tharparkar Circles/ Supervisory Partly Un- Tapas Total Rural Urban Forest Tapas urban populated Tharparkar District 18 45 166 157 3 6 - - Nagarparkar Taluka 4 10 38 36 1 1 - - Chachro Taluka 6 16 40 38 - 2 - - Mithi Taluka 5 10 46 43 2 1 - - Diplo Taluka 3 9 42 40 - 2 - - Source: Mouza Statistics of Sindh 2008, Agriculture Census Organization Recently, the administrative changes have been brought in the district and district is divided in to 6 tehsils with 48 UCs. Two more tehsils are added namely Islamkot and Dahli. 1.1.5 Road Network Infrastructure Road network is considered as a vehicle for economic development and social change. Efficient road network not only develops a quick and efficient transportation system but also opens up new areas hitherto remained closed. It brings about social integration among rural and urban sectors and greatly assists in providing access to basic needs such as education, health facilities, etc. It brings rural areas in constant touch with urban segment of a society and creates better understanding necessary for social change and political awareness. Tharparkar district covers an area of 19,638 sq. kilometers yet it has only 743 kilometers of good quality roads, which are inadequate for the area and its population2. A Highway connects Tharparkar with other major cities of the province. The district headquarters Mithi is linked with its taluka headquarters of Diplo, Nagarparkar, Chachro through metaled roads. Other important road links in Tharparkar district are given as under:

x Road from Karachi to Mithi via Thatta / Badin, 300 km x Road from Karachi to Mithi via Hyderabad / Mirpurkhas, 400 km x Road from Karachi to Mithi via Mirpurkhas / Umerkot, 425 km x Road from Mithi to Nangerparkar, 150 km x Road from Mithi to Badin 100 km x Road from Mithi to Naukot 50 km x Road from Mithi to Umerkot 85 km

2 Sindh Development Statistics, (2008), Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS), pp.262

BACKGROUND INFORMATION 4

1.1.6 Irrigation Since the whole district is desert like, there is no regular irrigation system. The total cultivated area of the district is 759,000 hectares out of which only 1.6% (12,144 hectares) is irrigated through canal in Diplo Taluka. However, the monsoon rains play important role in the irrigation of lands. In case of receiving heavy rainfall in monsoon, the desert gets sparse vegetation. Some of the areas in Nagarparkar and Mithi, where tube well irrigation is common, have green fields in. But the overall irrigation structure is poor with no canals or rivers. As the table 1.1.2 shows, majority of the mouzas are arid and depend on the rainfall. Out of the 163 rural mouzas; 158 (97%) are arid and 64 (39%) are irrigated through tube wells. There is no canal/river irrigation in this district. The main canal that contributes to the irrigation of Diplo taluka is Ran Distributory of Naukot branch of Nara Canal.

Table 1.1.2: Mouzas Reporting Sources of Irrigation

NUMBERS OF MOUZAS REPORTING SOURCE OF IRRIGATION RURAL SPRING/S FLOODI ADMINISTRATIVE UNIT POPULATE TUBEWELL RAVI ARID(BA CANAL RIVER TREAM/K NG/TOR D MOUZAS /WELL NE RANI) AREZ RENT Tharparkar Number 163 7 - 64 2 - 158 - District Percent 100 4 39 1 97 Nagarparkar Number 37 - - 25 1 - 37 - Taluka Percent 100 68 3 100 Number 40 - - 26 - - 40 - Chachro Taluka Percent 100 65 100 Number 44 2 - 7 1 - 44 - Mithi Taluka Percent 100 5 16 2 100 Diplo Taluka Number 42 5 - 6 - - 37 - Percent 100 12 14 88 Source: Mouza Statistics of Sindh 2008, Agriculture Census Organization

Rainfall: The rainfall in the district can better be understood by the frequency and intensity of it. The rainfall season spans over June to September which is monsoon season and its intensity varies from 50-300 mm. Crops are immediately cultivated right after the rainfall. It is interesting to know that previous 3 decades show that famine occurs every 13 years as it occurred in 1987, 2000 and now in 2013.

DISTRICT THARPARKAR 5

WGS84 | India March 20, 2014 DisputedTerritory IndianAdministered Part of Jammu Kashmir& Kilometers http://www.immap.org Khyber 20 Pakhtunkhwa Punjab FATA 10 Sindh 5 0 Balochistan Branch Canal Distry Feeder Link Minor Wah LBOD DrainageSysytem UCboundary boundaryTaluka District boundary Province boundary Internationalboundary Irrigatedcroplands Rainfedcroplands Vegetation/croplands Shrublands Bare areas Water bodies Afghanistan of any country, territory, city or area or of its tatus Arabian Sea Arabian Sea Legend Irrigation System Land Cover iMMAP_PAK_TharparkarIrrigation System Map_v01_032014 Iran Map Doc Name: Creation Date: Projection/Datum: Web Resources: authorities, or concerning boundaries. the delimitation of its frontiers or Map datasource(s): Alhassan SystemsPrivate LimitedAdmin : boundaries Sindh Irrigation System data and GlobalLand Drainage Cover 2009: Land Cover Authority(SIDA): Disclaimers: Irrigation The designations employed and the presentation of material thison map whatsoever doon the part of the iMMAP or USAID not concerning the legal imply s the expression of any opinion India PHITAPUR HARHO SATTI DERA NAGAR PARKAR NAGAR PARKAR TAR DOS TAR VIRAWAH TAR AHMED TAGOSAR

SANGHYAR GADRU PILU JESSO JOPAR DAHLI CHACHRO DAHLI SENGARIO KHENSAR LAPLO MITHRIO CHARAN RAJORO HIRAR SHAH KHARIO GHULAM PARNO ISLAMKOT JOBAR PIRANO KOT ISLAM CHACHRO IrrigationSystem Map WEJHIAR March,2014 MANJHOOTI BHATTI MITHRIO RAVINA KANTIO MALAMBO Pakistan SINDH MITHI MITHI CHELHAR Tharparkar - U m e r k o t T h a r p a r k a r U m e r k o t T h a r p a r k a r JHARMARIO JURUO DIPLO MAHERANO DABHARO S a n g h a r S a n g h a r DIPLO KHETLARI BHATARO KALOI BOLHARI B a d i n B a d i n M i r p u r k h a s M i r p u r k h a s BACKGROUND INFORMATION 6

1.1.7 Access to Drinking Water Access to the drinking water is so poor and only 47% of the population has access to drinking water. Data collected by Thardeep Rural Development Programme shows that 60% of the households wait more than one hour for their turn to fetch drinking water on wells. 30% of the households spend 30 rupees for 2 rubber buckets of water. 85% of the households obtain water through camal/donkey leather organized state. 25% households get water through buckets carried by camel/donkeys which sometime take 2 days to fetch water in some areas. Women of 75% households engage in fetching water. These women have to travel 3km on average which consumes there 52% of the working hours that can be spent in any economic activity3. Pakistan Social and Living Standard Measurement Survey also collect information on sources of drinking water. The 2010-11 PSLM reveals that only 13% of the households use tap water. Tap water consuming households concentrate in urban areas of the district where 79% of the households have access to the tap water. It is worthy to mention that there is an increase in the percentage of households using tap water from previous year where only 5% households use tap water. Over all in the district 2% households use hand pump, same is true for motor pump, 77% collects water from dug well and 5% use other sources. Below table provides detail of the sources of drinking water in the district.

Table 1.1.3: Water Delivery System in District Tharparkar

Tap Water Hand Pump Motor Pump Dug Well Others District 13 2 2 77 5 Urban 79 1 20 0 0 Rural 10 2 1 81 0 Source: PSLM 2010-11

3 Water Scarcity in Tharparakar, Eng Mohammad Ali Shaikh. 7th International Water Technology Conference Cairo 1-3 April 2003.

Sindh-Tharparker Surface/ Drinking Water Availability Map Date (May 2014)

Note: Legend All those settlement,which are nearby or within 1.5 KM Buffer of ! Settlements Irrigation Canal / Distry or Minor have easy access to drinking water Settlements near to Drinking Water Facility Availability and others need more cost, time. River Bund Water Supply Infrastructure needed for Remote Areas in the Province ,especially for Arid Zones where ground water quality in Streams / Catchment Area does not meet standard for drinking purpose. Irrigation System Most of the Arid Zones of Sindh province are unable to access the River Indus surface / Sweet water because there is only few areas covered by irrigation system and in Tharparker Arid Zones only one main Nara Zone Distributary which Run distry in Thaluka Diplo fulfilling the drinking Khohistan Zone water and agriculture. Thar Zone Wetlands District Boundary

Provincial Boundary Nasir Branch Hota Minor India Ahsan Wah International Boundary

Bangar Minor

Jarkas Distry Dethi Minor Lundo Wah Khoski Distry Sehri Minor

Ailpur Minor Bago Minor

Dhoro Minor | Shadi Wah Small India

Naukot Branch

Run Distry Shadi Wah Large Map Doc Name: Bahadur Wah iMMAP_Pakistan_Tharparker_Drinking Water Availability Map_A4L_140526

DefenceMinor Creation Date: 26 05 14 WGS 1984 Dubni Minor Projection/Datum: http://www.immap.org Web Resources:

Minor Khoski Minor Diplo

Sher Wah Large C Point Minor Berro Weran Minor 0 45 90 Kilometers

Kumbharo Minor

Map data source(s): Ali Ali LargeWah Alhasan Pvt Limited (Boundaries), National Geo-Spatial Agency,ASSESSMENT REPORT ON DROUGHT IN ARID ZONES OF SINDH(Thardeep), NASA, SIDA (Sindh

Padher Minor Irrigation and Drainge Authority). Large

DISTRICT THARPARKAR Ali Wah Ali Disclaimers: The designations employed and the presentation of material on this map do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the iMMAP, Alhasan Systems, or USAID concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers Arabian or boundaries. Sea SuniGuni Branch Turkmenistan

Arabian Gilgit - Baltistan Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Islamabad Sea AJKDisputed Territory FATA

Punjab

Balochistan Nepal

Sindh

Oman Oman Arabian Sea India 7 BACKGROUND INFORMATION 8

1.1.8 Solid Waste Management The exact data on solid waste management in district Tharparkar is not available but Taluka Municipal Administration’s (TMA) annual plan and projects can be useful for understanding the situation. Though the urban parts of the district have basic waste management facilities, rural parts are neglected in this regard.

DISTRICT THARPARKAR 9

1.2Demography

1.2.1 Population Characteristics In Pakistan, male population is more than the female population and is among those four countries where life expectancy for female, at birth, is less than that of males4. Sex ratio in district Tharparkar is 121 male per 100 females, which is far more than the ratio at the national level that is 1065. Though there could be other possible reasons for such a difference in male to female ratio, one probable reason of this ratio could be underreporting of females during national surveys. Besides, a very high maternal mortality rate6 and poor health care and non- availability of basic health facilities at the district and provincial level7 are likely to be instrumental for this difference. District Tharparkar, like majority of the other districts in Sindh, is rural by its characteristics as 96 percent of the population resides in rural areas.

Table 1.2.1: Estimated Population of District for 2013

AGE TOTAL RURAL URBAN GROUP (IN BOTH SEXES MALE FEMALE BOTH SEXES MALE FEMALE BOTH SEXES MALE FEMALE YEARS) ALL AGES 1,299,735 710,588 589,147 1,243,118 680,688 562,430 56,617 29,900 26,717 00 -- 04 236,731 137,091 99,640 228,301 132,569 95,732 8,430 4,522 3,908 05 -- 09 236,449 133,206 103,243 228,099 128,911 99,188 8,350 4,295 4,056 10 -- 14 180,375 101,525 78,851 172,790 97,479 75,311 7,586 4,046 3,540 15 -- 19 112,650 61,445 51,205 106,753 58,350 48,403 5,897 3,095 2,802 20 -- 24 94,158 46,926 47,232 89,122 44,289 44,832 5,037 2,637 2,400 25 -- 29 86,459 44,254 42,205 81,833 41,743 40,090 4,626 2,511 2,115 30 -- 34 68,794 37,386 31,408 64,982 35,220 29,762 3,813 2,166 1,646 35 -- 39 51,052 26,375 24,677 48,560 25,004 23,556 2,492 1,370 1,122 40 -- 44 51,805 26,150 25,655 49,052 24,750 24,302 2,754 1,400 1,353 45 -- 49 43,550 23,024 20,526 41,422 21,908 19,514 2,128 1,116 1,012 50 -- 54 37,807 20,610 17,197 36,124 19,737 16,387 1,683 873 810 55 -- 59 25,364 13,738 11,626 24,232 13,148 11,084 1,132 590 542 60 -- 64 26,008 14,085 11,923 24,966 13,602 11,364 1,042 483 559 65 -- 69 14,882 7,827 7,055 14,219 7,453 6,765 664 374 290 70 -- 74 15,134 7,922 7,212 14,642 7,708 6,934 492 215 277 75 & ABOVE 18,516 9,024 9,492 18,023 8,817 9,206 493 208 286 Source: DCO Office Tharparkar

4 A profile for District Badin: 2009, South-Asia Partnership Pakistan http://www.sappk.org/district-profiles-with- focus-on-livelihood-related-issues-0 retrieved on 05-03-2012 5 Labour Force Survey 2010-11: Pakistan Bureau of Statistics 6 0.5 for Sindh, Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey, 2006-07: National Institute of Population Studies, Pakistan. pp. 179 7 Mean distance from hospital/dispensary is 26 km for Tharparkar: Pakistan Mouza Statistics, Table 15

DEMOGRAPHY 10

1.2.2 Population Growth Pattern In 1998, the total population of the district was 914,291. The inter censual Population Growth Pattern growth rate of the district population 1,400,000

was 3.13% per annum but according to 1,200,000

the recent estimates obtained from DCO

1,000,000

Office Tharparkar, the current population 1,299,735

1,269,247

800,000 1,239,524

1,210,548

1,182,297

growth rate of the district is 2.45% per 1,154,753

1,127,897

1,101,710

1,076,175

1,051,274 980,215 980,215

1,026,992

600,000 957,690

1,003,311 935,720 935,720

annum, which means that the population 914,291 914,291 8 will double itself in 28.6 years from 400,000

1998. 50.28 percent of the population is 200,000 below 15 years of age and 3.73 percent is 65 years or above. The estimated -

population with 2.45% growth rate for 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2013 is 1,299,735 showing a 42% increase in 15 years from 1998. 1.2.3 Population Distribution by Age and Gender Out of the total population, 55 percent are males and 45 percent are females. 75+ 0.7% 0.7% 70-74 FEMALE MALE 0.6% 0.6% Largest cohort of population is 0-4 years, 65-69 0.6% 0.5% which decreases with 5 years interval. 60-64 1.1% 0.9% 55-59 1.1% 0.9% Total population in this cohort is 50-54 1.6% 1.3% 236,731. Except in the age groups of 20- 45-49 1.8% 1.6% 40-44 2.0% 2.0% 24, and 75+, in all the rest of the age 35-39 2.0% 1.9% groups, male population outnumbers 30-34 2.9% 2.4% 25-29 3.4% 3.2% female population. 20-24 3.6% 3.6% 15-19 4.7% 3.9% 10-14 7.8% 6.1% 5-9 10.2% 7.9% 1.2.4 Dependent Population 1-4 10.5% 7.7% Dependent Population percent The economically dependent population is considered to be the population that is Labor Force less than 15 years and more than 65 years 45.98% of age. In addition to them, widowed, and/or divorced women are also considered dependent population. Dependent Dependent population in the case of 54.02% Tharparkar district is 54.02 percent of the total population and the working population is 45.98 percent, which shows

8 Rule of 70 http://controlgrowth.org/double.htm retrieved on 05-03-2012

DISTRICT THARPARKAR 11 that dependency ratio9 in the district is 117.5 percent.

Table 1.2.2: Population Details by Taluka

Pop Sex Average HH Estimated Taluka Population Area Male Female Density Ratio Size HH Chachro 201,850 3530.43 111,018 90,833 57.17 122 5.8 34,802 Islamkot 190,664 3154.75 104,865 85,799 60.44 122 5.8 32,873 Diplo 230,890 3987.55 126,990 103,901 57.90 122 5.5 41,980 Chachro 232,210 3248.32 127,716 104,495 71.49 122 5.6 41,466 Dahli 225,710 1964.86 124,141 101,570 114.87 122 5.6 40,305 Nagarparkar 218,411 3913.86 120,126 98,285 55.80 122 5.2 42,002 Total 1,299,735 19,799.77 714,854 584,881 65.64 3 5.6 34 Source: Estimated using Table 1 of Census 1998

Table 1.2.3: 2013 Population by UCs (DCO Office Tharparkar)

Tehsil UC Name Pop 2013 Tehsil UC Name Pop 2013 Mithi Mithi1 25,000 Kaloi 27,304 Mithi2 25,000 Sub-Total 230,890 Malanhore Vena 17,210 Chachro Chachro 27,828 Bhakou 14,257 Kantio 26,252 Mithrio Bhatti 18,905 Rajoro 31,493 Jorou 27,430 Hirar 28,129 Mohrano 29,395 Saranghiar 31,974 Chellar 23,195 Tardos 33,582 Vejhlar 21,458 Mithrio Charan 28,376 Sub-Total 201,850 Tar Ahmed 24,576 Islamkot Islakot 23,000 Sub-Total 232,210 Majathi 24,462 Dahli Dahali 34,099 Khario Ghulam Shah 17,999 Khensar 35,542 Seengaro 17,222 Parno 35,566 Sonal Beh 25,703 Gadhro 29,694 Kehri 20,342 Perane-jo-par 28,828 Bapuhar 25,519 Jesse-jo-par 30,461 Jaindo dars 16,003 Laplo 31,520 Giryanchho 20,234 Sub-Total 225,710 Sub-Total 190,664 Nagarparkar Nagarparkar 32,392 Diplo Diplo 26,302 Pithapur 32,143 Sobhiar 30,753 Harho 31,138 Khetiari 30,892 Virawah 31,764 Bhitaro 29,856 Satidera 28,194 Bolhar 31,463 Tigusar 30,326 Dabhro 28,903 Pillo 32,454 Jhimario 25,412 Sub-Total 218,411

9 Dependency Ratio= (Population < 15 Years + Population > 65 Years)/ Population 15-65 Years

DEMOGRAPHY 12 r

WGS84 Kilometers April 19, 2014 India DisputedTerritory IndianAdministered 40 Part of Jammu Kashmi& http://www.immap.org Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Punjab FATA Sindh 20 Taluka boundary Taluka Districtboundary Province boundary International boundary 1 - 58 59 - 60 61 - 71 72 - 115 oncerning the delimitation of its frontiers or 10 | Balochistan Afghanistan 0 Arabian Sea Arabian Sea Population Density Legend No. of Person / Sq Km Iran Map Doc Name: Creation Date: Projection/Datum: Web Resources: Map datasource(s): Alhassan SystemsPrivate Limited:Admin boundaries Population:Derived fromtable 1,district census report Disclaimers: The designations employed and on the presentation this of mapmaterial whatsoever do on notthe part of imply the the legal theiMMAP status or of expressionUSAIDany concerningcountry, authorities,territory, of city or or any area c or of opinion its boundaries. iMMAP_PAK_TharparkarPopulation Density Map_v01_041914

71 58 60 57 56 66 66 115

(No./Sq.Km) Pop.Density Pop.Density India 232,210 225,710 230,890 190,664 201,850 218,411 1,299,735 1,299,735 Population Population

Area Area 3,248.32 1,964.86 3,987.55 3,154.75 3,530.43 3,913.86 (Sq. Km) 19799.77 19799.77 56

NAGAR PARKAR 71 Summary of Estimated population 2013 Summary of Estimated population 2013 Taluka Name Taluka Name 115 CHACHRO CHACHRO TALUKA DAHLI TALUKA DIPLO TALUKA ISLAMKOT TALUKA MITHI TALUKA NAGAR PARKAR TALUKA Total DAHLI 60 ISLAMKOT PopulationDensity Map March,2014 T h a r p a r k a r T h a r p a r k a r 57 MITHI U m e r k o t U m e r k o t SINDH Tharparkar- Pakistan 58 DIPLO S a n g h a r S a n g h a r M i r p u r k h a s M i r p u r k h a s B a d i n B a d i n K h a n K h a n Ta n d o Ta n d o Ta n d o Ta n d o A l l a h Y a r A l l a h Y a r T h a t t a M u h a m m a d T h a t t a M u h a m m a d DISTRICT THARPARKAR 13

1.3Livelihood

1.3.1 Main Sources of Livelihood/Income While agriculture and livestock are the main source of employment for the rural population of the district, in the urban areas of the district, people are also engaged in various economic activities related to agriculture. The town of Mithi is the main trading center of this district. The following table shows the number of rural mouzas reporting sources of employment in district Tharparkar. Majority of the male population is associated with agriculture (in 53% of rural mouzas). While in the category of some, services sector, personal business and labor are frequent in male population. Since district Tharparkar is a pre-dominantly rural district, where 96% of the population resides in rural areas, sources of livelihood are less diversified for the resident population. Agriculture sector is the dominant employer for the population of this district. The Agriculture Census 2000 classifies rural households under three broad categories: agricultural households that operate land as owner-cultivators or tenants; livestock owners; and non-agricultural households. In district Tharparkar, the share of non-agricultural households, in total rural households, is 29.5% percent, while agricultural households and livestock owners constitute 45% percent and 25.5% percent respectively10. Given the cultural trait of Sindh and rural areas, where women actively work side by side with the men, the female participation in economic activity is reasonable in this district, as 52 mouzas (32%) have reported that women are also engaged in agriculture. In the category of some, services sector and casual labor are sources of livelihood for the female population.

Table 1.3.1: Number of Mouzas Reporting Sources of Employment

PERSONAL OVERSEAS GENDER QUANTIFICATION SERVICE AGRICULTURE TRADE INDUSTRY LABOUR BUSINESS EMPLOYEMENT MOSTLY - 87 - - 1 - 62 MALE SOME 159 70 21 7 87 5 98 NONE 4 6 142 156 75 158 3 MOSTLY - 52 - - - - 60 FEMALE SOME 64 69 5 6 51 2 96 NONE 99 42 158 157 112 161 7 Source: Mouza Statistics of Sindh: 2008, Agriculture Census Organization The categories under which these mouzas have reported against different livelihood sources are: ͻ Mostly: population of 50 percent and above ͻ Some: population between 1 percent and 50 percent

10 Arif, et al (2010), “The 2010 Flood and Poverty in Pakistan: A Preliminary District-level Analysis”, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics Islamabad, Background Paper for Conference on the " The Environments of the Poor”, 24-26 Nov. 2010, New Delhi

LIVELIHOOD 14

ͻ None: less than or equal to 1 percent 1.3.2 Agriculture Agriculture sector plays a significant role in the overall economic performance of Pakistan. Currently, this sector provides employment opportunities to 45% of the labor force in Pakistan. This sector provides sources of livelihood to 60% of the population in the rural areas. Agriculture contributes 21% to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of Pakistan11.

However, district Tharparkar, due to its desert-like lands, gives a dismal performance in agriculture. Some areas of Nagarparkar taluka are fertile as these are fed with tube well water and various crops such as wheat, onion, cotton and other vegetables are grown in this area. Except for the two mouzas of Mithi and seven mouzas of Diplo, which are irrigated, rest of the 157 mouzas are in the arid zone where cultivation depends on rains. Drought is a common phenomenon which occurs after every two years when there are no rains. Due to the nature of land, pulses are grown in this district, guarseed is famous among all.

Total reported area of the district is 2,011,000 hectares, out of which 1,014,000 hectares (50%) are cultivated. Within the cultivated area, 241,000 hectares are net sown12 whereas 773,000 hectares are currently fallow lands13. The remaining 50% of the total reported area is un- cultivated; out of which 849,000 hectares are not available for cultivation and 85,000 hectares are culturable waste14.

Table 1.3.2: Land Utilization Statistics of District Tharparkar (000 Hectares)

Tharparkar Area Reported Area 2,017 Total 1,014 Cultivated Area Net Sown 241 Current Fallow 773 Total 1,003 Culturable Waste15 85 Un-cultivated Area Forest 69 Not available for Cultivation 849 Source: Sindh Development Statistics (2008) Area sown and production of food and cash crops in 2008-09 are reported in the Table 1.3.3.

11 Economic Survey of Pakistan (2011-12), Ministry of Finance, Government of Pakistan 12 Net Area Sown means the area which has been sown at least once in a year. It will include areas under crops, fruits, vegetables etc. 13 Current Fallow means the part of the cultivated area which has not been used for cropping during the year under reference but for which the total vacant period does not exceed three crop seasons. 14 Sindh Development Statistics, (2008), Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS) 15 Culturable waste means cultivable land not actually cultivated. It includes all grazing and other land, not included under forest. Sindh Development Statistics 2008, pp 81.

DISTRICT THARPARKAR 15

Area Sown in 2008-09 Production in 2008-09 Type Crop (000 Hectares) (000 Tonnes) Wheat 1.4 3.7 Food Bajra 67.7 40 Cash Guarseed 40.4 25.9 Source: Crop Area and Production by Districts for 28 Years; 2008-09 Pakistan Bureau of Statistics (PBS) Land ownership is concentrated among wealthy households and they cultivate with their available resources. They also establish share cropping relationship with poor and disgruntled groups. Credit loaning is a salient feature of the Thar economy and spent more on consumption than investment purposes. Most commonly bought crop is wheat and rice which are not produced in Tharparkar. Corps consumed in the district come from the grains market of Mirpurkhas and Hyderabad and northwest parts within Sindh. 1.3.3 Industry Although the district is rich in mineral resources like china clay, granite, coal and salt, there is no industry in this district. Tharparkar coal fields are spread over 9,000 sq. km, from Islamkot to Mithi, famously known as Thar Coal. These are the largest coal deposits of the country and constitute 80% of coal deposits of Pakistan. According to experts these coal resources are sufficient to meet energy requirements of Pakistan for centuries16. 1.3.4 Livestock Livestock sector maintains a unique position within the agriculture sector of Pakistan. It contributes 51% to the value addition in agriculture sector of Pakistan. It also contributes 9% to the GDP of Pakistan17. Besides, this sector provides foreign earnings, dairy products’ needs, food security and daily cash income to the people of Pakistan. It helps to reduce the income inequalities, especially in case of emergencies (floods, crop failure). Hence this sector is considered as most secure source of livelihood for small farmers and landless poor. The share of Sindh province in livestock population of Pakistan is 20%. The livestock population of district Tharparkar is given in the following table:

Table 1.3.3: Livestock in District Tharparkar

Livestock Population Cattle 752,265 Buffalo 46,328 Sheep 1,185,122 Goat 2,217,876 Camel 135,356 Horse 8,519 Mule 1,475 Ass 246,657

16 District Tharparkar, District Disaster Risk Management Plan, (2009), Provincial Disaster Management Authority, Government of Sindh, pp.19 17 Economic Survey of Pakistan (2011-12), Ministry of Finance, Government of Pakistan

HEALTH AND IMMUNIZATION 16

Livestock Population Domestic Poultry 263,431 Source: Livestock Census (2006)

1.3.5 Fisheries Since Tharparkar is a desert like area but still there are some families engaged in fisheries. The overall fish production is quite small in the district as compared to other fish producing district. In 2009 the fish production was 5 metric tons which increased to 9 metric tons. There are 6 fishermen reported in the district with 3 boats.

DISTRICT THARPARKAR 17

1.4Food Security Food security can be broadly divided into four components18: x Availability of food in terms of sufficient quantity available through domestic production or imports x Access to adequate resources given the socio-political and economic arrangements of the community x Utilization Refers to the body’s ability to make use of the nutrients provided. This requires clean water sanitation and health care x Stability includes an all-time access and utilization of food without any fear of losing it due to any shock (natural calamity, economic shock). This component points out to sustainability of food in an area. 1.4.1 Availability Due to the desert and rain-fed lands, the production of food and cash crops is negligible in this district. As the following table shows, wheat and rice are cropped in 10% and 1.2% of the mouzas respectively whereas production of cash crops like cotton and sugarcane is negligible in this district. Hence, pulses are the only crops produced in this district. Within the pulses, guarseed is the major crop of this district. Vegetables are also grown in parts of this district. But the overall crop based food production is extremely deficit in Tharparkar district.

Table 1.4.1: Number of Mouza Reporting Major Crops

NUMBERS OF MOUZAS REPORTING MAJOR CROPS ADMINISTRATIVE UNIT WHEAT RICE COTTON SUGARCANE MAIZE PULSES ORCHARDS VEGETABLES Tharparkar District 17 2 6 5 43 88 4 77 Nagarparkar Taluka 1 1 - - 37 - - 37 Chachro Taluka - - - - - 20 - 38 Mithi Taluka 12 1 2 2 2 34 4 2 Diplo Taluka 4 - 4 3 4 34 - - Source: Mouza Statistics of Sindh: 2008, Agriculture Census Organization Food availability not only depends on the obtainability of wheat but also depends on other cereals like maize etc. As far as cereal food is concerned, this district is extremely deficit in production for its food requirements. In addition to cereals, animal based food (meat, milk, milk products) availability is also important for total food availability, which is surplus in the district. Combining both the crop based and animal based food production, district Tharparkar is extremely deficit in food production19. But the trade and economic activities of this district ensure the availability of food through imports from neighboring districts20.

18 Define by Food & Agriculture Organization 19 Food Insecurity in Pakistan (2009), Sustainable Development Policy Institute (SDPI), Islamabad 20 Food Insecurity in Pakistan (2009), Sustainable Development Policy Institute (SDPI), Islamabad

FOOD SECURITY 18

1.4.2 Access Per capita availability of food items alone is not a reliable indicator of food security. If the available food is socio-economically not accessible to the masses, it cannot make a society food secure. The income level of the households reflects access to food, capacity of consumption and even food poverty. Average monthly income of a household (HH) in this district is less than Rs.11, 000/- which is considered as extremely low21. Child dependency (ratio between children and household members in economically active age group) is one of the limiting factors in meeting the daily needs of households and is an important indicator to measure access to food. The increased dependency ratio enhances the spending of the household on child care and food, which results in per capita reduction of socio-economic access to food. Child dependency ratio is reasonable in this district. The share of household expenditures on food is 61.8%, of the total income, in Sindh. So the inadequate level of income, high food expenditures, and high inflation (particularly food inflation) hinders access to food22. The table below shows physical access to food in district Tharparkar by providing distances of different mouzas from the wholesale markets. Average distance from the fruit and vegetable markets of a mouza is 60 and 59 kilometres respectively whereas the distance from the grain market is 59 kilometres. Such long distances impede access to food.

Table 1.4.2: Distance of Mouzas from Wholesale Markets

Overall Mouzas by Distance (in Kilometres) by Facility Rural Mean Type of facility Populated Less 51 & Distance 1 - 10 11 – 25 26 – 50 Mouzas Than 1 Above (KM) Number 163 49 7 13 48 50 45 Livestock Market Percent 100 4 8 29 31 28 Number 163 59 5 10 41 50 57 Grains Market Percent 100 3 6 25 31 35 Number 163 60 2 10 40 49 62 Fruit Market Percent 100 1 6 25 30 38 Number 163 59 2 10 41 49 61 Vegetable Market Percent 100 1 6 25 30 37 Number 163 64 3 9 41 42 68 Govt. Procurement Centre Percent 100 2 6 25 26 42 Source: Mouza Statistics of Sindh: 2008, Agriculture Census Organization 1.4.3 Utilization In addition to food availability and access, proper assimilation of food in the body is essential. Food utilization and stability depicts this absorption of food and its sustainability. Improved sanitation facility, clean drinking water, health infrastructure and individual health status along

21 Food Insecurity in Pakistan (2009), Sustainable Development Policy Institute (SDPI), Islamabad 22 Ibid

DISTRICT THARPARKAR 19

with female literacy play vital role in food absorption. According to Food Security Analysis (FSA) 2009, access to improved drinking water is reasonable in this district23.

Table 1.4.3: Percentage Distribution of HH by Source of Drinking Water

Water Delivery System Tharparkar Tap Water Hand Pump Motor Pump Dug Well Other Total 13 2 2 77 5 Urban 79 1 20 0 0 Rural 10 2 1 81 6 Source: PSLM 2010-11 Sanitation conditions in district Tharparkar are extremely poor where only 7% of the households use flush toilets and 51% of the households have non-flush toilets. The sanitation facility is comparatively worse in rural areas of the district and the female literacy rate is 25% only.

Table 1.4.4: Percentage Distribution of HH by Type of Toilet

Flush Non-Flush No Toilet Urban Rural Total Urban Rural Total Urban Rural Total 81 4 7 18 53 51 1 43 42 Source: PSLM 2010-11 In a nutshell, this district has sufficient availability of food, extremely poor socio-economic access; and relatively poor food utilization environment. Combining all the indicators of food security i.e. availability, access, utilization and stability; it can be ascertained that district Tharparkar is an extremely food insecure district of Pakistan.

23 Food Insecurity in Pakistan (2009), Sustainable Development Policy Institute (SDPI), Islamabad

HEALTH AND IMMUNIZATION 20

1.5Health and Immunization

1.5.1 Health Facilities The total number of health facilities in district Tharparkar is 14024. There is only one district headquarters hospital and three tehsil headquarter hospitals with a capacity of 50 and 80 beds respectively. These health facilities are sufficient for only 54% of the estimated 2013 population of the district25. Likewise the bedding facility is sufficient for only 6% of the population. Table 1.5.1 shows the details of these health facilities.

Table 1.5.1: Number of Health Facilities by Type

Type Number Bed Strength Teaching Hospitals 0 0 District headquarter hospital 1 50 Tehsil headquarter hospitals 3 80 Rural health centres 2 14 Basic Health units 31 62 Govt. Rural Dispensaries 101 - MCH centres 2 - Sub health centres 0 - Grand Total 140 206 Health Facility Assessment Tharparkar, June 2012; Technical Resource Facility 1.5.2 Immunization Immunization coverage estimates are used to 30 80 monitor immunization services, and to guide 20 60 disease eradication and elimination efforts. This 40 10 indicator is the measure of the percentage of 20 children of age 12-23 months, who have received 0 0 all the doses of BCG vaccine, three doses of polio & pentavalent vaccines and 1 dose of measles Rural Total Urban vaccine in a given year. Around 25% pregnant women have received tetanus toxoid injections. In urban areas this percentage is 37% and in rural areas it is 25%26. Record based27 immunization data of district Tharparkar shows that 21% (Male 26%: Female 16%) of the children aged 12-23 months have received full immunization. In the urban areas this percentage is 32 percent (Male 16%: Female 48%) and in the rural areas it is 20% (Male 26%: Female 14%)28.

24 Health Facility Assessment Tharparkar 2012 (HFA) by Technical Resource Facility (TRF) 25 WHO Standard is 2 health facilities and 25 beds per 10,000 people. 26 Table 3.11, Pakistan Social and Living Standards Measurement Survey (PSLM)2010-2011 27 Table 3.4 (b) Based on record: Children who reported having received full immunization 28 Table 3.5: Pakistan Social and Living Standards Measurement Survey (PSLM)2010-2011

DISTRICT THARPARKAR 21 r

its WGS84 | India March 20, 2014 DisputedTerritory IndianAdministered Kilometers Part of Jammu Kashmi& http://www.immap.org Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Punjab FATA Sindh 5 oncerning the delimitation of its frontiers or 0 10 20 Balochistan Afghanistan BASIC HEALTHUNIT CHILDREN HOSPITAL DISPENSARY DISTRICTHEADQUARTER HOSPITAL WELFARE FAMILY CENTER GENERALHOSPITALS GENERALPHYSICIAN MATERNITYHOME MEDICAL STORES RURAL HEALTH CENTER SPECIALIST TEHSILHEADQUARTER HOSPITAL VETERINARY Boundary Tehsil District boundary Provinceboundary International boundary iMMAP_PAK_TharparkarHealth Facilities Map_v01_032014 ® ® ® ® ® ® ® G ® G v " u $ ' Arabian Sea c " # ' ' & ' u Arabian Sea Legend Health Facilities Iran Map datasource(s): Alhassan SystemsPrivate LimitedAdmin : boundaries Alhassan SystemsPrivate Limited: Health Facilities Disclaimers: The designations employed and on the presentation this of mapmaterial whatsoever do on notthe part of imply the the legal theiMMAP status or of expressionUSAIDany concerningcountry, authorities, territory, of city or or any area c or of opinion boundaries. Map Doc Name: Creation Date: Projection/Datum: Web Resources: HARHOO DISPENSARY G India BHU VIRAWAH CIVIL HOSPITAL ® # ® v ® v NAGAR PARKAR TAHIR HOSPITAL BHU DANE JO GOTH ® PILLOO DISPENSARY # BHU ADHIGAM ® G # CHACHRO GORVARI DISPENSARY BHU KHARIO FAZAL ® G # MITHRIO SOTHER DISPENSARY

G

E

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K B GIRYACHOO DISPENSARY ® RATAN TAR JO DISPENSARY # G G BHU RARLI VETERINARY CLINIC ® ® # ' HOSPITAL OF MIR HASSAN MEDICAL& ISLAMKOT RHC CHACHRO ® v G H KARACHI MATERNITYCLINIC BHU ALAMSER DOONJ FWC PVDP ® ® ® G ' c # ' ® c ' BHU KHAKHANHAR BAJEER ® # DALAN-JO-TAR DISPENSARY CLINIC G SIMRAN RHCISLAMKOT HealthFacilities Map March,2014 BHU MITHRIO BHATTI BHU KANKIO ® # ® # SINDH MITHI DHQTHAR PARKAR ® ® ' ' ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ' ® ® ' ® ® " ' ' ' ' $ ® ' c u ' ' U m e r k o t ' ® v & U m e r k o t Pakistan BHAKUO G BHU CHACHI GAJOO ® # DISPENSARY FWC Tharparkar - BHU AAMRIO G ® # T h a r p a r k a r MARVI CLINIC T h a r p a r k a r BHU GOGASER AL-SHIFACLINIC BHU AROKHI ® # ® # BHU TOBHARIO ® # G THQ HOSPITALDIPLO LRBT OUTREACH CLINIC FWC ® ® ® ' " u ' ' VERHARI DISPENSARY KANJI CLINIC S a n g h a r S a n g h a r BHU PABOHER ® # BHU NARHORI ® # MITHI CHILD HEALTH CENTER ® ® ' BHU KHETLARI # ® # DIPLO DUFFUR BHU GOTH HAROON BAJEER ® # BHU MOOKAM B a d i n B a d i n M i r p u r k h a s M i r p u r k h a s EDUCATION 22

1.6Education

1.6.1 Highlights Literacy Rate (10 years and above) 46% Adult Literacy Rate (15 years and above) 37% GPI Primary 0.80 GPI Middle 0.75 GPI Secondary 0.55 GPI Higher Secondary 0.11 Population that has ever attended School 46% Male 65% Female 25% Population that has completed primary level or higher 33% Male 49% Female 15% Student Teacher Ratio 40 Primary 41 Middle 42 Secondary 30 Higher Secondary 46 Source: Reform Support Unit Sindh 2010-11 and Pakistan Social and Living Standard Measurement Survey 2010-11 1.6.2 District School Enrolment Ratio The education status is quite poor in district Tharparkar. The overall literacy rate (for the population of 10 years and above) is 46%; for male it is 65% and for female it is 25%. For the urban rural comparison, urban literacy rate is higher than the rural, which is 69% (male: 81% and female: 54%); whereas the rural literacy rate is 45% (male: 64% and female: 23%). Adult literacy rate (for the population of 15 years and above) is 37 %. Gross Enrollment Rate29 (GER) at the primary level is 84% (Male: 96%, Female: 71%), in urban community it is 105% (Male: 118%, Female: 92%) and in rural community it is 84% (Male: 95%, Female: 70%). Net Enrollment rate30 (NER) at the primary level is 52% (Male: 57%, Female: 47%), in urban community it is 77% (Male: 78%, Female: 76%) and in rural community it is 52% (Male: 56%, Female: 46%). Table 1.6.1 shows details of Gross and Net Enrolment Rates by Rural, Urban and Gender at different levels.

Table 1.6.1: Gross and Net Enrolment Rates by Gender and Locality at Different Levels

Urban/ Rural/ Gross Enrolment Rates Net Enrolment Rates Gender Middle Matric Primary Middle Matric District Primary Group (5-9) Group (10-12) Group (13-14) Group (5-9) Group (10-12) Group (13-14) Male 118% 88% 55% 78% 43% 34% Urban Female 92% 76% 69% 76% 37% 24% Total 105% 84% 60% 77% 41% 30% Rural Male 95% 49% 39% 56% 19% 3%

29 Total enrolment in a specific level of education, regardless of age, expressed as a percentage of the eligible official school-age population corresponding to the same level of education in a given school year. 30 Enrolment of the official age group for a given level of education expressed as a percentage of the corresponding population.

DISTRICT THARPARKAR 23

Urban/ Rural/ Gross Enrolment Rates Net Enrolment Rates Gender Middle Matric Primary Middle Matric District Primary Group (5-9) Group (10-12) Group (13-14) Group (5-9) Group (10-12) Group (13-14) Female 70% 22% 6% 46% 6% 1% Total 84% 38% 24% 52% 13% 2% Male 96% 50% 40% 57% 20% 5% Total Female 71% 24% 9% 47% 7% 2% Total 84% 39% 26% 52% 14% 4% Source: Pakistan Social and Living Standard Measurement Survey 2010-11 1.6.3 Gender and Level Wise Details The total enrollment of students in the government schools of district Tharparkar is 221,203 (Male: 125,189 and Female: 96,014). Out of a total of 5,469 teachers, 4,813 are male and 656 are female teachers. This illustrates that one teacher is, averagely, teaching 40 students. The total boys’ schools of District Tharparkar are 620, and the total female schools are 629. Besides, there are 2,903 mixed gender schools. Thus, the total number of schools is 4,152 and averagely every school has an enrolment of 53 students and a teaching staff of around 1.

Primary The total number of primary level schools, that are reported, is 3,873 and the total enrollment at the primary level is 190,370 (Male: 105,494 and Female: 84,876). Total number of teachers, at the primary level, is 4,625, out of which 4,057 are male and 568 are female teachers. Thus, on an average, each primary school has an enrolment of 49 students with a teaching staff of 1. However, the student class ratio is 42 and each school has averagely around 1 class room.

Middle There are a total of 234 middle schools reported. Total enrollment, at the middle level, is 15,052 (Boys: 8,587 and Girls: 6,465). The total number of teachers at the middle level is 362, out of which 344 are male teachers and 18 are female teachers. Thus, on an average, each middle school has an enrolment of 64 students with a teaching staff of 2. However, the student class ratio is 31 and each school has averagely around 2 class rooms.

EDUCATION 24

Matric There are a total of 40 secondary schools. Total enrollment at the secondary level is 12,130 (Boys: 7,833 and Girls: 4,297). The total number of teachers at the secondary level is 403, out of which male teachers are 333 and female teachers are 70. Thus, on an average, each secondary school has an enrolment of 303 students with a teaching staff of 10. However, the student class ratio is 42 and each school has averagely around 7 class rooms.

Higher Secondary There are a total of 5 higher secondary schools in the district. Total enrollment at the higher secondary level is 3,651 (Boys: 3,275 and Girls: 376). The total number of teachers at the higher secondary level is 79 and all of them are male teachers. Thus, on an average, each higher secondary school has an enrolment of 730 students with a teaching staff of 16. However, the student class ratio is 42 and each school has averagely around 17 class rooms.

Table 1.6.2: Enrolment and Educational Facilities by level and Gender

Enrolment School Facilities Teachers Level Boys Girls Total Boys Girls Mixed Total Male Female Total Primary 105,494 84,876 190,370 587 607 2,679 3,873 4,057 568 4,625 Middle 8,587 6,465 15,052 28 15 191 234 344 18 362 Secondary 7,833 4,297 12,130 3 7 30 40 333 70 403 Higher Secondary 3,275 376 3,651 2 0 3 5 79 0 79 Total 125,189 96,014 221,203 620 629 2,903 4,152 4,813 656 5,469 Sindh School List 2010-11, Statistical Education Bulletin, Reform Support Unit, Sindh Government

DISTRICT THARPARKAR 25 Chin Nepal

Aksai India WGS 1984 30 05 2014 China/India China/India Kilometers 30 http://www.immap.org Gilgit- Baltistan DisputedTerritory Disputed Territory Disputed Gilgit - Baltistan Gilgit Punjab FATA Tajikistan Sindh Pakistan 15 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Balochistan Afghanistan COLLEGE HIGH SCHOOL HIGHER SECONDARY MASJID SCHOOL MIDDLE PRIMARY Settlements

Road Network Buffur Kilometer3 DISTRICTBOUNDARY PROVINCIALBOUNDARY BOUNDARYINTERNATIONAL Arabian Sea | ! ! å å å ö å å Legend 0 iMMAP_Pakistan_Tharparker_SchoolsAccessibility Map_A4L_140530 an blic of) Map Doc Name: Creation Date: Projection/Datum: Web Resources: blic of) Oman Map data source(s): Alhasan Pvt Limited (Boundaries,Education Facilities), whats oever on the partof theAlhasan iMMAP, Systems, or AWRAE NGO,WFP ,National Geo-SpatialAgency USAID concerning the legalstatus of anycountry, territory, Disclaimers: The designations employed and the presentation of material onthis map do not imply the expression of any opinion city or areaor of its authorities,or concerningthe delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Om Turkmenistan Iran (Islamic Repu Iran Iran (Islamic Repu Iran å å India India å å å å å Nagar Parker å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å åå å å å å å åå å å å Dahli å Chachro å å å Islamkot å åå å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å åå å å SchoolsAccessibility Map å å å å å å å å å Date (May 2014) Date å å åå å Mithi å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å åå å å å å å å å å å ö å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å Islamkot å å å Diplo å å Chachro District Tharparker - å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å Mithi å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å å Diplo Note: local a AWARE, NGO, AccordingDistrrictto Tharparker isalready resource to access Schools whichfarway form therevillages and thereisnoproper route for remote lcoatededucaiton centres. sufferingdue to drought situation and commuity doesn't havemore Mostof schools has nobasic facilitesWASH whichanohter threat to to studentthose are comingfor educationin suchtypesof situation. å DISASTER HISTORY AND ITS IMPACT 26

2 Disaster History and Its Impact 2.1Disaster in District

2.1.1 Disaster History District Tharparkar is one of the oldest districts of Sindh. In 2001, the district along with the bordering district of Badin was hit by an earthquake. Due to this earthquake, 12 people lost their lives and 115 persons were injured. Besides, 1,989 houses were destroyed and 43,643 houses were partially damaged. The public infrastructural loss was counted up to 1,406 buildings. The financial value of the overall loss was 2.4 billion rupees31. A decade after the earthquake, the district was again hit by heavy rains in 2011. River Indus, after receiving water from 5 of its tributary rivers, causes floods in the northern and southern parts of Sindh province. The length of River Indus along the province is 750 kms long. The upper region of Sindh Province comprises of the districts of Jacobabad, Shikarpur, Kashmore, Larkana and Kamber Shahdadkot on the right bank of River Indus and Ghotki, Sukkur, Khairpur, Naushahroferoze and Sukkar on the left bank of River Indus. These districts, on the right and left banks of River Indus, are prone to severe threat when River Indus is in high flood. The districts in the lower Sindh are prone to riverine flooding and include Dadu, Jamshoro and Thatta on the right bank of River Indus and Tando Muhammad Khan, Matiari and Hyderabad. The length of River Indus along the province is 750 kms long. District Tharparkar is adjacent to district Badin, which is highly prone to the flooding in the Left Bank Outfall Drainage (LBOD). According to PDMA Sindh, district Tharparkar has one vulnerable point with respect to LBOD and that is Spinal Drain. Dhoro Puran is also a vulnerable point of the district which can cause flooding. District Tharparkar is prone to disasters like droughts, flash floods, desert storms and earthquakes. Storms are frequent but the intensity of droughts is much more in damaging the socio-economic fabric of the district. Floods of 2011 and recent droughts of 2014 affected almost all the population of the district. For a complete disaster history of the district please see hazard matrix under chapter 3. District Umerkot is 2nd most affected district after

31 Sindh Rehabilitation Department. (2012). Sindh Provicial Monsoon/Floods Contingency Plan. Karachi: PDMA Sindh

DISTRICT THARPARKAR 27 Chin Nepal

Aksai India WGS 1984 19 19 03 2014 Kilometers 30 http://www.immap.org AJK DisputedTerritory Gilgit Baltistan- Gilgit - Baltistan Gilgit Punjab FATA Tajikistan Sindh Pakistan 15 Balochistan KhyberPakhtunkhwa Afghanistan Earthquake 2001 Heavy Rainfall 2011 EPI CentresEPI Provincial Boundary Road Network Permanent Water Features Flood 2011 Boundary Tehsil District Boundary Settlements International Boundary DroughtAffected2014 Talukas

Arabian Sea | iMMAP_Pakistan_Tharparker_Hazard_Map_A4L_190310 High Low ! p o ! O Legend Earthquake Risk Level 0 an Map Doc Name: Creation Date: Projection/Datum: Web Resources: blic of) blic of) Oman Map dataMapsource(s): Alhasan Pvt Limited (Boundaries), National Geo- Spatial Agency, Pakistan Sindh (Situation Report), NASA Weather Portal, PDMA Disclaimers: The designations employed and the presentation of Alhasan Systems,or USAIDconcerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of material on this map do not imply the expression of its authorities, or concerning the frontiersor boundaries. delimitation of its any any opinion whatsoever on the part of the iMMAP, Om Turkmenistan Iran (Islamic Repu Iran Iran (Islamic Repu Iran India India Nagar Parker Dahli Chachro Islamkot ! O HazardMap p o Date (May 2014) Date Mithi District Tharparker - India India Diplo Tharparkar Umer Kot Umer Ghotki Sanghar Kashmore Khas Sukkur Mirpur Badin Khairpur Tando Allahyar Khan Shikarpur Tando Jacobabad Hyderabad Matiari Muhammad Shaheed Benazirabad Feroze Thatta Noushero Larkana kot Jamshoro Qambar Shahdad Dadu Karachi Drought Affected Taluka of Sindh 2014 Taluka AffectedDrought Sea Arabian Sea Arabian DISASTER HISTORY AND ITS IMPACT 28 Diplo Children between the ages of 1to 5 Years. 1to 5 of the ages between Children Hot and Dry weather at times results in deaths, especially of of especially deaths, in results times at weather Dry and Hot in Dunes Sand in and traveling system transport villagers cannot easily access urban centres / Market Places to Places Market / centres urban access easily cannot villagers access to food and other necessities of life. There is no proper proper no is There life. of necessities other and food to access is the reason major to a According NGO, AWARE,a local Note:

Mithi District Tharparker - Tharparker District Diplo Islamkot Mithi Date(May2014) Village Accessibility Map Accessibility Village Islamkot Chachro Dahli Parker Nagar India India Iran Repu (Islamic Iran Repu (Islamic Turkmenistan Om delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. or frontiers its of delimitation the concerning or authorities, its of or area or city whatsoever on the part of the the of part the on whatsoever opinion any of expression the imply not do map this on material of presentation the and employed designations The Disclaimers: Agency Geo-Spatial ,National USAID concerning the legal status of any country, territory, country, any of status legal the concerning USAID Alhasan Pvt Limited (Boundaries), AWRAE NGO,WFP AWRAE (Boundaries), Limited Pvt Alhasan source(s): data Map Oman blic of) blic Web Resources: Web Projection/Datum: Date: Creation Name: Doc Map blic of) blic an iMMAP_Pakistan_Tharparker_Accessibility Map_A4L_140530 iMMAP_Pakistan_Tharparker_Accessibility v Y J G Legend ® Õ Æ P ® v I $ Æ P G " J 0 I $ ! ! INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARY INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARY PROVINCIAL BOUNDARY DISTRICT Kilometer 3 Buffur Network Road SPECIALIST PHYSICIAN GENERAL VETERINARY HOSPITAL HEADQUARTER TEHSIL CENTER HEALTH RURAL STORES MEDICAL HOME MATERNITY HOSPITALS GENERAL CENTER FAMILYWELFARE HOSPITAL HEADQUARTER DISTRICT DISPENSARY HOSPITAL CHILDREN UNIT HEALTH BASIC Possible Safe Village Village Safe Possible Settlements

| Arabian Sea Arabian Afghanistan Balochistan Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Khyber 15 Pakistan Sindh Tajikistan iMMAP, iMMAP, Alhas FATA Punjab GilgitBaltistan - DisputedTerritory Disputed Territory Disputed Gilgit - Baltistan - Gilgit http://www.immap.org 30 an Systems, or Systems, an Kilometers China/India China/India 30 05 2014 05 30 WGS 1984 WGS India Aksai

Nepal Chin

DISTRICT THARPARKAR 29

2.1.2 Impact of Disaster on Demography As mentioned above, district Tharparkar was severely hit by rains/floods in 2011. The district falls under the category of very low risk district, as categorized by PDMA Sindh32. But in 2011 rains/floods, the extent of damage was severe as assessments showed that all the 2,284 villages/settlements of 44 union councils were affected. A population of 907,179 (67% of the total population) persons was affected and there were 28 casualties and 9 injuries. In total, 178,356 houses were damaged. Geographically (all talukas and their UCs) the whole district was inundated (since the major part of the district is desert area so the affected area was only 51,782 acres) and 89 percent of the sown area was affected due to these rains/floods. Table 2.2.1 summarized the losses and damages of 2011 rains/floods.

Table 2.1.1: Summary of Losses and Damages in Floods/Rains 2011

Attribute Figures 2011 Source Total Households 2010 238,992 Estimated Affected Households 161,996 Contingency Plan 2012 Total UCs 44 UN-OCHA UC Affected 44 Total Villages 2,284 UN-OCHA and ACO Villages/Settlements Affected 3,178 Contingency Plan 2012 Total Houses Affected 178,356 Parially Damaged 96,896 PDMA Sindh Destroyed 81,460 Total Population 1,339,260 Estimated from Sindh Census 1998 Affected Population 907,179 UN-OCHA Male 362,871 Female 544,308 PDMA Sindh Deaths 28 Injuries 9 Total Area (acres) 4,919,694 PCO Total Affected Area (acres) 51,782 UN-OCHA Area Sown 14,203 FAO Crop Area Damaged 12,647

Table 2.1.2: Summary of Losses and Damages by Taluka33

Affected Affected Affected Estimated Affected Taluka Area (Km2) Area Population Population Households Households CHACHRO TALUKA 1,635,282 - 588,845 248,638 101,525 42,869 DIPLO TALUKA 992,893 48,053 218,988 225,013 39,816 40,911 MITHI TALUKA 1,320,781 3,729 330,993 335,752 59,106 59,956 NAGAR PARKAR TALUKA 970,738 - 200,434 97,776 38,545 18,803 Total 4,919,694 51,782 1,339,260 907,179 238,992 162,539

32 Flood 2010, Disaster Management Apparatus in Sindh, PDMA Sindh 33 Total population is estimated from Sindh Census 1998. Affected population and area is obtained from District Tharparkar Profile April 2012, UNOCHA.

DISASTER HISTORY AND ITS IMPACT 30

2.1.3 Impact of Disaster on Livelihood & Agriculture

Along with the demographic losses, due to floods/rains 2011, the loss to agriculture sector exacerbated the sources of livelihood for the people of this district. The following table shows the loss to agriculture sector of this district.

Table 2.1.3: Crop Loss and Area Damaged Due to Floods/rains 2011

Major Crops Area Area sown (Acre) 2,908 Cotton Area Damaged (Acre) 2,908 % 100% Area sown (Acre) 0 Rice Area Damaged (Acre) 0 % 0% Area sown (Acre) 2,595 Sugarcane Area Damaged (Acre) 1,038 % 40% Area sown (Acre) 8,700 Other Area Damaged (Acre) 8,700 % 100% Total Area Sown 14,203 Total Area Damaged 12,647 Source: Flood Situation Update, 2011, Food & Agriculture Organization (FAO) As given in the table above, 100% of the cotton, 40% sugarcane crop and 100% of the other crops were damaged. Besides, 30,623 livestock heads (32.5% of the total) died due to these floods34. 2.1.4 Analysis of Food Security Situation Since district Tharparkar is agro-based and majority of the households are engaged in agriculture farming and livestock rearing activities. However, there are still others whose livelihood depend on non-agriculture activities/casual labour. Among these three types of the households, empirical studies have shown that poverty is relatively higher in the non- agriculture households, followed by livestock households and small farmers35. It has been shown in the previous section that many individuals of this flood affected district lost their homes (178,356 houses were damaged), their crops (12,647 Acres of crop area affected) and suffered a huge loss to livestock heads (30,623 livestock died). Due to the lack of an industrial base, the sources of income of households, situated in this severely affected district, are less diversified, with their heavy dependence on livestock and casual labour. The deplorable social indicators i.e., large household size, poor literacy level, higher mortality rate, inadequate

34 Flood Situation Update, 2011, Food & Agriculture Organization (FAO) 35 Arif, et al (2010), “The 2010 Flood and Poverty in Pakistan: A Preliminary District-level Analysis”, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics Islamabad, Background Paper for Conference on the " The Environments of the Poor”, 24-26 Nov. 2010, New Delhi

( (PACF) 20deteriorating%20health%20of%20rain%20victims.pdf 38 37 36 Tharparkar Table 2011 in district Tharparkar t The weeks. marginally adequate stocks As per 2011. Civil Situation Report Society Floods 2011, out of 31 In floods 2 in damage resulted indicators of the affected population. Tharparkar district was badly hit in floods 2011, which Severe floods can not 2.1.5 agriculture and livestock the district Tharparkar the expected income of the population of this district. Thus The losses to crops and livestock along with poor functioning capacity of the markets the socio movement of transaction costs and shortage of food comm markets (transporters, processors, wholesalers retailers and significant negative impactcommodity on market Through the destruction of roads, transport and ma poverty and deprivation thisin district infrastructure with poor access to education and health facilities health awarenesshealth campaign was also water filtration plants at DHQ, THQs, RHCs, BHUs and villagesother of the district. camps in camps the Poor”, 24 of Environments The " the on Institute Conference of for Development Paper Economics Islamabad, Background http://www.pacfpakistan.org/Civil_Society_Flood_Situation_Report/9th%20CSFSR_Concern%20voiced%20over%

Civil Society Flood Situation Report , Prepared and Released byPeople Accountability Commission on Floods Pakistan Floods 2 Arif, District

et al (2010) , al et 2.1 the the Impact of Disaster on on Disaster of Impact n

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eed eed data collected : - 011, 26 Nov. 2010, New Delhi 2010, 26 Nov. Availability stock of Medicine, Equipment, Consumables andVaccines Consumables Equipment, of Medicine, stock Availability IDP cam IDP able able of Lady Doctors, deliveryof safe rooms BHUs in of 011 “The 2010 Flood and Poverty in Pakistan: A Preliminary District A Preliminary Pakistan: in Poverty and Flood 2010 “The UN Medicines/Equipment’s and below availability shows the medicines of and other items s -

- DistrictProfile Tharparkar OCHA by Pakistan Availability Availability access access OCHA to the public health infrastructure in the ps and rain flood affected areas were in dire need of these fa

only cause destruction to heath care infrastructure but also affect health Consumables had ; directly affecting the food security situation. Marginal ,

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DISASTER HISTORY AND ITS IMPACT 32

2.1.6 Impact of Disaster on Education Due to the floods/rains of 2011, 269 school facilities were damaged, out of which 57 were fully destroyed and 212 were partially damaged. Also, heavy rains affected the school going children. Due to the damages to the schools, houses and roads; education of 21,520 students was affected (Girls: 9,254, Boys: 12,266). Teachers numbering 717 were also affected39. 2.1.7 Drought 2013-14 As discussed earlier, Tharparkar district faces a severe drought after every thirteen year as the last three decades have reported this pattern. The famine like drought occurred in 1987, 2000 and in 2013. Between these periods, several occurrences of drought have been reported too but these three droughts are considered to be the verse. The failure of monsoon rains, since Nov-2013, resulted in severe shortage of food, fodder and water. PDMA Sindh has notified the entire dis-trict as a drought-hit area (19,638 Sq Km), and has declared an Emergency in Mithi, Islamkot, Diplo, Chachro, Dahli and N.parkar, as these are the most affected talukas. NDMA, PDMA, Sindh Government, United Nations, National and International Non-Governmental Organizations are providing health and relief services and are distributing food items in the affected areas40. Pakistan Met Department has announced that this year monsoon rains will be again below average41. This latest drought hit all 6 Talukas of the district, rendering 253,580 families vulnerable to malnutrition and hunger. Almost all the human and animal population in the district suffered from the severe shortage of food and fodder. Since December 2013, 233 deaths have been reported of which a major portion is children. During the first sixteen days of April 2014, 22 deaths have been of which 9 were children and from December 2013, out of 233 deaths 128 were children. A population of 121,418 is treated as of today. Since livestock is a major source of livelihood, animal population is severely affected 2,069 animals died and 3,275,184 animals treated. This led to a severe effect on livelihood. Government agencies and humanitarian actors responded to the situation in a timely manner but a huge damage occurred in this period. As on 14th May, 2014, 85 children have been treated in the district and tehsil hospitals and mobile camps, of 16 were under 5 years. 1,106 OPD patients treated of which 248 were under five, 16 children are treated for malnourishment and 511 patients treated.

39 Damage Need Assessment, Sindh-EMIS Reform c Unit, Department of Education and Literacy, Government of Sindh. 40 Daily Emergency and Response-Stitautional Information Report, 15th May, 2014. iMMAP 41 Preliminary Monsoon Outlook 2014, PMD.

DISTRICT THARPARKAR 33

5,000 2,000 3,100 1,000 66,587 27,875 79,590 33,715 39,457 12,000 12,000 88,567

335,791 3,275,184 5000 Packs 5000 Packs 4000 5000 Packs 5000 2000 Packs 2000

10000 Packs 10000 288.708 Tons 288.708 2 Tons

Treated/Vaccinated

Quantity

Cattle head 2,069 Perished

------

- 685 252

1,093 2,499 4,684 1,209

10,422 90,074

Affected

6,930 4,801 6,501 3,335

13,995 35,562 121,418

Total

Cerelec Family Ration Packs High Energy Biscuits (LU) Ration Bags (KCCI) Medicines Relief Good High Energy Biscuits (50Rice Kg bags)

ORS Dry Milk Family Ration Packs FPCCI Mixed Ration Bags Mixed Food Items Mineral Water (KCCI)

Family Ration Bags

968 1,560 1,233 4,430 3,023 11,214 34,025 Children

2,635 1,783 4,574 1,676 1,194 Persons Treated Persons 11,862 38,261 Female

2,735 1,785 4,991 1,802 1,173 12,486 35,997 Male

22 18 14 233 - Total

128

Children

Agency PDMA Balouchistan Armed Forces NDMA Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) Raised Donation by Commissioner Karachi PDMA Pakhtunkhwa Khyber ------Deaths 42

320 Female

27,000

63 20 Ton of Male Food Items Quantity 7 6 9 2 - - - - 2 - -

5 5 8 - - 1 1 - 1 - 1 43,868 41,830 40,144 45,462 41,272 41,004 253,580

Families Affected Families

190,664 232,210 225,710 201,850 218,411 230,890

12,997,35 Pop 2013 Pop 2013

2014 April 16 to 1

th st Family Ration Packs Relief Good (50KgRice bags) Atta Bag (50 kg) Atta Bag (10 kg) Atta Bag (5 kg) (50Rice kg bag) bag) kg (50 Sugar Mineral water 6 ltr Mineral water (5 ltr) Mineral water (1 ltr) Mineral water (1.5 ltr) Mineral water (1/2 ltr) Mineral water (small) Oil 1 kg (boxes) Kg) (2.50 Oil Mixed Ration Packets : Losses and Damages of Tharparkar for Drought 2013 : Relief Itemsdistributed in Tharparkar Period Total (01/122013 to 22/04/2014) to (01/122013 Total

.5 .6

Karachi Camp 2.1 2.1 Collection Relief at Sindh PDMA by Donation Raised

Nagarparkar Table Tehsil Mithi Islamkot Diplo Chachro Dahli Grand Total Table Agency PDMA Sindh HAZARD VULNERABILITY AND CAPACITY ANALYSIS 34

3 Hazard Vulnerability and Capacity Analysis 3.1Hazard Vulnerability and Capacity Analysis Prior to analyzing existing hazards; vulnerability to hazards and capacity to cope with the same of the district and its population needs to be understood. An explanation of the terms used is given under each heading, as follows: 3.1.1 Hazard A hazard is a situation which triggers disaster. But it can be also defined as: “A potentially damaging physical event, phenomenon or human activity that may cause the Loss of life or injury, property damage, social and economic disruption or environmental degradation”42 A hazard is a situation that has the potential to harm the health and safety of people or to damage plant and equipment. Hazards can be divided into two categories.

Natural Hazard Natural hazards are natural processes or phenomena within the earth system that may constitute a damaging event. For example typhoons, tsunamis, earthquake and volcanic eruption cyclones, earthquakes, floods, landslides, storms are natural hazards.

Man-made Hazard Any industrial, nuclear, or transportation accident, explosion, power failure, resource shortage, or other condition, resulting from man-made causes, which threaten or cause damage to property, human suffering, hardship or loss of life constitute ‘Man-made Hazard.

Hazard Matrix of District

Hazard Frequency Area affected/union councils Severity/Force Year 1987-88,1991-92, Droughts Frequently Whole district High 1999-2000, 2002-03, 2005. 2013-14 Flash floods Monsoon Whole district Medium 1993,2003-04, 2006 Desert storms Frequent Whole district Low Every year Earthquakes Rare Whole district Low 1982,2001,2005,2009 Epidemics Seasonal Whole district Low Every year Fire Rare Whole district Low Every year Locust attack Seasonal Whole district Low 1979,1993-94

42 “Urban Governance and Community Resilience Guides”, (2010), Asian Disaster Preparedness Center

DISTRICT THARPARKAR 35

3.1.2 Vulnerability Vulnerability is a situation which is: “The attributes and circumstances of a community or system that makes it sensitive, vulnerable or susceptible to the damaging effects of a hazard43” Vulnerability precedes disasters, contribute to their severity, hinder and obstruct the disaster response. It is divided into three parts:

Physical/Material Vulnerability Weakness of the built environment and lack of access to physical and material resources i.e. living in hazard prone areas or in unsafe buildings, lack of savings, insurance and assets constitutes physical/material vulnerability.

Social/Organizational Vulnerability Social/Organizational Vulnerability refers to inequality in social systems that discriminate against and marginalize certain groups of people from accessing resources and services. People who have been marginalized in social, economic or political terms are vulnerable to disasters. Weakness in social and organizational areas may also cause disasters e.g. deep division can lead to conflict and war. Conflict over resources due to poverty can also lead to violence.

Attitudinal/Motivational Vulnerability Existence of fatalistic myths and religious beliefs influence people’s vulnerability to disaster risks. If people believe that disasters are ‘acts of God’ and if they have low confidence in their ability to affect change or have ‘lost heart’ and feel defeated by events they cannot control, these people are often harder hit by disasters.

43 Participant’s Course Workbook, Asian Disaster Preparedness Center (ADPC)

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Vulnerability Matrix

Physical/material Social/organizational Attitudinal/motivational District Tharparkar is vulnerable to According to 1998 census, total The general public is unaware and droughts, heavy rains and flash population of the district Tharparkar untrained on disaster risk 44 floods . In 2011 rains/floods, 2,284 was 914,291. The district has an management (DRM) and seminars 45 46 villages/settlements of 44 union estimated growth rate of 3.13% and workshops on DRM are rarely councils in all the 4 talukas were per annum, which means that the organized. affected. A population of 907,179 population will double itself in 22.4 47 persons was affected in the floods years from 1998. Such rapid of 2011. A huge area of the district growth in population gives birth to is desert and is vulnerable to many socio-economic problems and droughts due to insufficient rains. makes the area vulnerable to different natural and made-made hazards Disasters are rooted in Like majority of the other districts in Reactive approach prevails in the development failures e.g. unsafe Sindh, district Tharparkar is rural by district i.e., the government and all buildings that cannot withstand its characteristics. 96 per cent of the other stakeholders come into action cyclones, heavy rains, flash floods population resides in rural areas as when disaster occurs whereas the and earthquakes and results in compared to the 4 per cent that need is for proactive approach disasters. In Tharparkar district, resides in the urban areas. Most (disaster risk reduction) where 80.07 per cent people use people in the rural areas lack job actions are taken in advance of the wood/bamboo material for roof opportunities, health and disaster. Therefore, gravity of the construction. This percentage is educational facilities which escalate situation demands for a paradigm higher in rural areas (81.77 per the risk against different hazards. shift from reactive approach to a cent) as compared to (42.94 per [Floods, rains etc.] proactive one. 48 cent) in the urban areas. The Floods, in 2011, resulted in Dependent population (the During the relief goods’ distribution, damage to the public health population that is less than 15 years marginalized groups such as infrastructure in district Tharparkar. and more than 65 years of age women, children and disabled According to the Civil Society Floods including widows and divorced suffered. They were unable to get 49 Situation Report 2011, 9 Basic women) in the case of Tharparkar their share of the non-food items Health Units (out of 31) were district is 54.02 per cent of the total (NFIs) and other relief items damaged in district Tharparkar. population and the working because they were unable to population is 45.98 per cent, which compete with the physically 50 shows that dependency ratio in stronger segments of the the district is 117.5 per cent, community which is very high and as such makes the population highly vulnerable. In the whole district, piped water is The status of education is quite poor There is a Lack of implementation of

44 District Disaster Risk Management Plan, district Tharparkar,(2009), pp. 23 & 24 45 Contingency Plan, Sindh, 2012, pp.10 46 Estimated using 2010 population estimates from Gridded Population of World (GPW) 3 data set 47 Rule of 70 http://controlgrowth.org/double.htm retrieved on 05-03-2012 8 Pakistan Social and Living Standards Measurement Survey (PSLM), 2010-11, pp. 380 49 Civil Society Flood Situation Report , Prepared and Released by People Accountability Commission on Floods (PACF),[http://www.pacfpakistan.org/Civil_Society_Flood_Situation_Report/9th%20CSFSR_Concern%20voiced%20 over%20deteriorating%20health%20of%20rain%20victims.pdf], pp. 7,retrieved on 09-04-2013 50 Dependency Ratio= (Population < 15 Years + Population > 65 Years)/ Population 15-65 Years

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Physical/material Social/organizational Attitudinal/motivational available to only 13 per cent of the in district Tharparkar. The overall policies and strategies regarding housing units. In rural areas, pipe illiteracy rate (for the population of disaster risk reduction and disaster water is available to ten per cent of 10 years and above) is 54%; for male risk management. 51 the households while 2 per cent it is 35 and for female it is 75 % of the rural households have hand while Adult illiteracy rate (15 years pumps inside the housing units. By and above) is 63 %. For the urban drinking unsafe and contaminated rural comparison, rural illiteracy rate water, people get exposed to is higher than the urban. Illiterate hepatitis and other waterborn people cannot be easily mobilized diseases. and made aware of the different disasters’ risks. Livelihoods of the people are not There is a lack of Community Based sustainable that is it cannot cope Disaster Risk Reduction (CBDRM) with and recover from stress and projects in the vulnerable areas of shocks and when disaster strike; the district. The most vulnerable these livelihoods collapse. As a areas in Tharparkar district are Siran result poor people get poorer and colony, Islamkot town, Barrage fall under the poverty line. dehs, Diplo town, Phant, Serhi, Chachro town, Chelhar and Nagarparkaer town etc. These areas are vulnerable against drought, heavy rain and earthquake 52 hazards . Sanitation conditions in district Risk assessment is the process of Tharparkar are relatively poor hazard identification, analysis and where only 7% of the households determination of appropriate ways use flush toilets and 42% of the to control these hazards. At the 53 households do not have toilets . district level, there is a deficiency in The sanitation facilities are risk assessment of disaster prone comparatively worse in rural areas areas. Vulnerability map (used to of the district. identify vulnerable locations) of the district is also not available.

The district is poor in agriculture Disasters, poverty and vulnerability productivity as it depends on rain, are interlinked as it has been apart from some area in observed that, during disasters, the Nagarparkar, which gets its water most affected population are the from tube wells. Out of the 168 poor of the community. The 54 55 dehs (revenue village) 157 dehs incidence of poverty has increased are in arid zone where cultivation as droughts have reduced income depends upon rain. level of the households by damaging their assets and sources of income and thus have aggravated the

51 Pakistan Social and Living Standards Measurement Survey (PSLM), 2010-11, pp. 429 52 District Disaster Risk Management Plan, district Tharparker,(2009), pp. 24 53 Pakistan Social and Living Standard Measurement Survey 2010-11, pp. 435 54 UNOCHA, Pakistan Floods 2011, Tharparkar district profile, (Jan-Feb 2012) 55 District Disaster Risk Management Plan, district Tharparkar, 2009

HAZARD VULNERABILITY AND CAPACITY ANALYSIS 38

Physical/material Social/organizational Attitudinal/motivational household poverty. In many households there is just one earning person with many dependents. Sweet water is scarce throughout There are no Disaster Management the district except at few places like Committees (DMCs) and Emergency Nagarparkar and Chachro. People Response Committees (ERTs) in the consume saltish water which results vulnerable communities of the in various diseases like T.B etc. district. DMCs and ERTs are supposed to have representation from vulnerable communities’ which includes ex- counsellor, religious leaders, union council sectary, youth, farmer’s representation etc. DMC and ERT members are trained (on DRR and first aid etc.) and are first responder to any emergency situation. Early Warning systems, in Pakistan, Non-structural mitigation measures lack the basic equipment, skills and which include trainings, workshops, resources56. Early warning system seminars, land use planning and for drought and desertification does building codes are not properly not exist in the district. implemented by the concerned departments in the district which makes the people vulnerable to different hazards e.g., flash floods, earthquakes etc. Although the district is rich in Lack of coordination amongst all the mineral resources like granite rocks, stakeholders is a major hindrance in china clay, salt mines, coals and implementation and progress of the ceramics, it has no industry. Disaster Risk Reduction process.

3.1.3 Capacity Capacities are resources, means and strengths, which exist in households and communities and which enable them to cope with, withstand, prepare for, prevent, mitigate or quickly recover from a disaster. The combination of all the strengths attributes and resources available within a community, society or organization that can be used to achieve agreed goals constitute its capacity to cope with hazards57.

56 Government of Pakistan (2006), “National Plan: Strengthening National Capacities for Multi-hazard Early Warning & Response System (Phase-I)”, Cabinet Division, pp.8 57 Participant’s Course Workbook, Asian Disaster Preparedness Center (ADPC)

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Physical/Material Capacity In most disasters, people suffer their greatest losses in the physical and material realm. Access to physical/material things or objects count as physical capacity. A few examples of physical and material resources are cash, food, land, properties and tools.

Social /Organizational Capacity When everything physical is destroyed, people still has their skills, experiences and knowledge; they have family and social networks. They have leaders and systems for making decisions. They also have local, collective ‘wisdom’ reflected in their cultural practices that help them reduce or cope with disaster risks.

Attitudinal/Motivational Capacity People also have positive attitudes and strong motivations such as the will to survive and willingness to help each other.

Capacity Matrix Physical/material Social/organizational Attitudinal/motivational Tharparkar district is rich in The overall literacy rate59 (for the Indigenous knowledge of the local mineral resources like granite population of 10 years and above) communities is a great asset not only rocks, china clay, salt mines, coals is 46%; for males it is 65 and for for the vulnerable communities but and ceramics etc. Tharparkar coal females it is 25% while Adult also for the humanitarian field58 is spread over 9,000 sq. literacy rate60 (15 years and above) organizations. Humanitarian Kms near Islam kot and Mithi. It is is 37 %. For the urban rural Organizations do consider suggestions one of the largest lignite (coal) comparison, urban literacy rate is from local communities and deposits in the world which higher than the rural. Literate incorporate those in their policies. constitutes about 80% of the coal people can easily be mobilized and deposits of the country. made aware of the different disaster risks. According to the Health Facility District Disaster Management Advocacy seminars and trainings Assessment 2011, carried out by Authority (DDMA) of Tharparkar regarding disaster risk reduction (DRR) Technical Resource Facility61, has been established in the DCO’s are insufficient but have been initiated total health facilities in district office on a temporary basis. DDMA by different NGOs for the mobilization Tharparkar are 140. One DHQ, formulates disaster plan for the of vulnerable communities against three THQs 2 RHC, 2 MCH and district and assigns roles and hazards (droughts, floods, rainfalls 101 general dispensaries and 31 responsibilities to the local district etc.). BHUs. These health facilities departments. DDMA carries out provide health services both in emergency response and relief rural and urban areas of the activities in the affected areas. district, not only as a routine but also in extreme circumstances. The total number of schools in After the 2011 floods, different The teachers, students and youth assist

58 District Disaster Risk Management Plan, district Tharparkar,(2009), pp. 19 59 Pakistan Social and Living Standard Measurement Survey,(2010-11), pp. 139 60 Ibid, pp.143 61 Health Facility Assessment Tharparkar 2012 (HFA) by Technical Resource Facility

HAZARD VULNERABILITY AND CAPACITY ANALYSIS 40

Physical/material Social/organizational Attitudinal/motivational the district is 4,152. Out of which NGOs /INGOs have focused their the social workers working in their 3,873 are primary schools, 1 is an attentions on shelter, wash, and communities. They elementary school, 233 are livelihood activities. These organize gatherings for mobilization middle schools, 40 are secondary, organizations include WFP, IRC, sessions and act as a catalyst in the and 5 are higher secondary TRDP, SRSP, NCHD, Water AID, field. schools62. These school buildings UNICIEF and WHO etc.63 They are also used as shelter and provide funds and relief stuff to the evacuation centres in emergency. affected people, to enable them to stand on their own. Road network is considered as a Community organizations are In post flood activities, Psycho-Social vehicle for economic formed by NGOs in the affected problems of the people (especially development. The district is well- areas to encourage the local children and women) were addressed connected with other districts representation. Active people from by the psychologists, hired by different through good quality roads. Total the community are part of these organizations. Religious scholars good quality roads length is 743 organizations which facilitate the (Ulemas) also contribute their part by kilometres in this district64. These humanitarian organizations’ work counselling flood affected people. roads can be used as evacuation at the grass root level. point in flood disaster. Good roads are also helpful in carrying out relief activities. Forests help in protection of soil, Law Enforcement Agencies are improve environment by important stakeholders in relief controlling pollution and cause activities. Jawans (Soldiers) of rainfall. Total forest area of the Pakistan Army assist the affected Sindh Province is 1,037,571.36 communities directly and help hectares (2006-07) out of which them in evacuation, by providing district Tharparkar shares an area transport facilities. Army doctors of 68,506.24 hectares65. The provide medicines and other health increased protection of forests facilities to the affected people could lead to a decrease in the especially to the children and severity of floods. women. Handcrafts of the district are Union council sectaries are very popular and are source of income helpful in risk assessment process. for the people. Carpets, hand- Because they keep all records of made sheets, blankets etc., are the union council and even provide carried to Karachi and sold there. maps of the relevant union council. The district is rich in livestock Disaster Risk Management Plan of sector. There are 3,656,933 district Tharparkar is a multi-hazard cattle66 heads according to the response plan for the disasters census of 1995-96 which is the which was developed by the largest in Sindh. government of Sindh in 2009. It contains complete information of the district, its disaster history,

62 SINDH Education Management Information System (SEMIS), District Education Profile, Tharparkar,2010-11, pp.1 63 UNOCHA, Pakistan Floods 2011, Tharparkar District Profile, Jan-Feb 2012,www.pakresponse.info, accessed on 11/4/2013 64 Sindh Development Statistics, (2008), Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS), pp. 262 65 Ibid, pp. 148 66 District Disaster Risk Management Plan, district Tharparkar, (2009), pp. 17

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Physical/material Social/organizational Attitudinal/motivational hazards and emergency response structure. This document is very helpful for relief agencies and other stakeholders who want to work on DRM/DRR in district Tharparkar. Political parties are very active in the district. The members of National and provincial assemblies (MNAs & MPAs) highlight and raise problems of the people on the assembly flours. PPP and PML (Q) are quite popular in the district.

SECTORAL DRR MITIGATION MEASURES 42

4 Sectoral DRR Mitigation Measures 4.1Education x NGOs working in the education sector (AIR, NCHD, SEARCH, SF, SAFHR Pakistan, UNICEF, PPAF, SEF, TRDP, SCOPE, Sukaar Foundation, and PRDP) should work on awareness building programs for encouraging enrolment in schools, by incorporating Teachers, students and youth in their community based programs. Increased enrolment would lead to enhanced literacy and literate people can easily be mobilized and made aware of the different disaster risks. x The Government and NGOs should invest in improving school buildings as these are can be used as shelter and evacuation centre in case of emergency. x Humanitarian organizations should take on board the District Education Department and should provide trainings and necessary skills to the education officials to enable them to prepare School Based Disaster Management Plans (SBDRM-Plan) for each school in the district. x Donors and NGOs working in the education sector should utilize their assistance for disaster resilient schools to avoid the future threats. 4.2Health x DDMA should assign responsibilities to the health department to ensure availability of doctors in the hospitals, BHU’s, MCHC, and RHC’s. Moreover, mobile health teams should be mobilized so that the health facilitators can visit the local areas to provide basic health care especially for the vulnerable group such as people with disabilities, elderly persons, children and females and those who hesitate to go to the hospitals because of cultural constraint and long distances. x Stabilization centers for the people suffering from acute malnutrition should be established in each small and big hospital. x Water conservation projects should be initiated by the Government and NGOs sector in order to mitigate the drought threats. x People should be made aware of the water borne disease and health and hygiene issues. One of the reasons for the recent health emergency situation in Tharparkar occurred was due to unawareness of the people because mostly people used to drink from the same source from which their animals quenched their thirst.

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4.3Livelihood x Capacity can be built through awareness programs on livelihood diversification. x Alternative methods of food production should be introduced in district to mitigate drought effects. x As Tharparkar has the largest deposit of coal, the government should invest there to develop coal mines and establish industry that could utilize these deposits. Hopefully, judicious utilization of these coal deposits would lead to prosperity in the area and provide alternate sources of employment. x Agriculture scientists should produce heat resistant and low water dependent seeds to bolster agricultural productivity in Tharparkar. x District Livestock department should plan in advance for the vaccination of livestock population in case of scarce rainfall and mobile teams for the monitoring of the situation. x Fodder stocks should be maintained by the livestock department of the district to cope with emergencies. x Livestock owners should be encouraged to insure their cattle heads. 4.4Infrastructure x Awareness programs should be organized by District Disaster Management Authority about the need of land use planning and building codes so that it can be followed by all the stakeholders, to avoid future threats. x Road networks should be expanded to each corner of the district so that emergency response could be easily conducted without any hurdle. x Active people from the community can be used for disseminating early warning for the local endangered communities because people have lot of trust in informal and locally influential sources of information; e.g. a religious leaders, a teachers, an NGO worker or a local government official. But firstly these active people should also be trained on EWS. 4.5WASH x NGO,s should encourage local participation in awareness sessions programs and trainings, related to water treatment practices, which will capacitate the vulnerable communities of the area against the communicable diseases . x Innovative approaches are required to ensure the availability of low-cost, simple, and locally acceptable water and sanitation interventions. Integrating these approaches into the existing social institutions such as schools, markets, and health facilities is required. x Tehsil Municipal workers should monitor the quality of pipe water and should distribute chlorine tablets for water purification in order to avoid diseases like cholera and hepatitis etc. Big water tanks/reservoirs should also be cleaned regularly.

SECTORAL DRR MITIGATION MEASURES 44

x DRR measures should be incorporated in the construction of sewerage system in order to minimize the possibility of over flowing of sewage water in rainy days and to mitigate the hygiene issues. 4.6Food x Stockpiling of essential food items should be encouraged among the community through awareness programs. x Number of Food distribution point should be established in the emergency hit area and should be easily accessible to most of the needy population. x For extremely vulnerable groups such as elderly persons, people with disabilities, female and children, separate desk and queues at food distribution point should be established so that they do not suffer difficulties in attaining food. 4.7Government and Humanitarian Sectors x As at the district level, risk assessment of disaster prone areas and vulnerability map are missing, humanitarian organizations can involve the local people for hazard and vulnerability assessment through participatory risk assessment process. x Coordination among key stakeholders should be strengthened for disaster risk reduction measures implementation and effective emergency response. x Political parties can highlight the problem of the needy people and can coordinate with NGOs (ACTED, FAO, WFP, UNHCR, UNCIEF, LAMP etc) working in different sectors for the problems of people. NGOs working on CBDRM projects can be invited and can be asked for initiation of DRR projects in the vulnerable areas of the district.

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5 Coordination and Support Services 5.1Important Contacts

5.1.1 Departmental Focal Points S Telephone Numbers Department Office In charge Designation Location # Office Mobile Mr Asif Ikram DC Tharparkar 0232-261667 Mr. Imran Bhatti ADC I Tharparkar 0232-261400 Mr. Dhiraoman ADC 2 Tharparkar 0232-262242

Mr.Javed Ahmad Sheikh AC Chachro 0232-273070 Mr. Shakeel Aleem Yjjan AC Mithi 0232-261301 Mr Gul Baig Majedan AC Diplo 0232-221220 1 Mr. Ghulam Mustafa MukhtiarKar Mithi 0232-261202 0346-2510774 Khoso Administration Mr. Nazeer ahmad MukhtiarKar Diplo 0232-221220 Mr. Girdhari Lal MukhtiarKar Islamakot 0333-2271095 Mr. Saeed Ahmed Jokhio MukhtiarKar Chachro 0232-27302 0334-2243540 Mr. Qayoom Laghari MukhtiarKar Nagarparkar 0232-264009 Mr. Muneer Ahmad 2 Police SSP Tharparkar 0232- 261519 0333-222877 Sheikh 3 Agriculture Mr Imtaiz Ali Acthar DO Tharparkar 0232-261704 4 Health Dr Abdul Jalil Bhurgri DHO Tharparkar 0232-261253 0300-3301339 5 Education Mr. Ijaz Ahmad Baloch DEO Tharparkar 0232-261945 0333-2737774 Mr. Muhammad Arif S.E (W & S) Tharparkar 0232-261860 Mr. Muhammad Hashim Works and DO Roads Tharparkar 0232-261860 0300-32488888 6 Chana Services Mr. Sarang Ram XEN (B) Tharparkar 0232-261430 0333-2642159 Mr. Niaz Ahmed Memon XEN (EW) Tharparkar 0232-261288 0333-8898985 Source: DC office Tharparkar 5.1.2 Emergency Response S.No Name or Organizations Office Contact 1 Edhi Ambulance 115 2 Electricity Complaint 118 3 Police Emergency 15 4 Telephone (Complaint) 1218 5 Telephone Enquiry 1217 6 Sui Gas Help line 1199 7 PIA Flight enquiry 114

COORDINATION AND SUPPORT SERVICES 46

5.1.3 List of NGOs Working in District Tharparkar Name Contact Agency For Technical Cooperation and Development (ACTED) 051-2653035 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) 051-2656352/ 051-9255491-3 Helpage International 051-8356476 Health and Nutrition Development Society (HANDS) 0346-8209561/0213-4532804 United Nations World Food Programme (WFP) 051-8312000 Sami Foundation 0238-571593 Sindh Agricultural and Forestry Workers Coordinating Organization 022-2650996/ 022-2655160 (SAFWCO) International Organization for Migration (IOM) 051 28 31 061 033-2447759/023-2261913/ 0232- Sukaar Foundation 308280 National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) 051-9205037 Sindh Relief Department (SRD) 021-99203686/ 021-99205378 Sindh Rural Support Program (SRSP) 022-2654446/022-2655382 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) 051-2829502-6 Citizen Community Board Network (CCBN) 0233-872838 The United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) 051-2097700 Lead Against Marginality & Poverty (LAMP) 022-3032715 Marie Stopes Society 051-835572 , 051-8355600 United Nation Development Programme (UNDP) 051 8355600 Association For Water Applied Education & Renewable Energy (AWARE) 0333-7092067/0232-273054 Participatory Village Development Programme (PVDP) 0233-513297 United Nation World Health Organization (WHO) 051-9255184-5 Water aid 051 2211 361/051-2302425-7 National Commission For Human Development (NCHD) 051-9216200 Pakistan Rural Development Programme (PRDP) 0997-310216/ 0996-400184 Pakistan Poverty Alleviation Fund (PPAF) 0092 51 111 000 102 Society for Conservation and Protection of Environment (SCOPE) 021-4559448/ 021-4522562 Thardeep Rural Development Programme 0333-6537860/0232-261462 Integrated Rural Awarness & Development Organization(IRADO) 022-3830301 Society for the Protection of the Rights of the Children (SPARC) 051 2291553/ 051 2291559 Thar welfare Council 03332755760/0232-262038 Tharparkar social organization 0232-261825 Merlin 0301-8500386 Baanhn Beli 03009378560 Source: www.pakresponse.org

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5.2Health Facilities List of health facilities are provided by WHO for 2010 Taluka Union Council Health Facility Name HF_TYPE DIPLO Diplo Taluka Hospital,Diplo HOSPITAL DIPLO Arokhi BHU Arokhi BASIC HEALTH UNIT DIPLO Moora BHU Chachi Moora BASIC HEALTH UNIT DIPLO Kaloi BHU Kaloi BASIC HEALTH UNIT DIPLO Khetlari BHU Khetlari BASIC HEALTH UNIT DIPLO Kot Arbab Mir Mohd BHU Kot Arbab Mir Mohd BASIC HEALTH UNIT DIPLO Narhori BHU Narhori BASIC HEALTH UNIT DIPLO Verijhap BHU Verijhap BASIC HEALTH UNIT MITHI Mithi Civil Hospital Mithi HOSPITAL MITHI slamkot RHC Islamkot Rural Health Centre MITHI Choopni Samejo BHU Choopni Samejo BASIC HEALTH UNIT MITHI Khario Ghullam Shah BHU Khario Ghullam Shah BASIC HEALTH UNIT MITHI Malanhore Vena BHU Malanhore Vena BASIC HEALTH UNIT MITHI Mithrio Bhatti BHU Mithrio Bhatti BASIC HEALTH UNIT MITHI Pabooher BHU Pabooher BASIC HEALTH UNIT MITHI Vakrio BHU Vakrio BASIC HEALTH UNIT MITHI VERHARI Govt Dispensary VERHARI DISPENSARY MITHI TOBHARIO Govt Dispensary TOBHARIO DISPENSARY MITHI GIRYACHOO Govt Dispensary GIRYACHOO DISPENSARY MITHI GORVARI Govt Dispensary GORVARI DISPENSARY CHACHRO Chachro RHC Chachro Rural Health centre CHACHRO Kheensar RHC Kheensar Rural Health centre CHACHRO Chelhar BHU Chelhar BASIC HEALTH UNIT CHACHRO Jadam Janjhi BHU Jadam Janjhi BASIC HEALTH UNIT CHACHRO Kankio BHU Kankio BASIC HEALTH UNIT CHACHRO Khario Fazal BHU Khario Fazal BASIC HEALTH UNIT CHACHRO Sakario BHU Sakario BASIC HEALTH UNIT CHACHRO Samoon Rind BHU Samoon Rind BASIC HEALTH UNIT CHACHRO Wahoori BHU Wahoori BASIC HEALTH UNIT CHACHRO GOGASER Govt. Dispensary GOGASER DISPENSARY CHACHRO CHACHI GAJOO Govt. Dispensary CHACHI GAJOO DISPENSARY CHACHRO RARLI Govt. Dispensary RARLI DISPENSARY CHACHRO RATAN JO TAR Govt. Dispensary RATAN JO TAR DISPENSARY CHACHRO BHAGISAL Govt. Dispensary BHAGISAL DISPENSARY CHACHRO MITHRIO SOTHER Govt.Dispensary MITHRIO SOTHER DISPENSARY NAGARPARKAR NAGARPARKAR TALUKA HOSPITAL, NAGARPARKAR HOSPITAL NAGARPARKAR DANO DHANDHEL BHU DANO DHANDHEL BASIC HEALTH UNIT NAGARPARKAR VIRAWAH BHU VIRAWAH BASIC HEALTH UNIT NAGARPARKAR KHARIO FAZAL BHU KHARIO FAZAL BASIC HEALTH UNIT NAGARPARKAR HARHOO Govt. Dispensary HARHOO DISPENSARY NAGARPARKAR PILLOO Govt. Dispensary PILLOO DISPENSARY NAGARPARKAR ADHIGAM Govt. ADHIGAM DISPENSARY