2020 VULCAN HISTORICAL REVIEW VOLUME 24 2 VULCAN HISTORICAL REVIEW VOLUME 24 table of contents 06 Letter from the Editors 63 Intention From God: Midwives and Professional Physicians in Late Nineteenth-Century Alabama 07 “Division” Sheila Blair Rose Reyes 72 Second-Wave Feminism in Northern Ireland in the 08 The Incroyables et Merveilleuses as Context of the Troubles: The Movement and Its Separate Entities Implications on Women Allyson Payne Sunya Reddy 18 Frontier Building and Franciscan Missions: La 79 “Poem in Which I Inhabit a Founding Father” Florida in the 17th Century Ashley Jones Steven Filoromo 80 “$Overlay” 23 Mountains, Mines, and Quarters: Life, Labor, and Rose Reyes the Sloss-Sheffield Steel & Iron Company, 1880-1950 Steven Filoromo 81 The Scottsboro Boys Casey Dunsmore 34 “Wires” Rose Reyes 86 Representation and Metaphors for Civil Rights in Marvel Comics 35 Unfortunate Continuity? Imperial Influence in the Brian Powell Postwar Democratization of Japan And Its Effects on “Voicemail #1: To Madam C.J. Walker” the Nation’s Modern Democracy 90 Taylor Byas Robert Ezekiel 45 “Let’s Get Rid of All of Them”: No Gun Ri and the 91 “Red Mt. Bus Stop” American Policy of Shooting Refugees During The by Rose Reyes Korean War 92 The Explosive History of Birmingham: How the by Erin Marie Starr City’s Past Forged the Future of Economic, Social, 57 “W” and Cultural Development Rose Reyes Kendra Bell 58 Film Review - Midway (2019) 98 Racism: The “Ordinary” Way of Life McCallie L. Smith III, Co-Written by Robert Ezekiel Robert Crawford 60 Harriet Amos Doss 100 “Love Thy Neighbor” Caroline Myers 61 “Fantastical Mockingbird” Rose Reyes 101 A Historical Essay on Black Women’s Gendered Racial Terror in the U.S. 62 “Tender-Headed” Martez Files Taylor Byas 107 About the Authors & Editors 4 EDITORIAL STAFF FACULTY ADVISOR Tammy Blue Dr. Andrew Baer Head Editor CO-SPONSORS Tierra Andrews The Linney Family Endowment Graphic Designer for The Vulcan Historical Review Journal EDITORIAL BOARD Dr. Robert Palazzo, Dean of the College of Arts Kendra Grace Bell and Sciences, UAB Casey Dunsmore The Department of History, UAB Robert Ezekiel Steve Filoromo Alice Grissom Allyson Payne McCallie Smith The Vulcan Historical Review is published annually by the Birmingham Public Library Archives, and our authors. All Chi Omicron Chapter (UAB) of Phi Alpha Theta National students at the University of Alabama at Birmingham, History Honor Society. The journal is completely student- including recent alumni, are encouraged to submit edited by undergraduate and graduate students at the research articles, book and film reviews, oral histories, University of Alabama at Birmingham. historical fictions, or other works of historical interest to be considered for publication. Submissions by any currently- ©2020 Chi Omicron Chapter of Phi Alpha Theta National enrolled history undergraduate or graduate student from History Honor Society, the University of Alabama at other institutions are also welcome. Birmingham. All rights reserved. No material may be duplicated or quoted without the express written Phi Alpha Theta Advisor permission of the author. The University of Alabama History Department HHB 360 at Birmingham, its departments, and its organizations University of Alabama at Birmingham disclaim any responsibility for statements in fact or 1401 University Boulevard opinion, made by contributors herein. Birmingham, Alabama 35294 Article photos courtesy of the Library of Congress, 5 LETTER FROM THE EDITORS his year’s editorial staff created the 24th edition of historical works they effortlessly create a narrative of their TThe Vulcan Historical Review during unprecedented own. The original poetry contributed by authors Taylor times. The COVID-19 pandemic escalated overnight, and Byas and Ashley Jones bring an alternate perspective to the world had no choice but to adjust to a new normal. our historical discussion. Finally, the Vulcan concludes with Meanwhile, continued violence against African-Americans a section that highlights the notorious Scottsboro case, via a racially biased system, white supremacists, and civil rights and racism, and a historical essay on Black certain members of the police force sparked a worldwide women’s gendered terror. We are proud to bring you the response demanding justice for Nathaniel Woods, Ahmaud 24th edition of The Vulcan Historical Review and hope it Arbery, Breonna Taylor, George Floyd, and others. Through informs ongoing discussions vital to positive change. it all, we have seen people stand together while apart for The Vulcan editors are grateful for the amazing support our shared health and safety. We have also seen people of of the faculty and staff of the UAB Department of History. all ethnicities and backgrounds pull together to speak out Their dedication to students has led to the success of this against racism in a movement that embraces the passion year’s edition as it has in the past. We would like to thank and heart from the past with a new urgency for the future. Dr. Andrew Baer, our faculty advisor, for his undiminished The black and white cover of this edition captures the support and confidence in our abilities. We also appreciate passing of time in the essence of a tree trunk’s rings – time the support of the History Chair, Dr. Jonathan Wiesen, and does not stop, but we can make the most of the time we our department secretary, Melanie Daily. A special thanks have. There is an unprecedented opportunity right now to goes to Prof. Douglas Baulos of the Department of Art and change the course of history for the better; and one way Art History for introducing UAB’s finest art students to the we can do that is by learning and understanding our past. Vulcan. We would also like to thank Tierra Andrews for The material in this issue spans a range of historical and contributing her design skills to one of the best editions to geographical topics, including the history of Alabama date. and Birmingham as well as an article on the formation of Finally, publication of The Vulcan Historical Review Japan’s post-World War II government that won its author would not be possible without our generous donors, UAB’s Dr. Glenn A. Feldman Memorial Student Writing the continued support of Dr. Robert Palazzo (Dean of Award. Another paper considers a controversial United the College of Arts and Sciences), and The Linney Family States policy of shooting refugees during the Korean Endowment. We thank you and our readers for giving UAB War. After a review of the film Midway, the topic shifts to undergraduate and graduate students the opportunity to women - midwives in nineteenth century Alabama and the contribute to the 24 years of historical scholarship that impact of the Northern Irish Women’s Movement of the represents this department and the Chi Omicron Chapter late 1900s. This edition features several images courtesy of of the Phi Alpha Theta History Honor Society. artists Caroline Myers and Rose Reyes; weaved among the 6 division Rose Reyes 7 THE INCROYABLES ET MERVEILLEUSES AS SEPARATE ENTITITES Allyson Payne he execution of the ringleader of the Reign of Terror, The Incroyables et Merveilleuses, Tthe Incorruptible Maximilien Robespierre on the 27th a group of men and women of July in 1794—the ninth of Thermidor—brought about a chain of events including the revocation of the Law respectively who used fashion as of 22 Prairial, which, summoned much celebration and a weapon, began as a part of the conspiracy from the royalist population in Paris. Within “ ” this highly political time period, twin movements famous Thermidorian reaction. for their respectively garish clothing styles known as the Incroyables et Merveilleuses were born. When writing on the the Great Terror, engulfed France in a wave of royalist Incroyables et Merveilleuses, historians consider the pair blood. irrevocably linked. However, in order to rightly understand At the center of this bloody movement was a man named the two movements, it is crucial to their individual Maximilien Robespierre who—once he executed two of integrities to consider them separate entities rather his dearest friends and fellow revolutionaries Georges than as a pair. When one examines each as a separate Danton and Camille Desmoulins in a bout of insecure entity, one finds that though they share a genesis, they conspiracy—found himself in the middle of a coup d’état accomplished unique political agendas and distinct and at the mercy of the guillotine’s blade. Not long after timelines. this, the Law of 22 Prairial was revoked, and the people To best understand the Incroyables et Merveilleuses of France, especially those in Paris the epicenter of the movements respectively, one must first have a grasp on Revolution, took to the streets rejoicing, believing that two subjects—the political climate at the time and the the conspirators had executed Robespierre because they reigning importance of clothing styles in France. wanted to stem the flow of blood across the country.4 Though this was a misunderstanding as this was not the After the execution of Louis XVI, the revolutionaries intention of the conspirators, the conspirators, including ruled with an iron fist, executing anyone and everyone one Louis-Marie Stanislas Fréron and one Jean-Lambert suspected of “treason”–a word in that time synonymous Tallien, made the self-preserving decision to go along with royal sympathies. These thousands of executions with the people’s enthusiasm—making the two men key found justification with the Committee of Public Safety by leaders in the Parisian Thermidorian reaction. According way of the Law of 22 Prairial which states, among other to Morton, “If the people wanted to make heroes of them, distinctions, “the following are deemed enemies of the so much the better. Terror they regarded as a means people: those who have instigated the reestablishment for keeping themselves in power.