HIV and AIDS and the African Military Towards a Common And

Conference Report HIV and AIDS and the African Military Towards a common and

ISS Head O! ce Block D, Brooklyn Court comprehensive approach 361 Veale Street New Muckleneuk, Pretoria, South Africa Tel: +27 12 346-9500 Fax: +27 12 346-9570 E-mail: [email protected]

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This publication was made possible through funding provided by the Rockefeller Brothers Fund. In addition, general Edited by Takawira Musavengana, Tarrin-Rae Oxche and Irene Ndung’u Institute funding is provided by the Governments of Denmark, the Netherlands, Norway and Sweden. 11-13 March 2009, Jinja, Uganda As a leading African human security research institution, the Institute for Security Studies (ISS) works towards a stable and peaceful Africa characterised by sustainable development, human rights, the rule of law, democracy, collaborative security and gender mainstreaming. The ISS realises this vision by:

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Edited by Takawira Musavengana, Tarrin-Rae Oxche and Irene Ndung’u 11-13 March 2009, Jinja, Uganda

Contents

Acronyms ...... iii Executive summary ...... iv Introduction ...... 1 Conference objective ...... 1 Conference theme and sub-themes ...... 1 Welcome and opening remarks ...... 3

Panel One HIV and AIDS and the military: A general framework ...... 5 The role of the AU with regard to HIV and AIDS in the military ...... 5 Aids, political stability and con! ict ...... 5 The use of the Second Generation HIV Surveillance Approach in understanding the HIV epidemic in the military: Lessons from other employment sectors ...... 6 Prospects for an African HIV and AIDS and military common policy ...... 7

Panel Two HIV and AIDS and peacekeeping in Africa – regional case studies ...... 9 HIV and AIDS challenges: A perspective, ECOWAS Standby Force (ESF) ...... 9 Threats of HIV and AIDS to regional integration e" orts and performance of African standby brigades: The case of EASBRIG ...... 9 Threats of HIV and AIDS to regional integration e" orts and performance of African standby brigades: The case of HIV and AIDS in East African militaries: Defence sector policy issues and gaps ...... 10 The changing face of the epidemic most at-risk populations ...... 11

Panel Three HIV and AIDS AND PEACEKEEPING IN AFRICA – COUNTRY CASE STUDIES ...... 13 General HIV and AIDS in the DRC ...... 13 HIV and AIDS and PSO: A case study on Eastern DRC ...... 13 HIV and AIDS: The case of Chad ...... 13 HIV and AIDS in a post-con! ict country: The case of Burundi ...... 14 HIV and AIDS: Swaziland ...... 14 HIV and AIDS: Côte d’Ivoire ...... 14

Panel Four Managing the impact of HIV and AIDS on the military ...... 15 E" ects of HIV and AIDS on military career planning ...... 15 Living with HIV, human security and the African military ...... 15 Legal and human rights aspects of HIV/AIDS in African contemporary military policies ...... 16

Panel Five Policy recommendations ...... 19

Panel Six Closing address – HIV and AIDS prevention and care: Looking beyond medical services ...... 23 Annexure A ...... 25 List of participants ...... 25 Annexure B ...... 29 Programme ...... 29

Conference Report i

Acronyms

AIDS Acquired Immune De! ciency Syndrome ACCORD " e African Centre for the Constructive Resolution of Disputes ARV Antiretroviral " erapy ASF African Standby Force AU African Union AUC African Union Commission AWA Aids Watch Africa CCR Centre for Con# ict Resolution CCAAHM Common and Comprehensive African Approach to HIV and AIDS in the Military DRC Democratic Republic of Congo EAC East African Community EASBRICOM EASBRIG Coordination Mechanism EASBRIG East African Standby Brigade ECOWAS Economic Commission of West African States ESF ECOWAS Standby Force FARDC Forces Armées de la République Démocratique du Congo HIV Human Immunode! ciency Virus HSRC Human Sciences Research Council of South Africa IDASA Institute for Democratic Alternatives in Southern Africa ISS Institute for Security Studies JCRC Joint Clinical Research Centre KAIPTC Ko! Annan International Peacekeeping and Training Centre NARC North African Regional Capability NGO Non-Governmental Organisations MARP Most At Risk Population M&E Monitoring and Evaluation MONUC United Nations Organisation Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo OAU Organisation of African Unity PLWHA People Living With HIV and Aids PSO Peace Support Operations PSOD Peace Support Operations Division RECs Regional Economic Communities RMs Regional Mechanisms SADC Southern African Development Community SGSA Second-Generation HIV Surveillance Approach SSG Security Sector Governance STIs Sexually Transmitted Infections UPDF Uganda People’s Defence Forces UNAIDS United Nations Programme on HIV and AIDS UNDPKO United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund VCT Voluntary Counselling and Testing WHO World Health Organisation

Conference Report iii Executive summary

" e Security Sector Governance (SSG) Programme hosts I New skills regarding nutrition and dieting required for a number of projects including MilAIDS, which focuses supporting in-service victims on the mitigation of the impact of HIV and AIDS on I Control of scheduled drugs as part of the quartermas- armed forces in Africa. " e purpose of the project is to ter’s responsibility inform and support the development of appropriate policy I Home-based care and welfare policies related to early responses to the threat of HIV and AIDS to the armed termination of employment on medical grounds for forces of the African continent. " e project also assesses those HIV-positive cases progressing to AIDS the empirical data available regarding the relationship I Budgetary and cost implications given the fact that between HIV and AIDS and the armed forces, and HIV armed forces are liable for the cost of anything up to and AIDS and peacekeeping operations in Africa, and 20 per cent and more of non-e$ ective soldiers strives to develop policy options for the mitigation of the I Finally, policy-related challenges which emerge with e$ ect of HIV and AIDS on the armed forces and security regard to peacekeeping deployments, the adherence on the continent. or not of countries to the guidelines set by the United Developing a sector-speci! c (armed forces) HIV and Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations AIDS policy within the national HIV and AIDS frame- (UNDPKO) and the African Union’s Peace and works remains a key focus of the project. Speci! c issues Security Department; also the extensive debate around which are addressed include: conducting HIV tests before, during and a% er deployment and how this relates to capacity, and what goals I Aspects of HIV and recruitment in a human rights are to be achieved a% er the tests, given the diverse culture practice of various countries in not following set I Challenges of what to do with soldiers who become international and continental guidelines, the objective HIV positive during service, leading to questions being to develop common and good practice. of forced remustering from active to administrative duties

iv Institute for Security Studies Introduction

" e African Union Peace and Security Department and AIDS and on peacekeeping more broadly, while also in association with the Uganda People’s Defence looking at international, regional and national policies Forces (UPDF) and the Institute for Security Studies and practices related to managing the impact of HIV and (ISS) through the Security Sector Governance (SSG) AIDS on peacekeeping operations. One hundred and one Programme organised a regional conference with the participants representing various countries and institu- theme ‘African armed forces and HIV and AIDS: A tions attended the conference. Most of the ! nances for the comprehensive common approach’. " e working pro- Uganda conference came from the Rockefeller Brothers gramme for the three-day conference (11–13 March 2009) Fund (RBF) and core funding from the governments of consisted of plenary and thematic group work, based on the Netherlands and Sweden. " e UPDF met considerable presentations by renowned experts and key personalities logistical costs. on several aspects of the above theme. CONFERENCE THEMES AND SUB!THEMES CONFERENCE OBJECTIVE " e overarching theme of the conference was ‘HIV and " e overall objective of the African conference was to AIDS and the African military: Towards a common and develop a common and comprehensive African approach comprehensive approach’, and included sub-themes such in addressing the HIV and AIDS pandemic in the uni- as ‘HIV and AIDS and the military: A general frame- formed services. " is objective was to be pursued within work’; ‘HIV and AIDS and peacekeeping in Africa – re- the context of collaborative security and the development gional case studies’; ‘HIV and AIDS and peacekeeping in of regional brigades as part of the Africa peace and Africa – country case studies’, and ‘Managing the impact security architecture. " e conference focused on HIV of HIV and AIDS in the military’.

Conference Report 1

Welcome and opening remarks

Lieutenant Colonel Dr Godfrey Bwire, the master of participants in a re# ection of ways and means of develop- ceremonies, introduced the key speakers for the opening ing a comprehensive and common African approach session. First was Brigadier Charles Angina, Chief of towards HIV and AIDS in the armed forces. Sta$ Ground Forces in the UPDF, who was representing Finally, an introductory brie! ng was given on the the Chief of Defence Sta$ , General Aronda Nyakairima. work done by Dr Peter Mugenyi, the Director of the " e Chief of Ground Forces then introduced the guest of Joint Clinical Research Centre (JCRC) and Chancellor honour, Professor Peter Mugenyi, as well as Dr Naison of Mbarara University. Dr Mugenyi stated that Uganda Ngoma and the other key conference facilitators, heads had been the ! rst African country to experience HIV and of national delegations, and representatives of various AIDS in 1980 and later, in 1990, had become the country militaries and other organisations. He gave an outline with the highest prevalence rate in Africa. " e formation of the rest of the morning programme. He followed this of the JCRC, an initiative by the head of state, had been by reminding participants that soldiers are trained to instrumental in making remarkable progress in the ! ght anticipate surprise attacks from outside their ranks and against HIV and AIDS. Based on cartographic data, Dr that HIV is a similar enemy except that it attacks from Mugenyi highlighted the seriousness of the pandemic the inside. In that sense, it should be viewed as the enemy in Africa and noted that the United Nations needed to within. As such he reiterated the need to implement rethink the subject given the absence of a cure. an appropriate strategy to mitigate the impact of the Despite having access to drugs, Africa continues to pandemic, given that the military constituted one of the have the highest number of HIV and AIDS cases in the pillars of government. He then invited Professor Peter entire world and the cost of the medication cannot be Mugenyi to give the keynote address. sustained. Dr Mugenyi brought to the attention of the " e opening ceremony, presided over by the guest of participants that, in spite of its meagre resources, the honour, Dr Peter Mugenyi, was marked by three speeches: JCRC had contributed to the ! ght against the pandemic the ! rst was the welcome speech by Brigadier Charles in the military, where the level of prevalence is six per Angina, Commander of the Ground Forces. He was fol- cent. He also stated that there is much to be done to save lowed by a representative of the general armed forces of the lives of millions in Africa, and continued that to that Uganda; and ! nally there were the introductory remarks e$ ect initiatives such as establishing a network for such a by Dr Naison Ngoma, Programme Head of the SSG, who cause and sharing information and experiences would be said the objective of the conference was to engage the indispensable for the ! ght to be crowned a success.

Conference Report 3

Panel One HIV and AIDS and the military A general framework

Session chair: Professor Hamilton Simelane University of Swaziland

THE ROLE OF THE AFRICAN especially the refugees that these forces are supposed to UNION "AU# WITH REGARD TO HIV protect. " e speaker also highlighted an urgent need for AND AIDS IN THE MILITARY the AU to expedite the policy on peacekeeping, given that the African Standby Force should be operational by 2010. Ms Bernadette Olowo Freers, AU Discussion Ms Bernadette Olowo-Freers acknowledged the role of the di$ erent partners, in particular the AU, the ISS and Mr Dingamadji Madjior as chairman and Dr Innocent the UPDF in organising the conference on HIV and AIDS Nukuri as rapporteur reported the gist of the discussion in the military. She emphasised the AU’s commitment to voiced in the plenary sessions, and emphasised the need work with other development partners in the operation- for the AU to take into account the speci! c cultural and alisation of the regional brigades. She pointed out that the sociological milieu and other aspects regarding particular absence of a vaccine as an intervention measure to save countries and armed forces. At the same time they the armed forces meant there was an urgent need to dra% described a common and comprehensive approach to this a policy based on sensitisation, training and communica- matter, in addition to the e$ orts of each country currently tion in a bid to ! ght the pandemic. " is would remain a designing a national strategy. challenge for the next 20 years. " ey also highlighted pertinent issues regarding the Because of this situation, the question of HIV sensitisation of the African Standby Force (ASF) to HIV and AIDS had been a serious preoccupation of the and AIDS, to the activities which the AU intends to Organisation of African Unity (OAU), and was now that implement, as well as to the monitoring and evaluation of the AU, as evidenced by the Abuja Summit in April of such a programme for the bene! t of the armed forces. 2001, which, among other things, was a major African " ey emphasised the importance, in future, of the devel- response to the pandemic. She also highlighted the 2004– opment of appropriate methodologies for such a monitor- 2005 strategic plans that put forward six main objectives ing and evaluation (M&E) programme. to accelerate the ! ght against HIV and AIDS. It was the 2006 Summit furthermore that enabled the review of the AIDS, POLITICAL STABILITY implementation of the declarations and conclusions of AND CONFLICT the Abuja Summit, which had translated into concrete Mr Kondwani Chirambo measures to that e$ ect. In addition there is the 2008–2010 Institute for Democratic Alternatives in Southern Africa (IDASA) Action Plan. Ms Olowo-Freers emphasised that the main objective of the African response is to mobilise and Mr Kondwani’s presentation covered leadership attrition coordinate e$ orts towards synergising the programmes and implications, highlighting trends in mortality among and policies at all levels in a bid to minimise the impact of elected leaders and the implications for their countries. " e HIV and AIDS. In addition, the AU underscores advocacy second section dealt with electoral management, in which for African armed forces as well as civilian populations, he discussed institutional weaknesses and the consequence

Conference Report 5 HIV and AIDS and the African Military of HIV and AIDS on voter registers, such as disputed Conclusion electoral outcomes arising from alleged inaccurate voter registers and how HIV and AIDS might feature; and the " ere are many reasons why HIV and AIDS is a matter of erosion of political power bases owing to HIV and AIDS. human security concern for African countries. Although A% er outlining the social and demographic con- there is no direct role for the military, anecdotal evidence sequences of the pandemic in Africa, Mr Kondwani could possibly assist other security wings in identifying analysed the various ways HIV and AIDS might a$ ect potential sources of instability in nations as a result of political stability via institutional weakness resulting HIV. " e IDASA research therefore challenges the mili- from the illness and death of leaders and voters, or by tary to discuss and interrogate their own perspectives in creating conditions in which the institution of elections this regard. might precipitate con# ict. " e main ! ndings of IDASA’s research in selected THE USE OF THE SECOND GENERATION countries (Malawi, South Africa, Tanzania, Zambia and HIV SURVEILLANCE APPROACH IN Zimbabwe) were: UNDERSTANDING THE HIV AND AIDS EPIDEMIC IN THE MILITARY: LESSONS I " ere are worrying trends regarding the loss of elected FROM OTHER EMPLOYMENT SECTORS leaders said to have died a% er a ‘long illness’ in na- Professor Leickness Simbayi tional parliaments and local government. Human Science Research Council of South Africa (HSRC) I Majoritarian or constituency-based electoral systems are the most a$ ected in economic and political terms A% er commenting on the work of the HSRC in the study because of frequent, expensive and destabilising by- of HIV in society, Professor Simbayi noted that HIV prev- elections. alence rates among most-at-risk populations, including I Strategic policy institutions may be populated by less African armed forces, are mostly a matter of speculation experienced leaders, are less e$ ective and could result and not based on concrete data. For example, in South in poor service delivery and therefore disa$ ection Africa the prevalence of HIV infection among soldiers among expectant communities. was estimated to be as high as 60 per cent in 2000 without I Countries without technologically advanced electoral the security implications of such estimates irrespective of management systems will experience con# ict in the the methods used. " e research methodologies adopted age of HIV and AIDS as the voters’ rolls become by Dr Simbayi’s team, especially the Second Generation bloated with dead voters and perceptions of fraud HIV Surveillance Approach (SGSA), also recommended mount. by UNAIDS and WHO, marks a vast improvement on the selective screening of women attending antenatal clinics " us deaths due to HIV and AIDS may negatively impact and involves population-based surveys of both men and on all levels of leadership from the local level to the women of all ages. " is approach combines biological and national assemblies and the presidency, as well as on the behavioural surveys and thus allows for a better under- voters. In all instances the potential for instability will standing of the magnitude and scope of the HIV epidemic increase. (both prevalence and HIV incidence) among members On the basis of the IDASA ! ndings therefore the of the general population as well as the determinants of speaker recommended that: the epidemic. Professor Simbayi then outlined the ! ndings of I Citizen and voter registration systems should be some case studies. " e ! rst case study had looked at technologically advanced so that the relevant electoral HIV prevalence and risk behaviours among educators authorities would not purge dead voters at the last in South Africa. " is study showed that, owing to the moment. " is, of course, implies greater investment by strong support provided by the teachers’ union, there had governments. been almost complete buy-in from the educators and an I Regular information should be provided to political anonymous, bar-coded questionnaire and HIV test had contestants on the integrity and status of the voters’ been administered nationwide. On the day of testing 21 roll. 358 educators had been present, of whom 97 per cent had I Electoral systems should be modi! ed to allow for agreed to be interviewed, while 83 per cent had given a the appointment of replacements of deceased leaders specimen for HIV testing. " e results refuted some of the instead of having to conduct by-elections. " is would speculative reports in the media: they revealed no signi! - preserve precious resources and minimise con# ict cant gender di$ erences, but con! rmed racial di$ erences (e.g. in the USA). in prevalence rates.

6 Institute for Security Studies Edited by Takawira Musavengana, Tarrin-Rae Oxche and Irene Ndung’u

" e second case study had dealt with HIV prevalence, information in order to plan strategically for both HIV incidence and risk behaviours among private secu- the long-term needs of the security forces and for the rity guards in South Africa. " is study had con! rmed the country’s security as a whole. suspected di$ erences according to gender, age, marital status and category/strata of employee. Higher prevalence Discussion rates were noted for those who had been widowed, the 25–49 age group, labourer and service worker categories During the ensuing discussions it was acknowledged as well as for black Africans. " ose working shi% s and that the lack of research data allows speculation about those staying in single-sex hostels also recorded higher the extent of the HIV and AIDS problem in the security prevalence rates. It is recommended that the SGSA be sector. Some expressed hesitation about outside research- used to help understand the HIV epidemic in the military: ers and funders ! lling the gap in research expertise based on information gathered from other employment that currently faces the armed forces of many African sectors, the SGSA can be a valuable research, planning countries. Other political and ethical challenges concern- and alleviation instrument in understanding the drivers ing the adoption of the SGSA in the military were also of the pandemic and its magnitude in the military by highlighted, although its advantages were recognised. extrapolating information pertaining to other sectors but It was further noted that civilians also serve the nation, not the military per se. and that where con! dentiality is demanded, it would be Current statistics on HIV prevalence in the military respected. At the same time, however, the advantages of are based on speculation, and the assumed average age, transparency are also well known and should not be jetti- virility, and so on of the soldier has been used to invent all soned in the name of state security because HIV is a more sorts of prevalence rates. " e value of the SGSA is that it comprehensive security threat than external military not only works with real and accurate samples, but takes threats. into account national security sensitivities by guarantee- ing individual anonymity and by respecting the con! den- PROSPECTS FOR AN AFRICAN HIV AND tiality of any group that participates. Furthermore, it is AIDS AND MILITARY COMMON POLICY able to provide sector-speci! c testing and pro! ling which Ms Angela Ndinga Muvumba can be used for appropriate interventions in the military. ACCORD Professor Simbayi stated further that the HSRC had studied the whole population and not just women attend- Ms Muvumba argued that the need for a common African ing antenatal clinics. " e SGSA had been used and the approach to HIV and AIDS in the uniformed services ! ts studies had established that prevalence rates were lower into the context of the increasingly signi! cant role mili- than those claimed by the newspapers in the 1990s. taries play in peacekeeping and peace building in Africa. In conclusion Professor Simbayi reiterated the value She stated that the need for a common African approach of the SGSA and urged that African militaries should be is, as such, an urgent and growing one as HIV and AIDS encouraged to adopt this approach for several reasons: continues to threaten the sustainability of these militaries. As the AU undertakes the process of establishing an I It provides information on both the magnitude and ASF and regional brigades, it has to think critically about scope of the HIV epidemic. addressing the HIV and AIDS scourge in the militaries. I It facilitates an understanding of the drivers or risk " e fact that several national governments have already factors underlying the epidemic. undertaken interventions to ! ght against HIV and AIDS I " is information can inform the response elicited in their respective militaries provides fertile ground for regarding the provision of Antiretroviral " erapy learning from these initiatives and building upon them (ART) and care for People Living with HIV and AIDS ultimately to culminate in a common African approach (PLWHA) who need treatment, as well as interventions on HIV and AIDS. While some con# icts in Africa have to both control and prevent new HIV infections. taken on a regional perspective and have been addressed I If SGSA is repeated periodically, say once every ! ve jointly by the respective countries, there are only two years, it will provide a means for undertaking essential regions that have a regional approach towards addressing monitoring and evaluation (M&E) of the response HIV and AIDS in the military, namely the Economic which, in turn, can further inform any additional Community of West Africa (ECOWAS) and the Southern response. African Development Community (SADC). I " e con! dentiality of the whole process means that ECOWAS had a plan of action for 2004–2006 regard- no outsiders need know the results. However, the ing the control of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) commanders and health o& cers will need the relevant and HIV and AIDS within the armed forces sector.

Conference Report 7 HIV and AIDS and the African Military

However, the implementation of the plan remains a big issues such as drug abuse and gender issues, as well as challenge since it has not been incorporated into the becoming champions of change regional con# ict management and strategic planning. I Establishing a regional path/policy structure in the SADC, on the other hand, is trying to formulate a con- context of the ASF through the dissemination of crete policy on HIV and AIDS for the defence sector. " is knowledge and building of collaborative initiatives being the case, a common African approach to HIV and among policymakers and experts in the security and AIDS in the military (CAAHM) is important if African health sectors militaries are to sustain their human resources. I Accelerating the implementation of HIV and AIDS A CAAHM should, among other things, focus on: plans through subregional, continental and international cooperation by building on existing best I Scaling up HIV and AIDS treatment in the context of practices and integrating the principles, processes and Africa’s weak health systems, increasing creativity and programmes of the ASF the sharing of resources to improve responses as well as reinvigorate prevention approaches " e development of a CAAHM should involve the par- I Extending creative avenues for HIV mitigation and ticipation of the regional economic communities (RECs) management through the defence force structures, spearheaded by national governments that have much improving civil-military collaboration in resource experience in addressing HIV and AIDS in uniformed allocation and utilisation, addressing cross-cutting services.

8 Institute for Security Studies Panel Two HIV and AIDS and peacekeeping in Africa Regional case studies

Session Chair: Professor Agokla Kossi Mawuli Togo

HIV AND AIDS CHALLENGES: " e ESF will rely on the strategy of interpersonal peer A PERSPECTIVE, ECOWAS communication, and training and awareness campaigns, STANDBY FORCE "ESF# including the use of centres of excellence such as the Ko! Annan International Peacekeeping and Training Centre Lieutenant Colonel Ola Abiodun Falade Sta! O" cer, 1Medical, USDF, Swaziland (KAIPTC). In conclusion the presenter noted that the ESF’s AIDS Lieutenant Colonel Ola Falade focused on the themes of policy is guided by and follows national policies, heads’ the ESF concept, the challenges and strategies. " e vision of states orders and pre-deployment brie! ngs to highlight of the ESF is to de! ne, build, organise and maintain an HIV control measures. So far ESF has not been deployed, ECOWAS standby regional military capability of self- but when it is, an integrated HIV policy will be needed. sustaining troops and logistical support for peacekeeping In closing, Lieutenant Colonel Falade urged the World and humanitarian assistance in order to respond to Health Organisation to take the lead in this regard so that internal or external regional crises or threats to peace all that would remain for the ESF to do would be to ask: and security, including terrorist and/or environmental What do they want us to do? " e challenge is, therefore, threats. Based on the ECOWAS military strategy, the ESF for the civilian control of the military, which extends to will comprise highly trained and predetermined regional the formulation of an AIDS policy, to provide instructions standby units, equipped and prepared for deployment as which the ESF awaits. directed in response to a crisis or threat to peace and security. " e ESF Task Force will comprise 2 773 soldiers in THREATS OF HIV AND AIDS TO predetermined units, which, upon order, will be prepared REGIONAL INTEGRATION EFFORTS AND to be deployed within 30 days and be fully self-sustaining PERFORMANCE OF AFRICAN STANDBY for 90 days. " e ESF Main Brigade will comprise 3 727 BRIGADES: THE CASE OF EASBRIG soldiers (totalling 6 500) in predetermined units, which Captain Amanda Magambo also, upon order, will be prepared to be deployed within EASBRIG 90 days and be fully self-sustaining for 90 days. " e main challenges as far as HIV control and man- " e presenter divided her presentation into three main agement are concerned include: parts:

I Divergent approaches I HIV and AIDS threat to regional integration and I Integration of HIV and AIDS control measures in the performance operational preparation of troops prior to deployment I EASBRIG approach to HIV and AIDS I Absence of a common policy on control and preven- I Recommendations and conclusion tion of HIV and AIDS I Absence of policy guidelines from the African Union Captain Magambo outlined the background of the ASF Commission (AUC) on this issue and explained that EASBRIG was one of the ! ve regional

Conference Report 9 HIV and AIDS and the African Military

standby brigades of the ASF. EASBRIG is drawn from In conclusion, Captain Magambo reiterated that HIV and 13 member countries in East Africa and, like other ASF AIDS is a threat to stability in the region, that units, has had to develop responses to the HIV threat. EASBRIG acknowledges this threat and therefore HIV and AIDS is a threat to regional stability and se- incorporates it in all its training activities, and that HIV curity in East Africa, and should be considered a regional constitutes an unresolved challenge that calls for a com- emergency. " e pandemic’s potential damaging impact on mitted e$ ort and a harmonised approach. the health of EASBRIG peace support operations (PSO) personnel is considerable and has already undermined Discussion social and economic development across the region. A major policy problem confronting EASBRIG member In response to the reference to seropositive soldiers as countries is whether to e$ ect mandatory or voluntary sick, commentators pointed out that the perception of pre-deployment testing. Member states are divided on HIV is di$ erent across cultures. A heated debate then fol- this issue. lowed with participants from di$ erent countries arguing Important questions to consider are whether either that HIV soldiers should not be deployed for their EASBRIG forces in deployment areas would pose a threat own and the general good or with participants suggesting to the civilian population or would the EASBRIG forces that disaster zones have other health challenges such as be the ones threatened. In short, are the peacekeepers malaria, cholera or meningitis, and that, since these dis- to be viewed as having a high potential of contracting eases can rapidly kill more people than HIV, the question or spreading HIV? Another question would be whether of deployment should consider all health problems and the HIV and AIDS threat was greater than the danger not just focus on HIV. posed by military confrontations in con# ict/post-con# ict settings, that is, whether HIV should be considered a real risk or a perception of risk. " e answer to these questions, THREATS OF HIV AND AIDS TO REGIONAL she suggested, had operational implications. For example, INTEGRATION EFFORTS AND THE should a peacekeeper who contracts HIV be repatriated PERFORMANCE OF AFRICAN STANDBY or be allowed to continue serving perhaps until he or she BRIGADES: THE CASE OF HIV AND AIDS succumbs to death? IN EAST AFRICAN MILITARIES: DEFENCE Although EASBRIG is not yet operational, its members SECTOR POLICY ISSUES AND GAPS should prepare for eventual deployment, bearing in mind Mr Peter Edopu always that the most high-risk areas of HIV transmission Director, ISS Nairobi are those areas in con# ict. Gender and children’s rights " e presenter examined the following issues: must also always be respected and EASBRIG should implement zero tolerance of sexual abuse. Noting that Kenya I Causes and e$ ect of HIV and AIDS in the military does not deploy seropositive soldiers as a matter of policy, I she wondered why some other countries do, since such Policy and legal framework in Eastern Africa I soldiers are sick. Since a common policy had as yet not Issues to consider when developing policy and legal been agreed upon, she wondered whether it was because frameworks I some militaries appear more concerned about the health Responses to HIV and AIDS by militaries in East of their own soldiers than that of the population in opera- Africa I tions zones or countries of deployment. Imperative for adequate HIV and AIDS framework for " e main recommendations made by Captain the militaries Magambo were: Mr Edopu reported that, although the threat of HIV I Close cooperation with military sta$ (MS), RECs/ is widely recognised as a security challenge, there is at RMs, donors, NGOs, UNAIDS and other agencies present no regional legal and policy framework on HIV active in the ! eld of HIV and AIDS and AIDS, either for the military or the general popula- I Development of a long-term policy and strategy for tion. Only Tanzania has a speci! c law to address HIV and HIV and AIDS education, prevention and treatment in AIDS. Although other East African countries have broad EASBRIG national HIV policies and strategic frameworks for HIV I Harmonisation of prevention strategies of the di$ erent control and management, most do not have a clear de- militaries fence-speci! c policy which takes into account the various I Organisation of regional forums on HIV by EASBRIG vulnerabilities as well as opportunities for impacting on and other standby forces the extent of vulnerability in the military.

10 Institute for Security Studies Edited by Takawira Musavengana, Tarrin-Rae Oxche and Irene Ndung’u

Even Tanzania’s national policy on HIV and AIDS, I Utilising the military to deliver HIV and AIDS serv- the National Multi-Sectoral Strategic Framework on HIV/ ices and preventive campaigns Aids, 2008–2012, and the HIV and AIDS Prevention I Establishing networks with a secretariat for collabora- and Control Act, 2007, passed in February 2008, fail to tion in each region and also at the continental level address the military speci! cally. Uganda’s National HIV to enhance coordination, cooperation, information and AIDS Strategic Plan of Uganda (2007/8–2011/12) sharing, and so on describes the army as a mobile occupational group who face frequent or extended family separation, which in- Discussion creases the risk of contracting or spreading HIV infection through risky sex. However, while acknowledging the " e ensuing discussion was robust and animated and the peculiar situation of the military, the Ugandan Strategic following were highlighted: Plan does not make any speci! c policy recommendations for the military. Kenya, like Uganda, does not have fully I Now is the time to act. Tanzania, for example, already developed national HIV and AIDS policies, but uses na- has an HIV policy and with more communication tional strategic frameworks to provide the action frame- between the di$ erent militaries it should lead to the work and context within which sectoral and institutional making of an integrated policy or CAAHM. HIV and AIDS budgets, strategies and implementation I " e need to empower women living under customary plans are formulated, monitored and coordinated. " e law was highlighted as a major human rights challenge plans identify the military as the most vulnerable group, which would undermine any new progressive policy but do not make provision for prioritised intervention. that did not take this fact into account. However, Kenya’s HIV and AIDS Prevention and Control I Although there may not be a comprehensive policy Bill (2008), currently before Cabinet, marks an important on HIV as such, many militaries had been active in improvement. Nevertheless, as it currently stands, the Bill controlling AIDS for a long time, so there was no need falls short of establishing a policy framework to provide to lament the lack of policy but rather to build on what the necessary support for the military as a most-at-risk was already in operation. population (MARP). I In similar vein it was argued that, if the UN already " e presenter concluded his presentation by recomm- has a policy, the AU member states could study and ending: domesticate it to suit African conditions.

I Developing a comprehensive and harmonised regional policy and legal framework on HIV within the RECs/ THE CHANGING FACE OF THE EPIDEMIC standby brigades and also at the AU level, since HIV MOST!AT!RISK POPULATIONS and AIDS, like environmental threats, knows no Dr David Kihumuro-Apuuli boundaries UPDF I Promulgating national legislation regarding HIV and AIDS to address the prevention and control of HIV Dr Apuuli started by pointing out that although the HI and AIDS protection, counselling, testing, and care virus evolves rapidly, most African countries do not take of persons infected and a$ ected by HIV and AIDS; this into account when planning their interventions. providing a code of conduct for service providers, What works in one country, may fail in another context. employers, and persons in authority, and a& rmative He reported that there were approximately 1,1 million action for MARPs people living with AIDS in Uganda, but an estimated 2,6 I Criminalising deliberate/intentional spreading of HIV million people were infected with the virus. However, and AIDS only 21 per cent of those infected know their sero status. I Upholding the rights and obligations of persons in- Over the past decade the gender pro! le of the PLWA has fected with HIV and AIDS, including the prohibition changed; the orphan factor has continued to grow and the of discriminatory practices against PLWHA in recruit- macroeconomic pro! le of the pandemic, such as its nega- ment, deployment, promotion, training, insurance, tive impact on GDP, is better understood. Unfortunately, schools, credit facilities, and so on previous successes may have been eroded by a number I Mainstreaming HIV and AIDS in all core government of new developments such as rising poverty. AUC data and military activities on prevalence trends and post-2004 trends suggest new I Enhancing collaboration between the military and infections are on the rise, probably owing to the arrival of other actors in addressing HIV and AIDS – preven- ARVs and people becoming complacent. He also stressed tion, treatment, coping, and so forth that most donor funds now go to ! nancing treatment, and

Conference Report 11 HIV and AIDS and the African Military

so, because of the lack of funds to continue with education correct. " e next question was whether countries sending and prevention campaigns, the momentum to ! ght new their troops on peacekeeping duties were concerned infections has been lost in Uganda. about their soldiers becoming infected or posing a health threat to the population in the operation zone. " e answer Discussion was that soldiers will be deployed to di$ erent kinds of disaster zones and be faced with cholera or meningitis or During the discussion it was asked whether it was correct malaria in those areas. " ese are more likely to kill them to describe those who are seropositive as sick as one of than HIV, so the deployment debate should address all the presenters had said. " e answer was that this was not health problems.

12 Institute for Security Studies Panel Three HIV and AIDS and peacekeeping in Africa Country case studies

Session Chair: Professor Agokla Kossi Mawuli Togo

GENERAL HIV AND AIDS IN THE DRC and South Kivu, where there are about 350 000 soldiers of the regular armed forces (FARDC), the soldiers of Dr Djiferdin Masudi Djuma DRC MONUC and others, the average prevalence rate of 20 per cent is high compared to the national average of 5,7 Dr Djiferdin pointed out that the DRC is a country that per cent. had su$ ered armed con# ict in 1998 in which the east, " e high prevalence rate can be explained by the lack north and north-east of the country had been a$ ected. professionalism, rape, as well as moral and material bank- " is attracted regular armed forces, rebel forces and a ruptcy among the a$ ected people. In the east of the DRC, large contingent of United Nations Organisation Mission mitigation measures were spearheaded by the national in the DRC (MONUC), all of which events resulted in programme in the ! ght against AIDS and the United human rights violations and the spread of HIV and Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) at the national level. AIDS especially in the armed forces. " e HIV and AIDS With regard to a more speci! c response, it is necessary pandemic has led to three issues: the social (poverty in to sensitise people to, or even better, to strengthen their particular), the economic (collapse of businesses and morals, civic competence and patriotism during recruit- low productivity), the political (lack of manpower). " e ment, with the ultimate objective of professionalising the Maniéma province is a case in point where voluntary armed forces. testing was carried out: the prevalence rate among 1 400 soldiers was 9,4 per cent, with 90 per cent of the infected being men in the 20–25 age group. North and South Kivu HIV AND AIDS: THE CASE OF CHAD were the most a$ ected areas. Général de Brigade Dingamadji Madjior Conseiller principal en DDR et SSR

HIV AND AIDS AND PSO: A CASE " is presentation pointed out that HIV and AIDS in STUDY ON EASTERN DRC the armed forces has become a major preoccupation of Masudi A the state since 1994." is is evident from the high-level DRC planning of activities, especially information sharing, Dr. Djiferdin Masudi Djuma DRC sensitisation, advocacy, ! eld surveys, voluntary testing of 2 517 soldiers in 2008, and the care taken of a$ ected " e second presentation established an obvious correla- soldiers, psychosocially and medically. tion between the presence of the military and the spread " e challenges in Chad are legal (gap between the of HIV and AIDS in the eastern region of the DRC. On law and the practice), ! nancial (mainly the suspension the basis of geographic, demographic and epidemiological of aid from the World Bank), and sociological (in# uence data, the study gives an infection rate among the military of tradition). Post-con# ict Chad is characterised by the of about 5,7 per cent in 2000 for the whole of the DRC. presence of peacekeeping forces and rebels that continue With regard to the situation of the military in the North their ! ght.

Conference Report 13 HIV and AIDS and the African Military

HIV AND AIDS IN A POST!CONFLICT fallen to 22 per cent in the last two years, the government COUNTRY: THE CASE OF BURUNDI should formulate recommendations with regard to the expected behaviour of the a$ ected individuals, undertake Dr Innocent Nukuri Burundi the extension of care facilities within the newly created structures, as well as research into new communica- Burundi is a country that has just emerged from con# ict tion strategies, and an increase in circumcision for with about 50 000 soldiers. " e prevalence rate is about future generations. 2,86 per cent and the most a$ ected age group is that of 35–49 years. " e existing social data, that is the data on HIV AND AIDS: CÔTE D’IVOIRE poverty, sexual violence, polygamy and the proximity Génér al André Guéhi of the residences of soldiers and civilians, explains this. Directeur du Service de Santé des Armées de Côte d’Ivoire E$ orts to contain the pandemic have been undertaken by the government and include the putting in place of Général André Guéhi began by describing the history unit, sensitisation to voluntary testing, liberalisation of of the ! ght against HIV and AIDS in the Ivory Coast. the supply of ARVs, and support initiatives to the a$ ected " is was started way back in 1998 by UNAIDS, followed soldiers. Nevertheless, there is low involvement by the by a project in the armed forces supported by the World armed forces in this ! ght. Bank in 2001. " is action, which was started as a national priority, translated into the creation of a ministry to HIV AND AIDS: SWAZILAND spearhead a multisectoral and decentralised attack. A sectoral committee was thus given the responsibility of Lieutenant Colonel Tsembeni Magongo Principal Programme O" cer, ECOWAS Standby Force ! ghting HIV and AIDS in the armed forces. Currently, the prevalence rate stands at 4, 7 per cent and about 1 Despite being a small country, Swaziland has a prevalence 000 peer educators have been trained in sensitisation rate of 25 per cent, to the extent that HIV and AIDS was campaigns to cater for about 250 000 soldiers. Eight declared a national disaster in 1999, as was anticipated testing centres have been created. " e 2008 estimates, by all. In 2002, a campaign entitled ‘Guerre pour la vie’ according to Général Guéhi, indicate that there are about was launched. " is translated into government e$ orts to 2 000 infected soldiers of whom a quarter have received reduce the negative e$ ects of HIV and AIDS in the armed palliative care. forces by putting in place certain structures and partner- With regard to challenges, he stated that the various ships. In this regard, a$ ected soldiers are discharged from actions of the di$ erent sectoral committees engaged in their duties only if they can no longer perform their tasks the ! ght against HIV in the army should be coordinated and on recommendation of the medical commission. or harmonised, and there should be a further extension With regard to speci! c responses, strengthening the of this coordination to the continental level. With regard capacity of peer educator sessions should be emphasised, to the future, there is a need, among other things, to sensitisation programmes dra% ed, information and com- establish an epidemiological database and to coordinate munication material produced, infected soldiers properly the capacities of the actors involved in the ! ght by estab- followed-up, the positive behaviour of every soldier in the lishing, harmonising and disseminating information in a armed forces and the permanent presence of antiretrovi- bid to intensify the ! ght against HIV and AIDS both at ral drugs, and so on, highlighted. If the mortality rate has the national and continental levels.

14 Institute for Security Studies Panel Four Managing the impact of HIV and AIDS on the military

Session Chair: Major General Simon Karanja Kenya Armed Forces

EFFECTS OF HIV AND AIDS ON these men, they may be deployed in active duty areas. MILITARY CAREER PLANNING Retirement on the basis of seropositivity is not legal, and in any case remaining in the army ensures better Brigadier General Charles Angina Chief of Sta! Land Forces (UPDF) care than that available in civilian life. However, in this process military resources are diverted to treatment and " e theme of the address by Brigadier General Charles the soldiers’ career paths are altered when they are found Angina was ‘Career planning and HIV in the military to be seropositive. profession’. He focused on soldiering as a dynamic career, noting a high turnover in personnel and high mobility at Discussion several stages. Currently at recruitment most militaries do mandatory testing of recruits so as to attract healthy Asked whether HIV-positive soldiers have a (secure) youth for the rigorous army life, and only the healthy career, the Brigadier General replied that if early identi! - are admitted. " us in provinces of high HIV prevalence cation is followed by treatment and care, soldiers’ careers regional quotas may not be ! lled, consequently creating can continue, but he stressed that strong morals and an ethnic imbalance. discipline were essential for health. " e UPDF draws recruits from the 18–25-year-old target group, which is also the most active age group and LIVING WITH HIV, HUMAN SECURITY likely to have high HIV prevalence, that is it is a vulner- AND THE AFRICAN MILITARY able group. Furthermore, screening for HIV is not fool- Mr Derrick Fine proof because of the ‘window of incubation’ of HIV, and Trustee, The Openly Positive Trust, South Africa since the UPDF also has policy of absorbing forces from former insurgents without screening, the army is bound Mr Derrick Fine stated that he had followed the Uganda to have seropositive soldiers in its ranks. In addition, experience for a long time and visited the country in 1993. army instructors who joined before screening for HIV On that occasion he had been impressed by Uganda’s was made mandatory may take advantage of the seronega- training programme and the Ugandan government’s pro- tive recruits even though the army discourages sex across gressive policies. He then went on to outline the need for ranks, although recruits may take opportunities with PLWA to live open, healthy and positive lives, and not to other recruits or with trainers. be continuously conceptualised as sick people or victims Harsh training has a negative e$ ect on HIV-positive because society needed positive role models – people who trainees and they may also be excluded from overseas could go for voluntary counselling and testing (VCT) and training thus a$ ecting their career paths. Many may disclose their status. Mr Fine reminded the meeting that be bypassed for promotions because they missed out in the 25 years since HIV was ! rst diagnosed, society’s on special training, a certain tour of duty or may be focus had shi% ed from state security to human security, considered irresponsible because they contracted HIV. thus the fact that 70 per cent of PLWA do not have access Nevertheless, where medical facilities are available to to ARVs is very much a human security problem. " e

Conference Report 15 HIV and AIDS and the African Military

experience of Botswana, for example, had shown that the From the perspective of a plain language practitioner, early use of ARVs saves lives, whereas shame, blame and Mr Fine commented on the ‘war talk’ that dominates stigmatisation kills people by generating various kinds the Aids discourse in Africa, with terms like the ‘enemy of stressful living conditions. In contrast, South African within’ and ‘combating AIDS’ being commonly used policy was characterised by confusion causing many in even though they tend to stigmatise and scare people into South Africa to be misled into denialism. Consequently, silence and away from testing. In a similar vein, terms like ARVs were not made available even a% er their e& cacy had ‘AIDS victims’ or ’AIDS su$ erers’ stigmatise PLWA. He been proved in many other countries and even in South also questioned why society does not speak about cancer Africa among those sections of the population fortunate orphans whereas ’AIDS orphans’ is widely used. Peoples’ enough to have access to private medical care and able to humanity has been taken away by stigma and to reverse have access to ARVs. this there is a need to stop regarding PLWA as HIV Reiterating the fact that stigma can kill, Mr Fine victims, because it is not the disease that de! nes them— it recalled the story of a South African HIV survivor, Gugu, is merely one aspect of their identity as human beings. who was stoned to death in Kwa-Mashu, apparently It is only by involving PLWA in the management and because she was accused of causing shame to her family control of HIV in society and in the armed forces that se- and community. " e stigma that killed Gugu was borne of ropositive people can happily provide advice to militaries fear based on ignorance. Women, like soldiers, are vulner- and help the armed forces to design policies relevant to able, as are children, prisoners, commercial sex workers, the human security approach, which is above all about refugees and others at risk of infection and stigmatisation. protecting intrinsic human rights. In the context of the conference the question is what does human security mean to soldiers. At conferences Mr LEGAL AND HUMAN RIGHTS Fine had attended in South Africa many people spoke of ASPECTS OF HIV/AIDS IN AFRICAN human security in terms of their own safety, freedom, CONTEMPORARY MILITARY POLICIES access to basic services, no xenophobia, the right to love Professor Obijiofor Aginam and be loved, and to be treated as human beings assert- United Nations University, Tokyo ing their productive rights. " e fact that many African women cannot refuse to have sex even when they know Professor Obijiofor began his presentation with a histori- they should – because such a refusal would threaten their cal review of the links between disease and security, and security – means that their human security is compro- health and development. Disease has not only existed mised by gender inequalities. longer than warfare, it may also have killed more soldiers As a part of its HIV management and control strategy than enemy armies on the battle! eld. Building on a Mexico has declared unfair discrimination unconstitu- theme that had been mentioned in earlier discussions, he tional. " us to retire servicemen because of their HIV reiterated that in the post-Cold War world, the concept of status amounts to unfair discrimination. Mandatory human security enjoyed far more attention than state se- testing policies are also regarded as unconstitutional if curity, and included basic human rights – freedom from they exclude soldiers from promotion and service abroad, hunger disease, and oppression – and all human security and question their ability to serve without the medical issues – the people and their planet. evidence of individual testing as opposed to the tendency He then spoke about the human rights challenges to regard soldiers and other people living with HIV of education and health, HIV in relation to the human as sick. security paradigm, HIV as a major human security chal- In South Africa court action resulted in the South lenge, and the problem with securitising HIV and AIDS African National Defence Force being given six months and how this tends to threaten human rights and even to amend policy that promoted stigmatisation. In this public health. In the human rights discourse, mandatory regard, and also with regard to some practises of other HIV testing and experimentation with the ability of African armed forces, Mr Fine questioned why militaries seropositive soldiers to withstand rigorous training would continue to treat recruits (who cannot be admitted into be considered unethical. He therefore questioned whether the armed services if they test positive) di$ erently from current military policies respected human rights and serving soldiers, who are allowed to stay in uniform and stated that the 95 per cent or more of African armies that receive medical care, as well as from retired soldiers, who practise mandatory screening of recruits on the grounds may also not enjoy access to adequate medical and other of expensive treatment that may have to be provided to se- support. Mr Fine argued for individual testing in place of ropositive soldiers and the belief that such soldiers would the categoric rejection of potential recruits such as those seriously compromise the combat readiness of their units found to be seropositive. seemed to suggest that human rights were not paramount.

16 Institute for Security Studies Edited by Takawira Musavengana, Tarrin-Rae Oxche and Irene Ndung’u

Unlike the African armies, UN policy is based on non- developments are not available. It was also argued that the discrimination and soldiers undertaking peacekeeping securitising of HIV reverts to the state security paradigm duties are not subjected to mandatory checks. VCT is pre- even though the physical security of the individual ferred as it is founded on basic human rights and the belief (soldier) is a human security issue. that if an army is not allowed to discriminate it ought not " e di& culty of balancing privacy rights and military to insist on tests. Professor Obijiofor ended by calling for planning is a question for northern armies as well, and a new human rights mindset to be the basis for the future is not only an African problem. " erefore it would need HIV policies. He also noted that with hybrid AU/UN a broader military policy to resolve the dilemma without peacekeeping operations likely to become more common compromising con! dentiality. in future, the UN strategy will need to be taken on board. In response to a number of questions and comments, Professor Obi stressed that there cannot be human Discussion security without state security, and that even the UN Charter refers to the two together. Every country has its " e ensuing discussion mainly revolved around the recruitment policies and their arguments are valid, but con# ict between state and human security. It was noted do not apply to UN peacekeeping. " ere was thus a need, that for security reasons civilians are not allowed to as had already been noted, for the AU member states to conduct research on the military. Consequently, essential broaden the disease and security framework and not focus data for formulating new policy and monitoring future on HIV only.

Conference Report 17

Panel Five Policy Recommendations

Participants to the 11–13 March 2009 conference on ‘HIV South Africa under the theme ‘Strengthening of health and AIDS and the African military: Towards a common systems for equity and development in Africa’ and comprehensive approach’, comprising delegates I NOTE the initiatives taken by the various govern- from Botswana, Burundi, Ethiopia, Egypt, Chad, Cote ments and militaries on the African continent in D’Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Ghana, addressing HIV and AIDS in society in general and in Malawi, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa, Swaziland, Togo, the militaries in particular. Further note that research Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe and some non- e$ orts have been undertaken by various national insti- governmental organisations, whose details appear in the tutions and by some military establishments. Note also annex to this report: the e$ orts by the West and Central African states to develop a network for the ! ght against HIV and AIDS I RECALL that the OAU acknowledged consistently in their militaries; as well as that African militaries are that HIV and AIDS was a problem for the whole playing a signi! cant role in peacekeeping and peace continent and that there was a need to place the ! ght building in Africa despite the prevalence of HIV and against AIDS high on its agenda. It consequently AIDS called for the development of a partnership with I FURTHER NOTE that in most militaries recruitment the international community on the mitigation of policies do not allow exclusion on the basis of health the HIV and AIDS pandemic. Also recalled is the and non-health factors, including HIV and AIDS, Abuja Summit in April 2001 on HIV and AIDS, and therefore face policy dilemmas as well as grossly Tuberculosis and Other Related Infectious Diseases; diminished soldiers’ combat readiness. the 2003 Maputo Declaration on Malaria, HIV and I ENDORSE the collaborative work undertaken by AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Other Related Infectious governmental institutions, international organisations Diseases, and the AUC HIV and AIDS Strategic Plan and non-governmental organisations, particularly of 2004–2005 in Africa, such as the Centre for Con# ict Resolution I FURTHER RECALL the outcome of the Abuja (South Africa), Institute for Security Studies (African Summit in 2006 that set the targets for universal access region), the Ko! Annan International Peacekeeping to HIV and AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis treatment; and Training Centre (Ghana) and the Joint Clinical the Continental Framework for Harmonisation of Research Centre (Uganda) Approaches among member states and integration I STRESS that the goal is to evolve a common and of polices on human rights and people infected and comprehensive African approach to HIV and AIDS a$ ected by HIV and AIDS in Africa; the AUC HIV in the military (CCAAHM) by focusing on the and AIDS Strategic Plan 2005–2007 and Aids Watch following: Africa (AWA) Strategic Framework: Accelerating I Aspects of HIV and recruitment within a human Action to Combat a Continental Emergency; and the rights culture " ird Session of the African Union Conference of I Challenges of what to do with soldiers who become Ministers of Health, 9–13 April 2007, Johannesburg, HIV positive during service, leading to questions

Conference Report 19 HIV and AIDS and the African Military

of forced remustering from active to administrative I The AUC through its African partner institutions duties to harmonise the existing initiatives and practices I New skills concerning nutrition and dieting into a unified and comprehensive policy required to support people living with HIV and I The CCAAHM to be spearheaded by AU member AIDS states and supported by RECs, RMs and the AUC’s I Control of scheduled drugs as part of the quarter- Peace and Security Department (PSOD) and the master’s responsibility Social Affairs Department I Home-based care and welfare policies related I Experiential learning and sharing among regional to early termination of employment on medical and national militaries in Africa to be strengthened grounds for those HIV-positive cases progressing through collaborative research, documentation and to AIDS dissemination of good practices on addressing HIV I Budgetary and cost implications given the fact that and AIDS in the military which would, among armed forces are liable for the cost of anything up other things, assist in reducing speculation about to 20 per cent and more of non-effective soldiers the extent of the problem in the military I The development of common and good practices I African militaries/governments/Member states to within policy-related challenges which emerge review and complement evidence/research infor- with regard to peacekeeping deployments; the mation on the role of the rigorous nature of mili- adherence or not of countries to the guidelines set tary training in the increase of HIV seropositivity by the UNDPKO and the African Union’s Peace I African militaries/governments/Member states and Security Department; also the extensive debate to undertake urgent studies in the general area of around conducting HIV tests before, during and recruitment and progress of seropositive personnel after deployment and how this relates to capacity in the military. and what goals to be achieved after the tests, given I African militaries/governments/Member states to the diverse practice of various countries in not fol- form an African network on HIV and AIDS in the lowing set international and continental guidelines military to spearhead the development and imple- I Acknowledgement that military command has mentation of CCAAHM a significant role to play in the management I Member states to identify a technical team/secre- (command, control, communication and coordina- tariat to support the African network and serve as tion) of the HIV and AIDS pandemic at all levels a link in the harmonisation of the CCAAHM and of command, that is, tactical, operational and other HIV and AIDS efforts, including the moni- strategic, which should be by example toring and evaluation in African militaries I REQUEST African member states, in collaboration I Member states to undertake a study on the existing with the AUC through the African Chiefs of Defence policy initiatives to identify common areas as well Sta$ , RECs and other regional mechanisms (RMs) as as existing grey areas well as other institutions and selected African NGOs I Member states to adopt the Second Generation to take all the necessary steps for the e$ ective imple- HIV Surveillance Approach to generate more ac- mentation of the overall objective to evolve a common curate data to inform decision making and comprehensive African approach on managing I Member states to integrate VCT in pre-deployment HIV and AIDS in the military testing of peacekeepers I RECOMEND THE FOLLOWING DECISIONS in I Member states to undertake human rights assess- evolving a common and comprehensive African ap- ments of all HIV-related polices proach to HIV and AIDS in the military: I Member states to adopt a comprehensive multi- I The African Union member states to adopt a pronged and multidimensional approach in the common policy on control, prevention and man- mitigation of HIV and AIDS in the military agement of HIV and AIDS in the African armed I FURTHER RECOMMEND that there be a meeting forces of the Chiefs of Defence Sta$ of the AU to deliberate I African militaries to adopt policies for the protec- on the contents of this conference as well as other tion, counselling and care of persons living with AU processes on the matter, mindful of the progress and affected by HIV and AIDS made by other subregions such as ECOWAS, and also I African militaries to strive for a common under- propose the mobilisation of the requisite human and standing and approach regarding recruitment material resources under the leadership of the AU for and deployment of armed forces on peacekeeping the e$ ective management of HIV and AIDS in the operations African militaries

20 Institute for Security Studies Edited by Takawira Musavengana, Tarrin-Rae Oxche and Irene Ndung’u

I RE- EMPHASISE that HIV and AIDS remains a of Health, 9–13 April 2007, Johannesburg, South threat to regional security and development, and Africa under the theme ’Strengthening of health demand discipline, political consciousness and a team systems for equity and development in Africa’ spirit to mitigate the threat I RECOGNISE with gratitude the strategic leadership I ENCOURAGE AU member states, RECs and RMs of the AUC in the convening of the conference and to use the relevant AU instruments such as the Abuja support of the Republic of Uganda, in particular Summit in April 2001 on HIV and AIDS, Tuberculosis the UPDF, for hosting the conference as well as the and Other Related Infectious Diseases and the " ird Institute for Security Studies for planning and running Session of the African Union Conference of Ministers the conference.

Conference Report 21

Panel Six Closing address HIV and AIDS prevention and care: Looking beyond medical services

General Aronda Nyakairima cgsc (MP) The Chief of Defence Forces MP UPDF

General Nyakairima began his presentation by thanking interventions are made so that, in the event of deploy- the organisers and participants for accepting the invita- ment, soldiers and their units are ready for action. In tion to take part in the conference hosted by Uganda. Uganda, the 1980s HIV crisis was the worst. " e UN He reminded the participants that, unlike 25 years or so Resolution 1308 of 2001 declared HIV a global security ago, HIV was not front-page news in Uganda anymore, threat, but the UN responses were late as usual (as in the not because the problem no longer existed, but because case of the Rwanda genocide). However, it was better late conditions had greatly improved in Uganda and in other than never as the UN has been able to mobilise resources. countries. He added that the conference was itself an Military infection rates are usually deemed to be example of the openness that currently characterises work higher than those of the civilian population. Sub-Saharan on HIV in society. Strategies need to be re! ned further Africa is considered to be worse a$ ected than the rest of and hence the discussions among conference participants the world, but clearly the whole world has been a$ ected would enhance this process. and there are now grim reports from other parts of the General Nyakairima’s lecture focused on the com- world as well. As President Nyerere once said, “Africa manders’ role as part of the multisectoral approach and must run in order to catch up with others who are he started with a question: Is the commanders’ role walking.” " erefore Uganda can not only learn from adequately mainstreamed in the policy? He suggested other countries, but can also share its knowledge. " e that it apparently is not, even though the role they play is General observed that Uganda, as a country, has made a crucial one. " e armed forces need healthy soldiers in much progress in the management of HIV and AIDS, all deployments not only in peacekeeping operations. " e one of the success factors being the high level of openness commanders’ roles in most situations start at the grass- with which it is managing the pandemic. roots level. " e section commanders, even if structures " e concepts of command and control make it di$ er, is normally at the head of a unit of fewer than 20 important to have healthy and well-facilitated forces, and soldiers, and so section commanders must care for their because the need for a healthy military is paramount in teams and monitor their health, and report this to the peacekeeping and peace building, it is without question platoon commander. A platoon is also a grass-roots unit that the commander has a major role in managing HIV and comprises fewer than 50 soldiers. To illustrate the and AIDS in the military. " is starts from the lowest level importance of section and platoon level leadership, he of the military (platoon commander in case of Uganda) cited the example of the Pakistani army, which had been and extends to the highest level of command. In view of structured to ! ght a conventional war against India, but this, the Ugandan military leadership has undertaken failed to respond to terrorism at the level at which insur- several interventions in managing the epidemic. gency wars are fought, which is the grass-roots level. Command is a function of all leaders in the military " e next level is the company and, in practice, and they should also take command of medical matters company commanders must obtain health reports before in the military. HIV and AIDS grossly diminishes the going into action. It is at the battalion commander level, soldiers’ combat readiness. Consequently commanders however, that decisions to grant sick leave and other have to provide leadership and become champions in

Conference Report 23 HIV and AIDS and the African Military

! ghting HIV and AIDS, leading their troops and peers by I Top leadership must take the lead. " e president, Mr example. Irresponsible sexual behaviours and practices Yoweri Museveni, took the lead in campaigning, creat- such as promiscuity and unsafe sex are unacceptable ing awareness, mobilising resources and ensuring that among commanders. Commanders must practise and programmes were implemented. promote behaviour that prevents HIV and AIDS among I Total openness is important. HIV and AIDS needs to those under their in# uence and command, including be addressed head-on without any pretence. monitoring and providing treatment to those who I HIV and AIDS management should be multisectoral are positive. and involve the participation of all population groups. Recalling the periods of failed leadership in Uganda, he emphasised that commanders should never volunteer General Nyakairima emphasised that African militaries to be part of failed leadership because of HIV and AIDS. need a common approach to managing HIV and AIDS. In this regard, the commanders in the Ugandan military He called upon the AU and its stakeholders to formulate have emphasised four fundamentals to soldiering, namely: a policy that is very clear on the roles and responsibili- marksmanship, discipline, political consciousness and ties of commanders in managing HIV and AIDS in the team spirit. " ese fundamentals have been closely linked military, including incentives for good performance and to the management of HIV and AIDS. deterrents for the reverse. It is equally important that HIV and AIDS has been addressed through a com- the commanders contribute towards the formulation of prehensive multisectoral approach including military e$ ective policies and programmes on managing HIV training. " e UPDF has extended HIV and AIDS man- and AIDS. " e policy should also take into consideration agement beyond medical practice to areas such as social country-speci! c cultures and experiences and regional practices and behaviour, and providing support to soldiers policies, with a later focus on a continental policy. infected with HIV and AIDS. " e UPDF command has Because combating HIV and AIDS is resource intensive implemented HIV and AIDS programmes by establishing both ! nancially and in terms of human resources and the proportion of deployable troops and holding them expertise, the policy should de! ne mechanisms that will accountable for any acts that place the life of the troops enable the policymakers to allocate adequate resources or their families under the threat of HIV. " e UPDF for programme implementation. Mechanisms also command has also directly participated in providing have to be created to monitor policy and programme treatment for HIV and AIDS by undertaking research implementation. and development through the Uganda Joint Research In conclusion, General Nyakairima reiterated that Centre (UJRC). HIV and AIDS continues to threaten humanity and thus In this process, Uganda has learnt a number of the African continent urgently requires a common and lessons in the management HIV and AIDS in the harmonised approach to managing HIV and AIDS in military, namely: its militaries.

24 Institute for Security Studies Annexure A List of Participants

HIV AND AIDS AND THE AFRICAN MILITARY: TOWARDS A COMMON AND COMPREHENSIVE APPROACH

11–13 March 2009 NAME COUNTRY TEL/CELL/FAX E-MAIL

Senior Political Advisor, on Secondment from UNAIDS, Ms Bernadette Olowo-Freers 0782440123 [email protected] African Union Commission

Former Permanent Secretary and Defence Secretary, Brig. Gen. Peter Tembo (Rtd) +2600955888020 [email protected] Zambia

Director of Medical Services, Ministry of Defence, Cote +22520257121 Gen. Andre Guehi guehi.andre.yahoo.fr D’Ivoire +22505798793

Mr Derrick Fine Trustee, The Openly Positive Trust, South Africa +27217831699 [email protected]

Col. Fhurani Ramantswana Defence Advisor Uganda, SANDF, South Africa +27772743553 [email protected]

Mr Chirambo Kondwani Director of Programmes, IDASA, South Africa +27721711808 [email protected]

Ms Angela Muvumba- Ndinga Manager, Knowledge Production, ACCORD, South Africa +27732666818 [email protected]

Acting Executive Director, Human Sciences Research +27825793139 Prof. Leickness Simbayi [email protected] Council, South Africa +27214667910

Col. Jason Bigambo Aids Coordinator, TPDF, Tanzania +255784237538 [email protected]

Col. W. Kivuyo Defence Advisor, TPDF, Tanzania +255954305240 [email protected]

Brig. Gen. Salim Suleiman General O" cer Commanding, TPDF, Tanzania +255787 030400 [email protected]

+2685184314 Lt Col. Tsembeni Magongo Sta! O" cer, 1 Medical, USDF, Swaziland [email protected] +2686055119

+2686051424 Col. Dlamini Vusumango Deputy Formation Commander, USDF, Swaziland [email protected] +2685187644

Prof. Hamilton Simelani Professor, Swaziland +2686484141 [email protected]

Lt Col. Babacar Seck Senegal +22117751133244 N/A

Dr Maj. Papa Alione Fall Senegal +22176687559 N/A

Dr Maj. Youhanidou Wane Senegal +221776445666 N/A

Mr Sall Ibrahim Senegal N/A N/A

+2352520400 Brig. Gen. Dingamadji Madjior Expert Principal DDR/SSR, Chad [email protected] +2356275968

Research Associate, Ko# Annan International Mr Samuel Atoubi +233208930944 [email protected] Peacekeeping Training Centre, Ghana

Director General, International Peace Support Operations +233243019173 Brig. Gen. John Kwasie [email protected] Department, Ghana Armed Forces +23321787004

Col. Dr Apeagyei Deputy Director Medical, Ghana Armed Forces, Ghana +2332443787952 [email protected]

MDF HIV and AIDS Programme Coordinator, Malawi [email protected] Lt Col. Victor Nhoma +2658544797 Defence Force [email protected]

Col. Davie Mtachi Malawi Defence Advisor, South Africa +27828214416 [email protected]

Conference Report 25 HIV and AIDS and the African Military

NAME COUNTRY TEL/CELL/FAX E-MAIL

Col. Ola Abiodun Falade Principal Programme O" cer, ECOWAS Standby Force +2348053465135 [email protected]

Lt Col. C. E Ekuttan HIV and AIDS Coordinator, Kenya Armed Forces +254711466853 [email protected]

Maj. Gen. Simon Karanja Command, Kenya Armed Forces +254737733024 [email protected]

Col. I.M. Mashego SMLO, MONUC, DRC +250757708111 monuc-kampala [email protected]

Dr Djiferdin Djuma PCA, AVRA, DRC +243998866498 [email protected]

Project Manager HIV and AIDS, UNESCO Chair, University Mr Pascal Yumba +243997028311 [email protected] of Lubumbashi, DRC

Dr Watukalusi Hubert President, People Against HIV/SIDA, DRC +243994048865 [email protected]

Mr Silimu Zahera Vice-President, People Against HIV/SIDA, DRC +243813379748 [email protected]

Mr Faustin Lokasola Chair UNESCO, Researcher, DRC +243998866498 [email protected]

Capt. Phillip Katsande Researcher, Zimbabwe Defence Forces +2634253438 N/A

Sta! O" cer to Health Research, Zimbabwe Defence Col. Solomon Mlambo +26309123155606 N/A Force, Zimbabwe

+2634731719 Col. Getrude Mutasa Director, EDC, Zimbabwe N/A +263912424246

+2673662887 Maj. Molate Obakeng Deputy HIV and AIDS Coordinator, BDF, Botswana [email protected] +26739915201

76606131 Dr Audace Ntirampeba Director of Health Science, Burundi Army [email protected] +25776606131

Brig. Gen. Gode# nd Niyombare Vice-General Commander, Burundi Army +25779369466 [email protected]

Dr Innocent Nukuri Vice-Chairman, Human Rights Commission, Burundi +25779942175 [email protected]

[email protected]@ Mr Simon Mulongo Director, EASBRICOM, Nairobi +254723271199 easbrig.org

Col. Dr A Musinguzi Deputy Chief of Operations and Training, PHT, UPDF N/A [email protected]

Brig. Fred Mugisha Field Artillery Division Commander, UPDF + 256772448999 [email protected]

Brig. Gen. Gavas Mugyenyi Air Defence Division Commander, UPDF +2656772453000 N/A

Dr Peter Mugenyi Director General, Joint Clinical Research Centre, Uganda N/A N/A

Brig. Gen. Silver Kayemba Chief of Operations and Training, UPDF N/A N/A

Maj. David Bamutaze Political Commissar, 5th Division, UPDF + 2567726639393 N/A

Brig. Gen. Charles Otema 4th Division Commander, UPDF + 256772404228 [email protected]

Lt Col. Dominic Twesigomwe Deputy Chief of Military Intelligence, UPDF + 256772401284 [email protected]

Maj. Dr Oiko 5th Division Medical O" cer, UPDF + 2567722952823 [email protected]

Maj. Emmanuel Akunda 4th Division Political Commissar, UPDF + 256772594158 [email protected]

Capt. Dr Abdul Nyanzi 1st Division Medical O" cer, UPDF + 256779914224 [email protected]

Lt Col. W. Mugisha Sta! O" cer, UPDF + 256715449664 N/A

Brig. Gen. Nathan Mugisha Commandant, Senior Command and Sta! College, UPDF + 256712663758 [email protected]

Lt Col. Rebecca Mpagi Director, Women A! airs, UPDF + 256775896654 [email protected]

Lt Col. Chris Bossa Commandant, Singo Training School, UPDF + 256392756112 [email protected]

Administrative O" cer, Department of Medical Services, Lt James Muhumuza + 256772400316 [email protected] UDPF

+ 256392756126 Lt Col. J Kinalwa Commandant, Recruit Training School, UPDF [email protected] + 256772647197

Commandant, Non –Commissioned O" cers Academy, Lt Col. Moses Lutaaya + 25671453804 N/A UPDF

26 Institute for Security Studies Edited by Takawira Musavengana, Tarrin-Rae Oxche and Irene Ndung’u

NAME COUNTRY TEL/CELL/FAX E-MAIL

Col. David Muhoozi Commander, Armoured Brigade, UPDF + 256752402822 [email protected]

Col. Martin Temera Chief of Personnel Administration, UPDF + 256772458893 [email protected]

Capt. D. Kimuli 3rd Division Medical O" cer, UPDF + 256782029102 N/A

Maj. S.H Nabeeta Division Political Commissar, UPDF + 256779195384 N/A

+ 256775201370 Col. Matthew Gureme Commandant, Uganda Military Academy, UPDF [email protected] + 256714259877

Lt F. N Malegano Political Commissar, Field Artillery Division + 256772517276 N/A

Capt. Dominic Twinomujuni Political Commissar, UPDAF + 256701533588 [email protected]

Brig. Gen. Sam Turyagyenda Deputy Commander, UPDAF + 256752588361 [email protected]

Brig. Gen. Charles Angina Chief of Sta! Ground Forces, UPDF N/A N/A

Capt. Godfrey Katabu 2nd Division Political Commissar, UPDF N/A N/A

Capt. Dr Henry Kyobe 2nd Division Medical O" cer, UPDF +256772626743 [email protected]

Lt Col. Dr Godfrey Bwire Director, Biostatistics, UDPF + 256772451329 [email protected]

Brig. Gen. Lucky Kidega 2nd Division Commander, UPDF + 256712080631 [email protected]

bakahumura20002@yahoo. Col. Charles Bakahumura Commander, Motorised Infantry Brigade, UPDF +256772684372 com

Col. Phinehas Katirima Chief Political Commissar, UPDF + 256772461984 [email protected]

Lt Col. Dr Stephen Kusasira Director HIV and AIDS, UPDF + 256772405150 [email protected]

Maj. Chris Ogumelaki 3rd Division Political Commissar, UPDF + 2567725077871 [email protected]

Gen. Aronda Nyakairima Chief of Defence Forces, UDPF N/A N/A

+ 256772427464 Maj. Alosiciou Kagoro Deputy Chief of Legal Services, UPDF [email protected] + 256712321432

+ 256712564779 Maj. Felix Kulayigya Ministry of Defence Spokesman, UPDF [email protected] + 256772799909

Brig. Gen. Dr Sam Lwanga Deputy Chief of Medical Services, UPDF + 256772532231 [email protected]

Lt Col Malengano FAD N/A N/A

Mr Edward Kaweesi Lecturer, Kyambogo University, Uganda + 256772864032 [email protected]

Brig. Ayman Amer Egypt Defence Force N/A N/A

Dr David Apuuli Kihunuro Director General, Uganda Aids Commission N/A N/A

JOURNALISTS

Mr Ronald Sekandi Journalist, Xinhua News Agency, Uganda + 256712834098 [email protected]

Ms Pauline Kairu Reporter, Monitor Publications + 256782008357 [email protected]

Ms Violet Nakamba Health Issues Journalist, Zambia +260977474707 [email protected]

Mr Chris Samukula Reporter, Record TV, Uganda + 256772667966 N/A

Dr Bagambe Vincent HIV and AIDS, Technical Advisor, US Embassy, Uganda + 256772403218 [email protected]

Ms Catherine Barasa Prevention Advisor, UNAIDS, Uganda + 2567722412716 [email protected]

Dr Sam Okware Director General, UNHRO, Ministry of Health, Uganda + 256772409810 [email protected]

SSR Programme Manager, United Nations Regional +2289225042 Mr Kossi Agokla [email protected] Centre for Peace and Disarmament in Africa +2282535003

+81354671212 Prof. Obijiofor Aginam Professor, United Nations University, Tokyo [email protected] +81354671293

Conference Report 27 HIV and AIDS and the African Military

NAME COUNTRY TEL/CELL/FAX E-MAIL

RAPPORTEURS

Ms Angela Nakafeero Executive Director, DELTA, Uganda +25671283166907 [email protected]

Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, Prof. Owen Sichone +2778624696 [email protected] University of Pretoria, South Africa

INTERPRETERS

Mr Christopher Lutaaya Interpreter, Luba Language Consults,Uganda + 256772435890 [email protected]

Mr Oswald Ndolerure Interpreter, Luba Language Consults, Uganda +256772419001 [email protected]

Mr. Gregory Kibanvu Interpreter, Luba Language Consults, Uganda +256772493382 [email protected]

INSTITUTE FOR SECURITY STUDIES

Mr Thomas Hansen Visiting Researcher, ISS Nairobi +2547526123115 [email protected]

Mr Peter Edopu Director, ISS, Nairobi +2600955888020 [email protected]

Mes# n Berouk Senior Researcher, ISS, Addis Ababa +251911015600 bmes# [email protected]

Mr Takawira Musavengana Senior Researcher, ISS, South Africa +27123469500 [email protected]

Ms Tarrin-Rae Oxche Junior Researcher, ISS, South Africa +27123469500 [email protected]

Ms Irene Ndungu ISS, South Africa +27123469500 [email protected]

Ms Mary Chivasa ISS, South Africa +27123469500 [email protected]

Dr Ngoma Naison Programme Head, ISS, South Africa +27123469500 [email protected]

28 Institute for Security Studies (g) REMARKS ee Break ee opening address programme programme address opening speaking of order of details with Special Guests depart may after Dr. Stephen Kasasira (UPDF)/ Kasasira Stephen Dr. Co ! (ISS) Ngoma Naison Dr Swaziland b. Dress: Service/ Formal b. Chair:Professor Simelani, (f) RESPONSIBILITY Bernadette Olowo-Freers, African African Olowo-Freers, Bernadette UPDF/ISS Sciences Research Council, South South Council, Research Sciences Africa – Ndinga-Muvumba Angela Ms ACCORD Union Prof. Leickness Simbayi – Human KodwaniChirambo –IDASA (e) TIMES 1015–1045 Conference Coordinator 1000–1015 Nile Jinja Resort 0745–0830 Secretariat – ISS 0945–1000UPDF – Secretariat 0645–0745Resort Jinja Nile 0830–0945Uganda Defence, for Minister separate arrange to UPDF a. 1045–1300 (d) DAY/DATE Annexure B DAY 1DAY Wed. March 11 Programme (c) LOCATIONS Conference Room Conference Room Hotel grounds Hotel Conference Room Hotel – Lobby area Lobby – Hotel Conference Room Conference Room Hotel Restaurant Hotel Conference Room Nile Jinja Resort NileJinja Lobby – March Mon.10 09/Tues. Hotel – Lobby – Hotel (b) DETAILS ee break ee common policy ng on conference b. Brie # PANEL ONE: HIV and AIDS and thegeneralA framework military: Approachunderstandingin the HIV epidemic thein sectors employment other from Lessons military: (a) SER 3) Registration (11) military and AIDS and HIV African an for prospects The (1)delegates of registration and Arrival (4) Opening address (6) Co ! (7)Introductionof delegates and participants a. (8) Role of the AU in HIV and AIDS in the military (9)(10) Aids, political stability and ict con $ The use of Second Generation HIV Surveillance (2)( Breakfast (5) Group photograph HIV AND AIDS AND THE AFRICAN MILITARY: TOWARDS A COMMON AND COMPREHENSIVE APPROACH COMPREHENSIVE AND A COMMON TOWARDS MILITARY: AFRICAN THE AND AIDS HIV AND 2009 March 11–13 Uganda, Jinja,

Conference Report 29 HIV and AIDS and the African Military (g) REMARKS Chair:UPDF Mawuli, Togo Mawuli, Chair:Professor Agokla Kossi (f) RESPONSIBILITY Samuel Atoubi (KAIPTC) Atoubi Samuel Col. Mohammed Outeh Robleh Falade, Abiodun Ola Col. Lt Standby Brigade ECOWAS Peter Edopu (ISS Nairobi) Guehi Andre Gen. Nukuri Innocent Dr Djuma Masudi Djiferdin Dr Bosenge Lokasola Faustin Mr Madjior Dingamadji Dr. Col. Dlamini & Lt Col. Magongo (e) TIMES 1530–1600 Jinja Nile Resort 1400–1530 Conference Coordinator 1600–1700 Conference Coordinator 1000–1030 1300–1400 Jinja Nile Resort 0645–0800Resort Jinja Nile 1030–1300 0830–1000 (d) DAY/DATE DAY 2DAY Thurs. March12 (c) LOCATIONS Conference Room Hotel Restaurant Hotel Open breakaway spaces breakaway Open Restaurant Hotel Conference Room Restaurant Hotel Hotel Restaurant Hotel and peacekeeping and

and peacekeepingin and

(b) DETAILS ee ee orts and performance of African standby brigades standby African of performance and orts case of East Africa East of case e ! DRC Burundi Annan International Peacekeeping Peacekeeping International Annan # Ko the from Training Centre Ivorian Coast military and the need for an African Union network Ecowas Standby Brigade ANELTWO: HIV and AIDS a. b. c. d. P Africa – regional case studies Threats of HIV regional and AIDS to integration b. the from perspective A challenges: AIDS and HIV c. The challenges: AIDS and HIV of framework Regional d. PANEL THREE: HIV and AIDS studies case country – Africa in ict country: The case of HIV and AIDS in a post-con $ b. DRC in AIDS and HIV General c. Eastern the of study case A PSO: and AIDS and HIV d. HIV and AIDS: The casee. of Chad HIV and AIDS:f. Swaziland (a) SER 13) Group discussions: (12) Lunch (14)(15) Tea/Co ! Plenary discussion (16) Breakfast (17)Subregional a. approach to HIV and AIDS: Perspectives ( (18) Tea/Co! (19)Organising a. the struggle against HIV and AIDS in the

30 Institute for Security Studies Edited by Takawira Musavengana, Tarrin-Rae Oxche and Irene Ndung’u (g) REMARKS ISS to coordinate programme Chair:UPDF of details with programme address speaking. of order Chair:UPDF/ISS Chair: Mr. Takawira Takawira Chair:Mr. ISS Musavengana, (f) RESPONSIBILITY UPDF Fine Derrick UPDF (e) TIMES 1030–1230 Conference Coordinator 1400–1530 1530–1600 Jinja Nile Resort 1600–1700 Minister for Health, Uganda UPDF to arrange separate closing 1600–1700 Conference Coordinator 1000–1030 1300–1400 0845–1000 1800–2200Coordinator Conference 0645–0800 1030–1530 1400–1530 1600–1700 (d) DAY/DATE DAY 3 3 DAY March 13 Fri. (c) LOCATIONS Conference Room Open breakaway spaces breakaway Open Restaurant Hotel Conference Room Hotel Restaurant Hotel Conference Room Hotel Restaurant Hotel Hotel Restaurant Hotel area discussion Open Hotel Restaurant Restaurant Hotel (b) DETAILS ee ee ects of HIV and AIDS on military career planning planning career military on AIDS and HIV ectsof military for servicemen who get infected in the of tour duty Looking beyond medical services n the military PANEL SIX: Closing address PANEL FIVE: Policy recommendations PANEL FOUR: Managing the impacto of HIV/AIDS b. Living with HIV, human securityhuman Livingwith HIV, and the African b. care: and prevention in command of Involvement c. ‘Challenges mobilisation resource to and utilisation in implementationof HIV and thein AIDS military’ (a) SER 25) Plenarydiscussion (30) Closing address (29) Plenary discussion (27) Policy(28) recommendations Lunch (20)E ! a. (26) Tea/Co ! (21) Tea/Co ! (22) Group discussions: (23) Reception (24) Breakfast(

Conference Report 31

Conference Report HIV and AIDS and the African Military Towards a common and

ISS Head O! ce Block D, Brooklyn Court comprehensive approach 361 Veale Street New Muckleneuk, Pretoria, South Africa Tel: +27 12 346-9500 Fax: +27 12 346-9570 E-mail: [email protected]

ISS Addis Ababa O! ce 1st Floor, Ki-Ab Building Alexander Pushkin Street Pushkin Square, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Tel: +251 11 372-1154/5/6 Fax: +251 11 372-5954 E-mail: [email protected]

ISS Cape Town O! ce 2nd Floor, Armoury Building, Buchanan Square 160 Sir Lowry Road, Woodstock, South Africa Tel: +27 21 461-7211 Fax: +27 21 461-7213 E-mail: [email protected]

ISS Nairobi O! ce Braeside Gardens, O! Muthangari Road Lavington, Nairobi, Kenya Tel: +254 20 386-1625 Fax: +254 20 386-1639 E-mail: [email protected]