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An Introduction to Automobiles Jaguar 1955

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An Introduction to Automobiles Jaguar 1955 Benz tricycle 1896 Stanley Steam car 1905 Railton 1935 London B type bus - 1910 Ford Model T 1913 An Introduction to Automobiles Jaguar 1955 Pictures taken from Smith (2002) Czech Tatra 1937 Lincoln continental 1960s Ford Sierra 1980s Lotus Eclat Aimms IdIntroduce t hidhe wide range of s kills requi red f or vehicle design and manufacture. Briefly set the historical scene and development of vehicles and their designgn. Introduce the vast rangee of possibilities for vehicle design. Demonstrate the interactivity of processes within the des iign and manuf acttfhil ure of vehicles Steps in Autom mobile History IidIInnovations and Inventtiions Mass production Development of World Motor Industry SliiStreamlining Commercial vehicles History Construction Inventions an d Innovations SISteam power to InternaallC Com bust ion engi ine Steam engine used till late 1940s Petroleum “spirit” used by Dr. OTTO in 1870s was a useless by-product of naptha used for lamps Dr. Gottelib Daimler improved OTTO engine using petroleum vapour and in parallel Karl Benz also produced tri-wheel carriage in 1885 History Construction Mass prooduction CdldfCars were developed frfhom horse carr iages. Henry Ford -> “mass production” of Model T,1909 Concept from rifle maanufacture of civil war Model T first car with design for manufacture Engi ne 2898 cc was b u ilt b y f ord and vari ous independent bodybuilders from buses to elegent family cars Hand-built cars to interchangeable parts Picture taken from Smith (2002) History Construction Mass Prooduction MiMoving wor kers -> movihildiing vehicle during maufacture , Highland park Detroit, 1913 Picture taken from Smith (2002) History Construction Mass Prooduction In 1970s, Vo lkswagen ““Beet le ” was so ld i n l arge numbers though syle was antiquated as it was Non rusting car Mechanically reliable Toyota's contribution: PdtiProduction was flexxiblible Quality paramount, getting right first time - LEAN Shorter production runs, wide variants History Construction Development of World Motor Industry 1920s -1930s : sma ll coach bu ilders co-exiihist with large companies By end of second world war only few specialized manufacturers remain – Rolls Royce Large conglomerates like British Motor Corporation (BMC) , Br ritish Leyland (BL) faced problem of large stock AiAmericans an dJd Japanese movedtfd parts of opera tions around the world Because of export restrictions and to use facilities all over the world History Construction Development of World Motor Industry CiDlConstruction Development: Till 1930s wooden frame with fabric or wood skin used to build coaches Late 1930s onwards, preessed steel plates for skin Multiple curvature added more strength and body panelhls shared dthld the load Recent cars have shell structure with aerodynamic structures History Construction Development of World Motor Industry WdWooden /Slhif/ Steel chassis ffdrame was done away an d replaced by stiff floor “pan” by spot welding By 1950s, “unitary” construction was universally followed for mass produced cars Composite body for lesser weight and corrosion free body – started after r WWII ( Lotus) Wheels progressed from wooden spokes to metal spoktkes to me tlhbtal hub consttittruction to met tlk(al spokes ( Alloy) History Construction Early car evolved from carriage , electric powered Bersley 1897 Sports car with streamlined composite body , Lotus Pictures taken from Smith (2002) History Construction Development of World Motor Industry SliDStyling Deve lopment: Powered versions of horse carriages Engine was placed below vehicle by Daimler – hard maintenence 1890s, Panhard-Levassor created the concept of hihaving engi ine i ifn front wwithith cl ut ch and gear b ox ‘système Panhard’ Windscreen was invented in 1920s with increasing speed of vehicle History Construction Development of World Motor Industry BBy t he 1930s, excess iveelyll elongated engi ine covers had become ‘de rigeur’ for powerful cars with sporting aspi rati ons. Luggag e was strapp ed in rear of vehicle and it became integral in european cars. It grew in '50s,'60s and '70s to larger volume Till '50s “open top” was preferred as inspired from horse carriages History Construction Streammlining In 1890s, Am édée Bo llééhée the younger pro duce d first torpedo shaped designs with raked windscreen Americans did not like the air-streamlined design Czech Tatra of 1937 V8 Chevrolet Air-flow Pictures taken from Smith (2002) History Construction Streammlining Aerodynamics was considered impediment to styles due to angles Box type was more cheaappper and easier to produce Became more popular only after the 70’s when oil prices went up & fuel ec conomy was considered important Ford Sierra 1980 Picture taken from Smith (2002) History Construction Commerciaal Vehicles th EdEnd of f19 19 century, first ldklorry and trucks were steam powered – challennged by petrol vehicles Threats of world wars led to increase in roads, commerical vehicle sales and haulaggpe in Europe IC engine led to the development of motor bus. Au to ba hns in 1930 s Germany ldtled to d evel opment of good road transport along with railways. Buses replaced electric trams, challeged railways in USA, Britain. Construction Configuration and Styling EiEngine D evel opment Transmission and System Layout Steering SiSuspension Brakes Interior Design SfSafety Too much Innovation History Construction Engine Devvelopment Diam ler andBd Benz inventedICd IC engi ine automobil es in 1895 Diamler developed Vee twin engines in 1898 Ettore Bugatti,1910 creaated first engine with Overhead Cam shaft in Model13, capable of achieving 100 kmph spe eed with 1327 cc . Side valves were more preferred till WWII Improvements in materials led to other developments. History Construction Engine Devvelopment Diesel Engine: Main competitor to petrol engine – spontaneous combustion unlike petrool ignition It eliminated two weak points carburettor and spark plugs hence more reliable It had inferior power to weigg,ht ratio, hence restricted to heavy engines With turbo -charging and d refinement, performance at par with petrol engines with cleaner emissions and higher efficiency. History Construction Engine Devvelopment ShidTbSuper charging and Turboochiharging: When air is compressed at inlet,,p power to weig ht ratio of engine improved Compressors combined to engine shaft Used from 1930s in racing cars Compression with power from exhaust using turbine is turbocharggging Turbochargers improve torque characteristics and smoother engine runningg History Construction Engine Devvelopment TSkTwo Strokes an dUd Unconventilional petrol engi ines: Two stroke (()2S) has one firinggp stroke per revolution, theoretically twice efficiency 2S in unsupercharged al lways has fuel-charge loss during scavenging ItkIntake need s t o b e mi xed w ith l ub ri cati ng oil resulting in smoky exhaust Applications restricted to motor-cycles and small cars like three cylinder SAAB car. History Construction Engine Devvelopment Two strok e di ese l is st illlfdill preferred in large mari ne and railway engines Wankel engine had a semi-rotary than a recippgyprocating type of engine It had a problem with seals of rotor and inherent two-stroke emissions Gas turbines had good efficiency and thrust to weiight ht rati o b ut not effic fficiitilent in low speed s. History Construction Engine Devvelopment Electr ic an d HHyb br id propuullision: 1899,,y Jenatzy's “La Jamais Contente” was first vehicle to cross 100kmph Initial cars restricted to short distances but has considerably increased in recent times ItiLdImprovements in Lead-AAidbttcid battery t ech nol ogy allowed increased rangee and even buses to operate iUbin Urban areas on e lec ttrriitdc power to reduce smog. History Construction Engine Devvelopment Limi tati ons i n b attery le leddhbidhilf to hybrid vehicles of present day Ultracapacitors or flywheel used Smaller ppgetrol engine is used Regenerative braking *Not same as petrol -elecctric vehicle in past with pure electric operation for step-less operation History Construction Transmission System Development SfhdbkSome of the drawbacks oflif petrol engines over steam engines were Non-availabilityof full power at the start Noisyyp operation Non -instant stop – restart Clutches have evolved ffrom belts and settled pre- dominantly with plate clutch. GbGear box evo ldflved from shift ing gears to constant mesh with moving dog clutches “crash” gear box. History Construction Transmission System Development FWF.W. LhLanchester andBd BrriiihDtish Da iml er created epicyclic gear box with bands and planetary rings Epicyclic gears used in ford model T , used in buses for ease of operation In 1940's, “preselector” gearbox was developed with fluid torque conver rter becoming a Constant Variable Transmission ssystem (automatic) EliEarlier aut omati tihdcs had poor effici ency History Construction Lanchester Gear box http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lanchester_epicyclic_gearbox.jpg History Construction Pre-selectoor gearbox Wilson’s Gearbox Pictures taken from Steeds and Garrett (1983) History Construction Model T ggear box http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Model_T_Ford_epicyclic_gearbox_%28Montagu,_C ars_and_Motor-Cycles,_1928%29.jpg History Construction Fluid Torque e Converter Pictures taken from Steeds and Garrett (1983) History Construction Transmission System Development FdidFerdinand porsc hhdfhe had ffirst patent i n 1908 for a electric transmission sysstem (890299)
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