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Diplomarbeit View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by OTHES DIPLOMARBEIT Titel der Diplomarbeit „An Art Version of Home Movies: Privates in den Werken von Stan Brakhage und Jonas Mekas“ Verfasser Anselm Tröster angestrebter akademischer Grad Magister der Philosophie (Mag.phil.) Wien, 2011 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A 317 Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt: Theater-, Film- und Medienwissenschaft Betreuerin: Ao. Univ.-Prof. Mag. Dr. phil. Gabriele Jutz 2 „Don’t forget to make your film frames into bullets of truth” (Jonas Mekas) Mein besonderer Dank an dieser Stelle gilt meiner Diplomarbeitsbetreuerin Mag. Dr. phil. Prof. Gabriele Jutz, die mich mit ihrer fachlichen Expertise in allen Bereichen dieser Diplomarbeit unterstützt hat. Ihre Vorlesungen zum Avantgardefilm haben mich in erster Linie dazu inspiriert diese Arbeit zu schreiben und mich einem Themengebiet zu widmen, das mir persönlich sehr nahe steht. Des Weiteren möchte ich mich bei meinen Freunden bedanken, die mir bei der Entwicklung und Umsetzung geholfen haben, im Besonderen bei Eva Falb, Raphael Seiwald, Kurt Feßl, Sabine Fehringer, Werner Xerox und Reinhold Dunzinger. Auch meinen beiden Geschwistern Alina Feßl und Alexander Raid danke ich für ihren moralischen Beistand. Diese Diplomarbeit ist meinen Eltern Ilse Feßl und Peter Raid gewidmet, ohne die dieses Studium nicht möglich gewesen wäre und die ich stets in meinem Herzen trage. 1. Einleitung 1 2. Amateurfilme und Home Movies 4 2.1 Der Amateurfilm im kulturellen und historischen Wandel 4 2.2 Die soziale Praxis von Home Movies 13 2.3 Die Diskrepanz zwischen Amateurfilmen und professionellen Filmen 20 3. Maya Deren und die Ideologisierung der Amateur-Identität 24 3.1 Die Anfänge der US-amerikanischen Filmavantgarde und ihre Beziehung zur Amateurbewegung 24 3.2 Die ästhetische und ökonomische Neuorientierung amateurhaften Filmschaffens am Beispiel von Maya Deren 38 4. Avantgardistische Filmproduktion in den USA der 1960er Jahre– die Blütezeit eines marginalisierten Sub-Film Genres in New York 57 4.1 Die Einbettung von Stan Brakhage und Jonas Mekas in die künstlerische Infrastruktur von New York 57 4.2 The Mother of the New York Underground: Marie Menken 68 5. Die Entwicklung eines individuellen Filmstils bei Jonas Mekas 79 5.1 Die theoretische Fundierung von Mekas’ Werk 79 5.2 Die filmästhetische Selbstfindung von Jonas Mekas 83 6. Die Ablichtung autobiographischer Lebensaspekte 97 7. Die Transformation des Filmtagebuchs (Film Diary) in die künstlerische Konzeption des Diary Film 110 8. Die Entwicklung eines individuellen Filmstils bei Stan Brakhage 122 8.1 Stan Brakhages Filmtheorie 122 8.2 Der künstlerische Werdegang von Stan Brakhage 129 9. Die filmische Selbstrepräsentation von Stan Brakhage 141 10. Films by Stan Brakhage: An Avant-Garde Home Movie 155 11. Conclusio 174 12. Bibliographie 175 12.1 Weiterführende Amateurfilm-Literatur 179 13. Abbildungsverzeichnis 180 14. Filmographie 181 1. Einleitung Die vorliegende Arbeit trägt den Titel An Art Version of Home Movies: Privates in den Werken von Stan Brakhage und Jonas Mekas und beschäftigt sich mit der Frage, in welche Beziehung der Amateurfilm, genauer gesagt das Medium Home Movie, zur Kunstform des Avantgardefilms zu setzen ist. In diesem Sinne wurde das jeweilige Lebenswerk sowie ausgewählte Filmbeispiele von Stan Brakhage und Jonas Mekas herangezogen und dahingehend untersucht, wie aus Home Movie-Filmmaterial (8mm, 16mm) ein filmisches Kunstwerk, unter Einbeziehung der eigenen Lebensrealität, entsteht. Eine der zentralen Forschungsfragen dieser Arbeit lautet daher, wie sich die ästhetische Neu-Kontextualisierung von Home Movies zu Kunstfilmen bei Jonas Mekas und Stan Brakhage zugetragen hat. Des Weiteren war für den Autor von Interesse, wie „the filming of daily life in an art context“ bzw. der autobiographische Zugang bei beiden Künstlern konkret ausgesehen hat. Der Forschungsfokus dieser Untersuchung richtet sich demnach auf die symbiotische Verflechtung von Leben und Filmkunst bei Jonas Mekas und Stan Brakhage. Die Thematik wird in neun Kapiteln erarbeitet. Der Titel des ersten Kapitels lautet „Amateurfilm und Home Movies“. Im Unterkapitel „Der Amateurfilm im kulturellen und historischen Wandel“ werden die Theorien von Patricia R. Zimmermann herangezogen, die das soziokulturelle Phänomen des Amateurfilms in ihrem Werk Reel Families. A Social Discourse on Amateur Film 1897– 1962 (1985) in drei zeitliche Perioden unterteilt und nach technischen, ökonomischen, ästhetischen sowie gesellschaftlichen Gesichtspunkten erforscht. Zimmermann weist in ihrer Arbeit darauf hin, dass der Begriff Amateurfilm ursprünglich als Überbegriff verwendet wurde, der auch Home Movies in sich mit einschloss. In der letzten von Zimmermann angeführten Periode von 1950–1962 wurden durch das veränderte Freizeitverhalten der Menschen und durch das immer billiger werdende Amateurfilmmaterial die Begriffe Amateurfilm und Home Movie schließlich zum Synonym. Fortan sollte die Bezeichnung Home Movie das Filmschaffen von Amateuren subsumieren. Dabei ist anzumerken, dass Zimmermanns Definition des Amateurfilms bzw. des Home Movie sich stets in Abgrenzung zum professionellen Film versteht. 1 Das zweite Unterkapitel mit der Überschrift „Die soziale Praxis von Home Movies“ stützt sich auf die Forschungsergebnisse des Soziologen und Anthropologen Richard Chalfen, der in seinem Werk Snapshot Versions of Life (1987) aufzeigt, dass die alltägliche Filmpraxis von Amateuren in klarem Gegensatz zum technischen Regelwerk und der ideologischen Ausrichtung von Amateurfilmratgeberbücher bzw. so genannten How To Do It-Manuals steht. Diese orientieren sich allesamt an der Schnittgrammatik und der Bildsprache des Hollywoodfilms. Die grundlegenden Unterschiede zwischen dem Amateurfilm und dem professionellen Film werden im darauf folgenden Unterkapitel „Die Diskrepanz zwischen Amateurfilmen und professionellen Filmen“ näher erläutert. Das nächste Kapitel „Maya Deren und die Ideologisierung der Amateur-Identität“ widmet sich zum einen den Anfängen der US-amerikanischen Filmavantgarde, die zu einem Großteil aus professionellen Filmemachern bestand, welche in ihrer Freizeit mit Amateurfilmmaterial ihre privaten Kunstfilme realisierten. Zum anderen beschäftigt sich dieses Kapitel mit Maya Deren, der Grande Dame der US-amerikanischen Filmavantgarde. Derens filmästhetischer und organisatorischer Vorbildwirkung ist es zu verdanken, dass in den USA erstmalig filmavantgardistische Netzwerke entstanden, die sowohl die Produktion, Vorführung als auch die Distribution betreffend, diametral zur professionellen Filmindustrie ausgerichtet waren. Im Kapitel „Avantgardistische Filmproduktion in den USA der 1960er Jahre–die Blütezeit eines marginalisierten Sub-Film Genres in New York“ wird darauf eingegangen, inwieweit Jonas Mekas und Stan Brakhage Bestandteil einer aufkeimenden, alternativen Filmkultur von New York waren und auf welchen institutionellen Wurzeln dieses vibrierende Sammelsurium avantgardistischen Filmschaffens gebettet war. Das Unterkapitel „The Mother of the New York Underground: Marie Menken” richtet seinen Blick auf die Filmemacherin Marie Menken, die nicht nur den Diary Film begründet hat, sondern auch die Bildästhetik des Home Movie künstlerisch aufwerten sollte. Die nächsten drei Kapitel („Die Entwicklung eines individuellen Filmstils bei Jonas Mekas“, „Die Ablichtung autobiographischer Lebensaspekte“, „Die Transformation des Filmtagebuchs (Film Diary) in die künstlerische Konzeption des Diary Film“) beschäftigen sich mit den organisatorischen Tätigkeiten sowie der Filmpraxis von Jonas Mekas. Neben seiner Selbstfindung als Filmkünstler wird auch sein autobiographisches Diary Film-Konzept näher beleuchtet und auf jene strukturellen Verfahren eingegangen, die Mekas angewendet hat, um sein Home Movie-Aufnahmematerial in ein tagebuchartiges Kunstfilmkonstrukt zu übersetzen. 2 Die abschließenden drei Kapitel („Die Entwicklung eines individuellen Filmstils bei Stan Brakhage“, „Die filmische Selbstrepräsentation von Brakhage“, „Films by Stan Brakhage: An Avant-Garde Home Movie”) sind dem künstlerischen Schaffen von Stan Brakhage gewidmet. Neben der Entwicklung eines eigenen Filmstils wird auch Brakhages innovativer filmtheoretischer und praktischer Zugang erläutert. Brakhage strebte im Laufe seiner Karriere stets nach neuen visuellen Ausdrucksmöglichkeiten, damit verbunden sollte er auch die eigenen Sehgewohnheiten zunehmend in Frage stellen. Seine avantgardistischen Home Movies brechen in ihrer Schnittdynamik, ihrer filmästhetischen Form an sich und vor allem in der bildlichen Darstellung deutlich mit den Konventionen von Home Movies. Bei den Filmen seiner „Lyrischen Filmphase“ kommt es aber auch zu gewissen Überschneidungen mit typischen Home Movies wie z.B. durch die Verwendung desselben Aufnahmematerials (8mm, 16mm), der Ablichtung des Eigenheims bzw. der Familie, etc. Das letzte Kapitel mit der Überschrift „Films by Stan Brakhage: An Avant-Garde Home Movie“ behandelt den Unterschied zwischen Brakhages Kunstfilmen zu gewöhnlichen Home Movies und greift dabei wiederum die Forschungsergebnisse von Richard Chalfen aus dem Kapitel 2.2. „Die soziale Praxis von Home Movies“ auf. 3 2. Amateurfilme und Home Movies 2.1 Der Amateurfilm im kulturellen und historischen Wandel [...] the history of amateur film discourses and visual practises are always situated in context with more elite, more visible forms of cultural practices, such as Hollwood, national cinemas, and
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