Ithomiini Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) of Antioquia, Colombia
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Neotrop Entomol DOI 10.1007/s13744-012-0102-4 ECOLOGY, BEHAVIOR AND BIONOMICS Ithomiini Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) of Antioquia, Colombia 1 2 3 1 CE GIRALDO ,KRWILLMOTT ,RVILA ,SIURIBE 1Grupo de Investigación en Sistemática Molecular, Univ Nacional de Colombia, Medellín, Colombia 2McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, Florida Museum of Natural History, Univ of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA 3Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-UPF), Barcelona, Spain Keywords Abstract Biodiversity, Danainae, neotropics, Colombia is one of the most biodiverse countries on the planet. Papilionoidea However, economic and scientific investment in completing inven- Correspondence tories of its biodiversity has been relatively poor in comparison CE Giraldo, Grupo de Investigación en with other Neotropical countries. Butterflies are the best studied Sistemática Molecular, Univ Nacional de Colombia, Calle 59A No 63 – 20 Bl 16-102, group of invertebrates, with the highest proportion of known to Medellín, Colombia; [email protected] expected species. More than 3,200 species of butterflies have been recorded in Colombia, although the study of the still many unex- Edited by André VL Freitas – UNICAMP plored areas will presumably increase this number. This work pro- Received 18 September 2012 and accepted vides a list of Ithomiini butterflies collected in the department of 2 December 2012 Antioquia and estimates the total number of species present, based on revision of entomological collections, records in the literature * Sociedade Entomológica do Brasil 2013 and field work performed between 2003 and 2011. The list includes 99 species and 32 genera, representing 27% of all Ithomiini species. We report 50 species of Ithomiini not formerly listed from Anti- oquia, and found the highest diversity of ithomiine species to be at middle elevations (900–1,800 m). The mean value of the Chao2 estimator for number of species in Antioquia is 115 species, which is close to a predicted total of 109 based on known distributions of other Ithomiini not yet recorded from the department. Nine spe- cies are potentially of particular conservation importance because of their restricted distributions, and we present range maps for each species. We also highlight areas in Antioquia with a lack of biodiversity knowledge to be targeted in future studies. This paper contributes to mapping the distribution of the Lepidoptera of Antioquia department in particular and of Colombia in general. Introduction in the world and contains two global biodiversity hotspots: the Tropical Andes region, the richest and most diverse Latin America and the Caribbean possess 22% of the region on Earth, and the Tumbes-Chocó-Magdalena hot- world’s forested lands; however, 3 million of the 8.9 million spot, that includes the Chocó-Darién region (Conservation hectares lost per year (33%) throughout the world are International Foundation 2007). According to this, there is found in these regions. In Colombia, it is estimated that an urgent need to conduct biodiversity inventories in many the deforestation rate is 120,000 ha per year, more than regions, which have not been done because social conflicts 320 ha per day, a situation that severely threatens the make it difficult to access some specific areas and also for biodiversity and natural resources of the country (FAO some of the called governmental obstacles to biodiversity 2009). Colombia is one of the most biodiverse countries research (Fernandez 2011). Giraldo et al Butterflies contain more than 20,000 described species, entomological collections, literature and field work. The making this group the largest invertebrate clade for which information provided here highlights regions of Antioquia description of species is nearing completion (Kristensen et in most need of further research, in addition to increasing al 2007). A total of 3,272 species have been listed for our knowledge of species distributions throughout Colombia (Constantino & Andrade 2007), and additional Colombia. species will probably be added to the list if unexplored areas are surveyed (Gonzalez & Andrade 2008). The department of Antioquia covers an area of 62,776 km2, Material and Methods and it is divided into 125 municipalities grouped in nine ad- ministrative sub-regions. It is located in the central northwest- Data acquisition ern part of Colombia, between 05°25′–08°55′ North and 73° 53′–77°07′ West, between the Atrato and Magdalena rivers, Specimen locality data were obtained by examining major and ranges in elevation from sea level to 3,969 m (Galeano & public collections in Antioquia, through literature review, Bernal 1987). It includes part of the Caribbean coast and of the and by new field collections performed from 2003 to 2011. inter-Andean valleys, Cauca and Magdalena, covering areas in The entomological collections visited in Colombia were the the foothills (Atrato, Urabá, Magdalena, Bajo Cauca), central Museo Entomológico Francisco Luis Gallego (MEFLG- and western mountains of the Andes and the Canyon of the Medellín), Instituto de Ciencias Naturales–Universidad Cauca River besides several areas of paramo (Arias 2011), Nacional de Colombia (ICN-Bogotá), Colección Entomológica resulting in a highly diverse mix of climates and biogeograph- de la Universidad de Antioquia (Medellín) and Colección ical regions. Also within its boundaries are found parts of the Entomológica Universidad Católica de Oriente (Rionegro). In Tumbes-Chocó-Magdalena and the Tropical Andes hotspots. addition, KRW also obtained data from a number of other There have been several papers published with lists of collections during taxonomic work on Ithomiini, including the butterflies from Antioquia (Constantino 1997, Duque 2000, following: American Museum of Natural History, New York, Henao 2006), but just one of them is focused on the USA; Collection André Victor Lucci Freitas, Campinas, Brazil; Neotropical tribe Ithomiini (Muriel 2006). Ithomiini Booth Museum of Natural History, Brighton, UK; BMNH: The (Nymphalidae: Danainae) includes about 370 species of Natural History Museum, London, UK; Carnegie Museum of butterflies and over 1,500 geographical races occurring Natural History, Pittsburgh, USA; Florida Museum of Natural from sea level to 3,000 m, from Mexico to southern History, Gainesville, USA; Fabio Vitale Collection, Lecce, Italy; Brazil, Paraguay and across three Caribbean islands Collection Gabriel Rodríguez, Medellín, Colombia; GSM: (Lamas 2004, Willmott & Freitas 2006). Ithomiini are of Grupo de Investigación en Sistemática Molecular, special interest as entomological and ecological models Universidad Nacional de Colombia sede Medellín, Colombia; because of their diversity, abundance, great variety of Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander often precise mimicry patterns (Joron & Mallet 1998) and von Humboldt, Claustro San Agustín, Villa de Leyva– narrow host plant relationships (Drummond & Brown Colombia; Collection Jean-François Le Crom Bogotá– 1987), with host plant use apparently correlating in some Colombia; Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional cases with mimicry (Willmott & Mallet 2004). Most species Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru; Collection Sandra Muriel, inhabit shady places in the forest (García et al 2002), Medellín–Colombia; Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde, although several species can be found at the edges of the Stuttgart, Germany; and Staatlische Museum für Tierkunde, forest, disturbed areas and in urban or suburban systems Dresden, Germany. (Brown & Freitas 2003). Ithomiines have been proposed as Localities were georeferenced using municipality web a biological indicator group at local, ecological scales pages and Google Earth®. Literature surveyed included (Brown 1991, Brown & Hutchings 1997, Fagua et al 1999, local publications such as thesis and conference abstracts, García et al 2002, Prado & Freitas 2009) and at broader, and published papers in indexed journals. Finally, informa- biogeographical scales (Beccaloni & Gaston 1995). This tion from recent collections and observations by the tribe is defined by the presence in males of an elongate authors in several localities of Antioquia since 2003 was patch of erectile, hair-like androconial scales at the anterior also included. edge of the dorsal hindwing (Willmott & Freitas 2006), and is phylogenetically related to the Tellervini (containing the Spatial analysis single Australasian genus Tellervo) and the largely Old World Danaini, together forming the subfamily Danainae For each locality, the political subdivision and the geomor- (Wahlberg et al 2009). phological region were identified using the following sys- This work extends the list of Ithomiini butterflies known tem described by Arias (2011). Mid-Magdalena Valley: East from the department of Antioquia, based on review of part of Antioquia department, characterized by alluvial Ithomiini butterflies of Antioquia flood plains and terraces of the Magdalena river and its slope of the central Colombian cordillera between 900 and tributary system below 900 m; Cordillera Central: Eastern 3,200 m in the central area of Antioquia. This region is Fig 1 Number of Ithomiini species by municipality in Antioquia, Colombia. Giraldo et al characterized by the presence of three extensive high hills, alluvial flood plains and the terrace systems of the plateaus dissected into hills, separated by regional inclined Atrato river and coast area. formations and producing a mountainous relief. The high Records were also categorized