Benjamin Brittens Liederzyklen

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Benjamin Brittens Liederzyklen 1. Einleitung Tief verwurzelt in der Musikalität seiner englischen Heimat und ihrer Tradition, in- spiriert von den geistigen Strömungen und ethischen Fragen unserer Zeit, hat er alle Gattungen der Musik durch sein umfang reiches kompositorisches Schaffen gefördert und bereichert, […]1 Am 12. Mai 1962 wurde Benjamin Britten im Auditorium maximum der Uni ver- sität Hamburg der Hansische Goethe-Preis der Stiftung F. V. S. zu Ham burg für das Jahr 1961 überreicht. Anstelle einer Dankesrede führte Brit ten gemeinsam mit seinem Lebensgefährten Peter Pears Lieder von Haydn, Goethe-Vertonungen von Schubert und Wolf sowie seine eigenen Sechs Hölder lin-Fragmente auf. Der Preis, der ähnlich dem amerikanischen Aspen Award, dessen erster Träger Britten 1964 war, „der Förderung übernationaler Gesinnung und humanitärer Bestrebungen gewidmet“2 ist und Persönlichkeiten auszeichnet, die „mit ihrem Lebenswerk und mit der Kraft ihrer Persönlichkeit über die Grenzen ihres Va- terlandes hinaus den Gedanken der Solidarität aller Menschen auf der Erde vor- bildlich ausgestrahlt haben“,3 rührt an Brittens künstlerisches Selbst verständnis, wie er es in seiner Dankesrede für Aspen dargelegt hat.4 Die Würdigung durch den Rektor der Universität, Professor Dr. Rudolf Sie verts, erwähnt insbesondere Brittens Neigung und Talent, für Amateure und junge Menschen zu komponie- ren, sowie die Inspiration durch ausführende Künst ler, Solisten wie Chöre und Orchester, als Beweis, „wie sehr Britten aus dem kon kreten Humanum seiner mitmenschlichen Begegnungen angeregt wird und mit seinem Werk wieder die- sem dient“,5 und gibt einen Überblick über Brittens Opern und die menschli- chen Tragödien, die sie darstellen.6 Britten formuliert in seiner Rede für Aspen, die Aufgabe des Künstlers als Teil der Gesellschaft sei es, “to speak to or for his fellow human beings”.7 Er stellt den Künstler da mit ins Spannungsfeld zwischen 1 Verleihung des Hansischen Goethe-Preises 1961 durch die Universität Hamburg an Ben- jamin Britten (Hamburg: Stiftung F.V.S., 1962), S. 17. 2 Zit. nach Susanne Hornfeck, Der Hansische Goethe-Preis 1949–1999 (Hamburg: Alf- red Toepfer Stiftung F.V.S., 1999), S. 179. 3 Verleihung des Hansischen Goethe-Preises 1961, S. 7. 4 Benjamin Britten, On Receiving the First Aspen Award (London: Faber Music, 1978). 5 Verleihung des Hansischen Goethe-Preises 1961, S. 14/15. 6 Ebd., S. 10–12. 7 Britten, On Receiving the First Aspen Award, S. 12. 11 der Pflicht, sich in der Gesellschaft nützlich zu machen, und der Notwendigkeit, künstlerisch wie menschlich unabhängig zu bleiben, um als mahnende Stimme auftreten zu können, die letztlich nur dem eigenen Gewissen verantwortlich ist: “Artists are artists because they have an extra sensitivity – a skin less, perhaps, than other people; and the great ones have an uncomfortable habit of being right about many things, long before their time […]”8 Die Auffassung des Künstlers als eine Art moralischer Instanz war ty pisch für die dreißiger Jahre, die Britten nachhaltig prägten, und anders als der Dichter W. H. Auden, sein Freund und Mentor in dieser Zeit, gab Britten sie of­fen sichtlich nie auf.9 Auf Auden läßt sich auch Brittens Bevorzugung der künstlerischen Para bel gegenüber der direkten politischen Stellungnahme zurückführen, 10 eine Einstellung, die gerade auch für seine Vokalwerke für Solostimme bezeichnend ist. In ihnen finden sich die zentralen Themen seines Schaffens vereint: der tief- sitzende Pazifismus, konkret die Auseinandersetzung mit verschie denen Formen menschlicher Gewalt und Unterdrückung, die Frage von Schuld, Reue und Ver- gebung, Liebe, speziell die homophile Liebe, und die Verehrung von Schönheit und Jugend sowie demgegenüber die Ver gäng lich keit des Lebens, die Bedrohung ursprünglicher Unschuld durch Erfahrung und schließlich Nacht, Schlaf und das Unterbewußtsein sowie das Wesen des künstlerischen Schaffens. In seinen Erinnerungen resümiert Diet rich Fischer-Dieskau: Ben hatte es schwer, mit der Welt fertig zu werden, zeigte das aber bei leibe niemandem. Um so häufiger herrscht in seiner Musik das Dun kel vor. Sie spricht von der verschat- teten Seite des Lebens. Das Leiden an der eigenen Person trieb es Ben – vor allem in den Bühnenwerken – immer wieder auszudrücken. Dabei erschließt dieser moralische Aspekt zugleich das Verständnis der Musik. Unaufhörlich suchte er nach der Unschuld. Er haßte Streit, konnte sich aber widerstrebenden Einflüssen gegenüber sehr wohl durchsetzen.11 8 Benjamin Britten, „Freeman of Lowestoft“, Tempo, no. 21 (Autumn 1951), S. 4/5. 9 Siehe Donald Mitchell, Britten and Auden in the Thirties: The Year 1936: The T. S. Eliot Memorial Lectures Delivered at the University of Kent at Canterbury in November 1979 (London: Faber and Faber, 1981), S. 24/25. 10 Ebd., S. 25. Britten bekräftigt seine Bevorzugung der Parabel gegenüber der direk- ten Verar beitung zeitgenössischer Themen in dem Entwurf zu einem Artikel für den Observer von 1963. Abgedruckt in Paul Kildea, ed., Britten on Music (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003), S. 239. 11 Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau, Nachklang: Ansichten und Erinnerungen (Stuttgart: Deut- sche Verlags an stalt, 1987), S. 223. 12 Brittens erklärtes Ziel, mit seinem Publikum zu kommunizieren,12 traf auf eine tiefe, in der Kindheit durch seine Mutter, eine begabte Amateursängerin, geweckte Liebe zur menschlichen Stimme, auf der die zentrale Stellung von Vo- kalmusik in seinem Werk gründet. Neben die persönliche Neigung traten eine Reihe äußerer Faktoren – die Lebensgemeinschaft und Konzertpartner schaft mit Pears, die Gründung der English Opera Group 1946, Aufträge und Freundschaf- ten mit Künstlern. Die vielfältigen Grundlagen für sein rei ches Opernschaffen, die Britten 1960 in der Zeitschrift Opera zusammenfaßte, las sen sich auf seine Vokalmusik im allgemeinen übertragen: I have also strong points of view to which I find opera can give expres sion. I have always been interested in the setting of words (some of my earliest efforts in composition were songs) and Purcell has shown me how wonderfully dramatic the sung English language can be. My in terest in the human voice has grown, especially in the relation of sound to sense and colour: for me, this interest applies to the English voice in par ticular, singing our subtle and beautifully inflected language.13 Diese Liebe zur englischen Sprache als „Wurzel“ seines Schaffens14 war ge paart mit einer tiefen Affinität zur Lyrik, die Britten eigenem Bekunden nach viel las.15 Seiner langjährigen Assistentin Rosamund Strode zufolge hatte er auf Reisen stets eine Anthologie im Gepäck.16 Seine Textwahl war von der Über zeu gung bestimmt, “that if the words of a song match the music in sub tlety of thought and clarity of expression it results in a greater amount of artis tic satis faction for the listener”.17 Der hohe Anteil an bedeutender Lyrik in seinem Schaffen wird regelmäßig hervorgehoben.18 Professor Sie verts betont Brittens „seltene Ein- fühlungsgabe auch in die hohe Dichtung des Wortes“ und sein Bestreben, „die 12 “If I did not communicate I would consider I had failed.” Murray Schafer, British Com- posers in Interview (London: Faber and Faber, 1963), S. 124. 13 Benjamin Britten, „On Writing English Opera“, Opera, vol. 12 (Januar 1960), S. 7. 14 Benjamin Britten, „Interview with Charles Osborne“, The London Magazine, 3 (Octo- ber 1963), S. 91/92. “In fact, I feel a curiously local composer with strong roots in the English language […]”. 15 Schafer, British Composers in Interview, S. 122. 16 Boris Ford, Introduction, Benjamin Britten’s Poets: The Poetry He Set to Music, edited by Boris Ford, revised edition (Manchester: Carcanet Press, 1996), S. XII. Dieselbe Auskunft hat Frau Strode auch mir erteilt. 17 Benjamin Britten, Foreword to The Rape of Lucretia, [edited by Eric Crozier] (London: Bodley Head, 1948), reprint in Britten on Music, S. 78. 18 Siehe z. B. Ford, Introduction, Benjamin Britten’s Poets, S. XI/XII, sowie Peter Porter, „Com poser and Poet“, The Britten Companion, edited by Christopher Palmer (Lon- don: Faber and Faber, 1984), S. 273. 13 Problematik der Vertonung von Dich tungen künstlerisch ein wandfrei zu bewäl- tigen“, was ihn Goethe nahebringe.19 Brittens Werke für Solostimme umfassen siebzehn Zyklen und Samm lungen, davon fünf mit Orchesterbegleitung, zehn mit Begleitung des Klaviers sowie je einen mit Gitarre und Harfe. Von ihnen werden die postum veröf­fentlichten Quatre chansons françaises von 192820 sowie das von Britten 1968 aus Ju- gendkompositionen zusammengestellte Tit for Tat21 in der Arbeit nicht disku- tiert werden. Des weiteren bleiben die fünf Canticles unberücksichtigt, eine von Britten nach dem Vor bild von Henry Purcells Divine Hymns entwickelte mehr- teilige Form für einen bis drei Sänger mit Klavier- oder Harfenbeglei tung – das dritte zudem mit So lohorn. Einzellieder sind zu Brittens Lebzeiten nur weni- ge erschienen: „The Birds“ auf einen Text von Hilaire Belloc 1935, Two Ballads („Mother Comfort“ auf einen Text von Mon tagu Slater und „Under neath the Abject Willow“ auf einen Text von W. H. Auden) für zwei Stim men und Kla vier 1937 sowie „Fish in the unruffled lakes“ auf einen Text von W. H. Auden 1947; sie alle haben keine Opuszahl. Mittler weile sind aus dem Nachlaß eine ganze Reihe weiterer Lieder veröffentlicht worden, und zwar so wohl Ein zel kompositionen und Relikte nie ausgeführter größerer Pro jekte22 als auch Kompositionen, die im Zusammenhang mit den Zy klen ent standen, aber in diese nicht aufgenommen wurden (sie stehen ge wöhnlich im Anhang des ent sprechenden Werks). 19 Verleihung des Hansischen Goethe-Preises 1961, S. 14. 20 Vertonungen von jeweils zwei Gedichten von Victor Hugo und Paul Verlaine in französi scher Sprache. 21 Die fünf Lieder auf Texte von Walter de la Mare entstanden zwischen Juni 1928 und Januar 1931. 22 Fish in the Un ruffled Lakes enthält Vertonungen von Gedichten W. H. Audens, Beware! drei Lieder aus den Jahren 1922 bis 1926, und The Red Cockatoo & Other Songs ver- einigt Lieder aus der Zeit zwischen 1935 und 1960 (nach neuerer Erkenntnis 1962; zur Da tierung von „Um Mitternacht“ siehe Philip Reed and Mervyn Cooke, eds., Let- ters from a Life: The Selected Letters of Benjamin Britten 1913–1976, vol.
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