Middlesex University Research Repository An open access repository of Middlesex University research http://eprints.mdx.ac.uk Dwyer, Benjamin ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3616-7091 (2012) Within it lie ancient melodies: Dowland’s musical rhetoric and Britten’s songs from the Chinese. The Musical Times, 153 (1919) . pp. 87-102. ISSN 0027-4666 [Article] Final accepted version (with author’s formatting) This version is available at: https://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/17048/ Copyright: Middlesex University Research Repository makes the University’s research available electronically. Copyright and moral rights to this work are retained by the author and/or other copyright owners unless otherwise stated. The work is supplied on the understanding that any use for commercial gain is strictly forbidden. A copy may be downloaded for personal, non-commercial, research or study without prior permission and without charge. Works, including theses and research projects, may not be reproduced in any format or medium, or extensive quotations taken from them, or their content changed in any way, without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder(s). They may not be sold or exploited commercially in any format or medium without the prior written permission of the copyright holder(s). Full bibliographic details must be given when referring to, or quoting from full items including the author’s name, the title of the work, publication details where relevant (place, publisher, date), pag- ination, and for theses or dissertations the awarding institution, the degree type awarded, and the date of the award. If you believe that any material held in the repository infringes copyright law, please contact the Repository Team at Middlesex University via the following email address: [email protected] The item will be removed from the repository while any claim is being investigated. See also repository copyright: re-use policy: http://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/policies.html#copy ‘Within it lie ancient melodies’: Locating Dowland’s Musical Rhetoric in Britten’s Songs from the Chinese Much has been written about the influence Henry Purcell (1659-1695) has had on Benjamin Britten’s vocal music. There is no doubt that the Baroque composer’s innate gift for setting the English language had a profound effect on Britten for whom the voice played such a central role. Britten’s affiliation with the early master can be seen in the idiosyncratic realizations he made of several of Purcell’s compositions, from Dido and Aeneas and other stage works to numerous songs. Reconstructions of the latter, for voice and piano, have often been dismissed by contemporary musicologists and early-music specialists as anachronistic and lacking in authenticity – their dramatic character and distinctive harmony illustrate Britten’s imprint as much as they do Purcell’s. They do point, however, to an extraordinary symbiosis of the two composers’ compositional styles and expose the deep association Britten felt with Purcell. Similar claims have been made for Britten’s affiliation with John Dowland (1563-1626), though these have largely centred on his use of selected lute- songs as a basis for variation. However, Dowland’s influence on Britten in terms of compositional procedure has not been sufficiently examined. Focusing on the song cycle for tenor and guitar, Songs from the Chinese, op. 58, this paper argues for the first time that Britten assimilated Dowland’s virtuosity in musical rhetoric so acutely and instinctively that it became an inherent aspect of his compositional technique. As a young composer, Britten’s diary entries graphically highlight his refusal to accept the type of ‘English’ music that was much in vogue at the time. He strongly opposed Vaughan Williams’s (1872-1958) determination to forge a national tradition of art music bound to and developed from English folk song.1 Britten opposed this development for two reasons. Firstly, under the influence of the left-wing W.H. Auden (1907-1973), he was uncomfortable with the rhetoric around folk-based art music that linked it to a belief in a particular sort of English identity, which was sometimes accompanied by notions of English racial superiority over other groups.2 Secondly, he was unwilling to accept the limitation of using modal material as the sole basis for composition. Britten, therefore, consciously drew his influences from 1 On 28 December 1934, Britten wrote in his diary: ‘Job of Vaughan Williams seemed interminable. There are some nice things in it if you aren’t tired of folk song modalism – but most of it is heavy, dull, imitative & amateurish…It is concerts like this which make me absolutely despair of English Music and its critics.’ John Evans, ed., Journeying Boy: The Diaries of the Young Benjamin Britten 1928-1938 (London: Faber & Faber, 2009), p. 240. 2 Certain statements made by those such as folk-song collector Cecil Sharp (1859-1934), composer Hubert Parry (1848-1918) and Vaughan Williams resonated strongly with arguments put forward by extreme nationalist movements that were gaining political ground throughout Europe in the early decades of the twentieth century. Sharp’s comments that ‘the primary purpose of education is to place the children of the present generation in possession of the cultural achievements of the past so that they may as quickly as possible enter into their racial inheritance, what better form of music or of literature can we give them than the folk-songs and folk-ballads of the race to which they belong…’ could conveniently be misconstrued or legitimized for political ends, dubious or benign. Quoted in Introduction to English Folk Songs from the Appalachians, collected by Olive Dame Campbell and Cecil J. Sharp, (New York: G.P. Putnam’s & Sons, 1917), xx. 1 cosmopolitan sources, largely circumventing the Pastoral School headed by Vaughan Williams, and sought to redefine English music by connecting with the great English composers of the past. The genius of Dowland and Purcell as song composers positioned them as perfect models, and indeed, Britten’s frequent reference to their music is evidence of his determined attempts to place himself as a natural inheritor of that vocal tradition: One of my chief aims is to try and restore to the musical setting of the English language a brilliance, freedom and vitality that have been curiously rare since the days of Purcell.3 It is true that, in England, song composition declined after the death of Purcell. The overwhelming success of Handel’s oratorios and operas had a debilitating impact on the more intimate song genre. All over Europe, the phenomenon of the public concert, the erection of larger concert halls and technical developments in instrumental construction brought the symphony and concerto to the fore. As a result, song was increasingly confined to the drawing room and the salon – a practice, which, in Viennese society, reached its apogee in the celebrated Schubertiads. There were in England, however, no home-grown composers of Schubert’s standing, and it was not until the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries that song made something of a comeback with composers such as Frederick Delius (1862-1934), Arnold Bax (1883-1953) and John Ireland (1879-1962), and with the folk-song revival headed by Vaughan Williams. Britten, however, wanting to circumvent both impressionistic, pastoral idylls and folk-based art songs, consciously attempted to forge a connection between his own work and the exemplary music of the Elizabethan and Jacobean periods. It is clear that he considered himself to be the heir of that tradition and the one most able to rebut the accusation that England was ‘Das Land ohne Musik’.4 In this paper I wish to focus on Britten’s kinship with John Dowland. The thematic connection is clear: the songs If My Complaints Could Passions Move and Flow My Tears are used in Britten’s Lachrymae, Reflections on a Song of John Dowland, op. 48, for viola and piano, while Come Heavy Sleep forms the theme for his guitar variations – Nocturnal, after John Dowland, op. 70. A mutual fascination both composers shared with death, dreams and sleep, further enhances these thematic relationships. Indeed, Britten’s life- long obsession with melancholia and darkness positions him as the twentieth- century composer most likely to embody the mentality of the Elizabethan period and what John Donne (1572-1631) described as its ‘extraordinary sadness…predominant melancholy…faintnesse of heart…chearlesnesse, [and]…joylesnesse of spirit.’5 Britten was intimate with all of Dowland’s lute songs and consort music; both he and the tenor Peter Pears (1910-1986) were 3 Benjamin Britten, Preface to Peter Grimes, cited in Boris Ford, ed., Benjamin Britten’s Poets: The Poetry He Set to Music (Manchester: Carcarnet Press, 1994) xi. 4 Das Land ohne Musik (The Land Without Music) was the title of a book published in 1904 by the German author and philosopher Oskar Adolf Hermann Schmitz (1873-1931). A barely concealed declaration of Germany’s cultural superiority, it reinforced a perception of England that held sway in many parts of Europe during the latter half of the nineteenth century. Such as they were, English sensitivities were slowly relieved by the emergence of strong musical voices at the end of the nineteenth century and throughout the twentieth. 5 Peter Holman, Dowland Lachrimae (1604), (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 50. 2 largely responsible for reviving interest in his music. Such was Britten’s advocacy that, in 1963, he devoted the Aldeburgh Festival to the four- hundredth anniversary of Dowland’s birth. The duo partnership Peter Pears had with guitarist and lutenist Julian Bream (b. 1933) was the first to reintroduce Dowland to the British and international stages from the early 1950s onwards. Despite a performing style that would by contemporary performance practice be considered anachronistic, this concerted effort to present Dowland to the world must be deemed to be of central importance to the rejuvenation of interest not just in Dowland but in a great deal of Elizabethan music.