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The Relationship Between Ohio Peatland Distribution and Buried River Valleys1

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The Relationship Between Ohio Peatland Distribution and Buried River Valleys1 Copyright © 1985 Ohio Acad. Sci. OO3O-O95O/85/OOO3-O116 $2.00/0 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN OHIO PEATLAND DISTRIBUTION AND BURIED RIVER VALLEYS1 BARBARA K. ANDREAS, Department of Biology, Cuyahoga Community College, Cleveland, OH 44122 ABSTRACT. From field, herbarium and literature surveys, 114 historical and extant Ohio peatlands were located. These peatlands, classified as either bog or fen commu- nities, were plotted on U.S.G.S. topographic quadrangles, the glacial map of Ohio, the map of the Teays-age drainage in Ohio, and the map of buried river valleys in Ohio. These bog and fen communities are restricted to the areas glaciated by the Wisconsinan advances. While the distribution of Ohio peatlands is complex, approximately 50% occur on kame and esker complexes. Ninety-three (82%) of 114 peatlands investigated occur on or near buried pre-glacial river valleys. OHIOJ. SCI. 85 (3): 116-125, 1985 INTRODUCTION have been destroyed (Stuckey and Denny Establishment of the Ohio Natural 1981). The rarity of the plant species of Heritage Program in 1976, assemblage of these communities has been discussed pre- state rare species lists (Cooperrider 1982, viously by Andreas and Host (1983). Div. Natur. Areas and Preserves 1984), In his comprehensive study, Dach- funding and support of biological distribu- nowski (1912) indicated that Ohio peat de- tions and ecological surveys by the Ohio posits occurred within glaciated Ohio. Biological Survey (e.g. Whitney 1981), Stuckey and Denny (1981) mapped 20 fens and preparation of a detailed classification in that portion of Ohio once covered by the of Ohio's plant communities (Anderson continental ice sheet. 1982) have placed the state of Ohio in a The purpose of the present study is to period of natural history renaissance. A far map 114 historical and extant peat depos- better inventory of the state's vascular flora its, each of which may be classified as a bog and plant communities exists today than or fen community, on detailed glacial maps has ever existed before. and other Ohio geological maps in order to From these investigations, bog and fen establish possible relationships between communities and their characteristic floras peatland distribution and geology in Ohio. have emerged as an important but disap- BOGS AND FENS pearing part of Ohio's natural heritage. These peatland communities were never The separation of bog and fen commu- prevalent in Ohio. Dachnowski (1912) es- nities on the basis of differences in vegeta- timated that about 74,000 ha, or less than tion or differences in water chemistry, or one percent of Ohio's land surface was in both, can in some cases be difficult if not peat deposits at the time of the arrival of impossible, and the two have often not early European settlers. Presently only been differentiated but instead called three classic tamarack-ringed bogs are "bogs" in the broad sense or "sphagnum known to remain in Ohio, while at the bogs." In Ohio, the problem is com- turn of the century nine were reported in pounded by the fact that glacier-created the literature (Selby 1901, Dachnowski bogs and fens are at the southern edge of 1912). Moreover, one-fourth of Ohio's fens their North American range. Representa- tive communities are small in terms of area covered, and neither bog nor fen com- 'Manuscript received 22 October 1984 and in munities are represented by classical ex- revised form 5 February 1985 (#84-48). amples of the types found in Michigan, 116 OhioJ. Sci. OHIO PEATLAND DISTRIBUTION 117 northern Wisconsin, or Minnesota (Con- Sphagnum and other bryophytes which do way 1949, Curtis 1959, Heinselman 1970, not accumulate to form a continuous mat, Schwintzer 1981, Sytsma and Pippen (3) vegetation dominated by members of 1981). Based primarily on water chem- the Cyperaceae, Compositae, Rosaceae and istry, peatland ecologists instead of using Gramineae with approximately 20% of the the terms bog and fen currently use cate- vegetation made up of shrubs, usually in- gories such as weakly minerotrophic cluding Potent ilia frutkosa, and (4) water swamps, strongly minerotrophic swamps, pH between 5.5 and 8.0. poor fens, rich fens, semi-ombrotrophic In Ohio, plant communities with the bogs and ombrotrophic bogs to distinguish above characteristics are meadow-like and among the types of peatlands (Heinselman are referred to as sedge meadows, wet 1970, Moore and Bellamy 1974, Glaser prairies, shrubby cinquefoil bogs, fen et al. 1981). bogs, shrub carrs, tamarack fens, cedar Nevertheless, using the criteria below, bogs, and, more recently, moderately to it is generally possible to distinguish Ohio strongly minerotrophic swamps (for ex- bogs from fens. These criteria are based ample Stuckey and Denny 1981, Ander- on a survey of relevant literature (Jones son 1982). 1941, Gates 1942, Aldrich 1943, Dan- sereau and Segadas-Vianna 1952, Curtis METHODS AND MATERIALS 1959, Mornsjo 1969, Moore and Bellamy Pertinent floristic literature was examined to 1974, Anderson 1982, Larsen 1982 among compile a vegetational list of characteristic species for bog and fen communities (Curtis 1959, Gordon them), and on qualitative and quantitative 1969, Schwintzer 1978, 1981, Andreas 1980, field studies performed by the author in Stuckey and Denny 1981, Anderson 1982, Cooper- Ohio peatlands between 1976 and 1983 rider 1982). From the above sources and from per- (Andreas 1980, Andreas and Host 1983). sonal field observations, nine species were selected as bog indicators and nine species were selected as fen For the peatlands presented in this indicators. The bog indicators are Callapalustris L., study, a sphagnous bog is considered to be Carex trisperma Dew., C. oligosperma Michx., Cham- a habitat that (1) develops in an area where aedaphne calyculata (L.) Moench, Eriophorum virgin- drainage is blocked and there is little or no icum L., Larix laricina (DuRoi) K. Koch, Ledum groenlandkum Oeder, Nemopanthus mucronatus (L.) circulation of water, (2) contains a Sphag- Trel., and Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait. Fen indicators num dominated ground layer which accu- are Betula pumila L., Carex incomperta Bickn., C. mulates to form a more or less continuous lasiocarpa Ehrh., Cypripedium reginae Walt., Geum mat, (3) has a shrubby vegetation domi- rivale L., Potentilla fruticosa L., Salix Candida Flugge, Sanguisorba canadensis L., and Solidago nated by members of the Ericaceae and a ohioensis Riddell. The nomenclature above follows herbaceous layer primarily dominated by Fernald (1950). Ohio herbarium specimens at KE, members of the Cyperaceae, and (4) has a CLM, and OS, and the Ohio Heritage Program data water pH between 3.5 and 5.5. base (Div. Natur. Areas and Preserves, ODNR), were examined for locational data for the 18 selected Typically, bog waters are brown due to indicator species. No single Ohio bog or fen contains the accumulation of organic material. In all of the listed indicator species. Ohio, plant communities with the above Additional bog and fen locations were taken from characteristics are referred to as Sphagnum Herrick (1974) and Dachnowski (1912). Only those mats, leatherleaf bogs, ericaceous shrub areas with adequate locational data and a list of plant bogs, tamarack bogs, and more recently, species that could distinguish the peat deposit as either a bog or fen (rather than an organic soil de- ombrotrophic to weakly minerotrophic posit of graminoid or marsh origin) were used. swamps (for example Herrick 1974, Whit- Between 1976 and 1983 field surveys were con- ney 1981, Anderson 1982). ducted throughout Ohio to locate additional peat- A fen is characterized by having (1) rela- lands and to establish the ecological status of tively clear water coming from an artesian previously known localities. Bog and fen localities were plotted on 7.5 minute source which surfaces as springs or seeps, U.S. Geological Survey topographic quadrangles, (2) a wet, springy calcareous substrate the Glacial Map of Ohio (Goldthwait et al. 1967), which supports minerotrophic species of the map of the Teays Stage Drainage (Stout et al. 118 B. K. ANDREAS Vol. 85 1943), and the map of Buried River Valleys in Ohio Ohio peatlands varies from 110 to 218 m (Cummins 1959)- County-level glacial maps were above sea level, and that, other than bogs examined for those counties where such maps were available. USDA soil survey maps were examined, occurring in kettle-hole depressions, there but these contributed little to the study. is no distinctive relief pattern associated with their occurrence. Due to the small RESULTS average size of Ohio peatlands, approxi- From the above procedures, 29 histori- mately 36% of the localities inventoried do cal bogs, 27 extant bogs or bog remnants, not appear as wetlands on topographic and 19 historical fens and 39 extant fens or quadrangles. fen remnants were identified (table 1). Fig. 1 summarizes bog and fen distribu- While the list presented in table 1 may not tion on glacial features. With the possible include every bog and fen in Ohio, it is the exception of a fen reported on glacial allu- most complete list to date. A historical vium at the border of the Wisconsinan and locality is one that is known from either a Illinoian boundary (Heffner 1939), all bog pre-1950 herbarium record or a literature and fen communities known from Ohio citation but for which no post-1950 infor- occur within the area glaciated by the Wis- mation is known. A remnant refers to an consinan ice advances. Approximately one- area that was presumably a bog or fen, but half of the bog and fen communities in in which currently only a small number of Ohio occur on kame and esker complexes. indicator species remain, or an area that is Approximately 19% of the areas surveyed in the process of being destroyed. occur on outwash deposits; 12% on lacus- Data accumulated from mapping Ohio trine deposits, and the remaining 19% on peatlands on 7.5 minute topographic ground and end moraines and alluvium quadrangles reveal that most bog and fen (fig.
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