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STATE OF MICHIGAN Deltas..................................................................... 41 MICHIGAN GEOLOGICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SURVEY Distributaries.......................................................... 42 Lake deposits ........................................................ 42 Publication 12. Geological Series 9. CHAPTER IV. Physical Geography (Continued). .......44 GEOLOGICAL REPORT ON WAYNE COUNTY Surface drainage..........................................................44 BY Stream development ............................................. 44 W. H. SHERZER. Drainage systems.................................................. 45 Lakes, ponds, swamps and drains ........................ 54 PUBLISHED AS A PART OF THE ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Soils and subsoils. .......................................................55 BOARD OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY FOR 1911. General characteristics.......................................... 55 LANSING, MICHIGAN Clay soils ............................................................... 55 WYNKOOP HALLENBECK CRAWFORD CO., STATE PRINTERS Sand and gravel soils ............................................ 56 1913 Loam...................................................................... 57 Silt.......................................................................... 58 Contents Muck ...................................................................... 58 Amelioration of soils .............................................. 59 CHAPTER I. Geographical and Historical CHAPTER V. Physical geography (Continued)..........61 Introduction. .................................................................... 2 Climate of Wayne County. ...........................................61 Geographical data. ........................................................ 2 Data available........................................................ 61 Location and size.....................................................2 Precipitation........................................................... 63 Boundaries...............................................................3 Temperature .......................................................... 65 County subdivisions.................................................4 Winds..................................................................... 66 Population ................................................................5 Weather cycles ...................................................... 67 Railways...................................................................6 Weather prediction ................................................ 70 River traffic...............................................................7 Diagonal system in Wayne County. .............................71 Historical data................................................................ 7 Mound Builders ........................................................7 Red Indians..............................................................8 List of Illustrations French occupation ...................................................9 English occupation.................................................10 Previous geological work .......................................10 Plates CHAPTER II. Glacial History of the Huron-Erie Plate I. Quartzite blocks disrupted but not removed by ancient Basin............................................................................... 14 glacier, Canadian Rockies..............................................17 The ice invasion........................................................... 14 Plate II. A. Glacial troughs, Illinoian age, Sibley quarry.........17 Present importance................................................14 Plate II. B. Illinoian grooving and striation, Livingston channel, Formation of the ice sheets ...................................14 Detroit River. ..................................................................18 Illinoian ice sheet ...................................................15 Plate III. A. Near view of Illinoian till, Livingstone Channel....18 Iowan ice movement..............................................17 Wisconsin ice movements .....................................19 Plate III. B. Stationary nose of Victoria glacier, Canadian Lacustrine history. ....................................................... 21 Rockies. .........................................................................18 Formation of the lakes ...........................................21 Plate IV. A. Retreating face of Victoria glacier. .....................18 Lake Maumee ........................................................21 Plate IV. B. Advancing front of Wenkchemna Glacier, Lake Arkona...........................................................22 Canadian Rockies. .........................................................18 Lake Whittlesey......................................................23 Lake Wayne ...........................................................24 Plate V. A. Distant view Illinoian till deposit, Livingston Channel, Detroit River....................................................18 Lake Warren ..........................................................24 Lake Lundy ............................................................25 Plate V. B. Near view Illinoian till, Livingston channel. ..........19 Lake Algonquin ......................................................25 Plate VI. Wisconsin till and glaciated bedrock, Sibley quarry.19 Lake Rouge............................................................26 Nipissing Great Lakes............................................26 Plate VII. Lengthwise view of glacial trough, Sibley quarry...19 Time estimates.......................................................27 Plate VIII. Laminated Wisconsin till, Sibley quarry. ...............19 CHAPTER III. Physical Geography of Wayne County.30 Plate IX. A. Kame utilized as dwelling site ............................38 Surface configuration................................................... 30 Plate IX. B. Section of kame at Northville, owned by D. U. General topography ...............................................30 Ry...................................................................................38 Moraines and boulder belts ...................................30 Till plains ................................................................34 Plate XI. A. Boulders of Grosse Isle moraine concentrated Glacial outwash......................................................36 upon Detroit River bed ...................................................38 Beaches and associated dunes.............................36 Plate XI. B. Milk River Point, Lake St. Clair...........................39 Publication 12, Geological Series 9 -- Chapters 1-5 – Page 1 of 73 Plate XII. Profile of borings for Detroit River tunnel ...............40 Figure 11. Glacial Lakes Chicago and Maumee, second stage. .............................................................................22 Plate XIII. A. Surface stream Victoria glacier, Canadian Rockies...........................................................................52 Figure 12. Glacial Lake Whittlesey and Lake Saginaw .........23 Plate XIII. B. Mouth of subglacial tunnel, Victoria glacier. .....52 Figure 13. Glacial Lake Warren.............................................25 Plate XIV. Ancient drainage channel, Defiance stage. ..........52 Figure 14. Glacial Lake Lundy...............................................25 Plate XV. A. Distant view of Whittlesey Beach, utilized as Figure 15. Lake Algonquin, stage of Trent River drainage ....26 dwelling site....................................................................52 Figure 16. The Nipissing Great Lakes...................................27 Plate XV. B. Section of delta gravels, Lake Whittlesey stage...............................................................................52 Plate XVI. A. Section of delta gravels, Lake Whittlesey LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. stage...............................................................................52 To the Honorable the Board of Geological and Biological Plate XVI. B. Cut beach, second St. Clair stage, Milk River Survey of the State of Michigan: Point. ..............................................................................53 Gov. Woodbridge N. Ferris, President. Plate XVII. A. Delta gravels, first state of Lake Rouge. .........53 Hon, D. M. Ferry, Jr., Vice-President. Plate XVII. B. “Thoroughfare”, Grosse Isle, a distributary Hon. L. L. Wright, Secretary. channel...........................................................................53 Gentlemen:—I transmit herewith a report on the geology Plate XVIII. A. System of very young consequent streams over of Wayne County by Professor W. H. Sherzer and wind blown sand deposit. ...............................................53 recommend that it be printed and bound as Publication Plate XVIII. B. Lower Rouge at flood, Wayne. .......................53 12, Geological Series 9. This manuscript embodies the results of many years of careful study and is an Plate XIX. A. Monguagon creek, a drowned stream..............53 adequate, interesting and valuable treatise on the Plate XIX. B. Ecorse River, near mouth, showing drowning..54 geology of the most populous county in the state. Plate XX. A. Huron River and terrace at French Landing. .....54 Very respectfully yours, Plate XX. B. Coffer dam, Livingston Channel, Detroit River ..54 R. C. ALLEN, Director. Plate XXI. A. Bared Monroe strata, bed Detroit River............57