Table of Contents. Letter of Transmittal. Officers 1910
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Indiana Glaciers.PM6
How the Ice Age Shaped Indiana Jerry Wilson Published by Wilstar Media, www.wilstar.com Indianapolis, Indiana 1 Previiously published as The Topography of Indiana: Ice Age Legacy, © 1988 by Jerry Wilson. Second Edition Copyright © 2008 by Jerry Wilson ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 2 For Aaron and Shana and In Memory of Donna 3 Introduction During the time that I have been a science teacher I have tried to enlist in my students the desire to understand and the ability to reason. Logical reasoning is the surest way to overcome the unknown. The best aid to reasoning effectively is having the knowledge and an understanding of the things that have previ- ously been determined or discovered by others. Having an understanding of the reasons things are the way they are and how they got that way can help an individual to utilize his or her resources more effectively. I want my students to realize that changes that have taken place on the earth in the past have had an effect on them. Why are some towns in Indiana subject to flooding, whereas others are not? Why are cemeteries built on old beach fronts in Northwest Indiana? Why would it be easier to dig a basement in Valparaiso than in Bloomington? These things are a direct result of the glaciers that advanced southward over Indiana during the last Ice Age. The history of the land upon which we live is fascinating. Why are there large granite boulders nested in some of the fields of northern Indiana since Indiana has no granite bedrock? They are known as glacial erratics, or dropstones, and were formed in Canada or the upper Midwest hundreds of millions of years ago. -
Post-Glacial Lake Nipissing Waterworn Assemblages from the Southeastern Huron Basin Area
39 Post-Glacial Lake Nipissing Waterworn Assemblages from the Southeastern Huron Basin Area Chris J. Ellis and D. Brian Deller Artifacts from eight locations in the Thedford embay- of the area is the modern Lake Huron shore which ment area have been modified by the post-glacial waters is lined by a series of well-developed sand dunes of the Lake Nipissing phase prior to about 4000 to 4500 formed on a baymouth bar of the Nipissing phase years ago. The location of these sites relative to other (Cooper 1979:35). Partially because of the encom- inferred pre-Nipissing strandlines in the region and de- tailed external artifact comparisons provide new' infor- passing baymouth bar, drainage of the area is poor mation on the age and sequence of early preceramic and prior to modern alterations designed to make occupations in the lower Great Lakes. the area suitable for market gardening, the area was predominantly low and marshy and contained a Introduction small lake (Smith Lake). The major drainage through the area today is the Ausable River and its While the general trend in the lower Great Lakes tributaries such as Parkhill Creek (Fig. 2). throughout much of the earlier part of the post- The sequence of pro- and post-glacial lake level glacial sequence was for water levels to be much changes throughout the Great Lakes is a complex lower than modern lake levels, the Nipissing trans- one and the southern Huron basin is no exception. gression of circa 5000 BP was an exception. At By about 12,500 years ago, the Warren series of that time, water levels rose to a height above the pro-glacial lakes had formed between the Wyoming modern Lakes Huron-Michigan levels and inun- Moraine south of the study area and the retreating dated a number of sites ranging from Paleo-Indian ice-sheet (Fig. -
St. Louis River Natural Area to the DULUTH NATURAL AREAS PROGRAM DATE: 3/7/19
NOMINATION OF THE St. Louis River Natural Area TO THE DULUTH NATURAL AREAS PROGRAM DATE: 3/7/19 Nominated by: City of Duluth Parks & Recreation Division This report was produced by the Minnesota Land Trust under contract to the City of Duluth and funded by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Great Lakes Restoration Initiative grant number GL00E02202. Many organizations and individuals participated in a variety of ways as collaborators to the report. St. Louis River Natural Area Nomination DRAFT 3/7/19 Table of Contents Executive Summary ..................................................................................................................... iii Introduction ................................................................................................................................1 Eligibility ......................................................................................................................................2 − Land Ownership ......................................................................................................................... 2 − Scientific Criteria ........................................................................................................................ 3 References ................................................................................................................................. 10 Figures .......................................................................................................................................12 Appendices ................................................................................................................................36 -
Champlain Valley (Why Are Clay Soils Where They Are?)
Geomorphic history of the Champlain Valley (why are clay soils where they are?) part 1) How did landscape evolve and where do “clay” minerals come from? part 2) How were they deposited in Lake Vermont/ Champlain Sea? part 3) Can we predict the distribution of “clay” thickness? (…can we compare prediction with what people observe) 500,000,000 years Today ~500,000,000 years: Sediments of “Champlain Valley Sequence” deposited on shoreline of ancient ocean Monkton quartzite + Taconic Slates Limestones + Marbles ~460,000,000 years: Collision of island arc causes thrusting + metamorphism Champlain Thrust Fault Champlain Thrust: -Exposed at Snake Mtn + Mt. Philo -delineates boundary between “low” and “mid” grade metamorphic rocks -Marbles pf middlebury syncline folded along back of thrust -Topography of Addison County reflects erodibility of bedrock: T1: lower surface: “low grade” sedimentary rocks below thrust (e.g. shale) T2: upper surface: “mid grade” meta-sedimentary rocks above thrust (e.g. marble) Green Mountains= “high grade” metamorphic rocks (e.g. schist and gneiss) T1 T2 Green Mtn gneiss Geologic map of Addison County Taconics Part 2: How were clays deposited in Lake Vermont and the Champlain Sea? 500,000,000 years Today ~96,000 - 20,000 years (i.e. yesterday…): Champlain Valley sat below 1-3 km of ice Soils and clay minerals from previous inter-glacial cycles were stripped by advancing glaciers Rocks were ground into “clay size fraction” and trapped under ice retreating glacial ice withdrew from Champlain Valley between ~14-13 kyr Many depositional features in Champlain Valley record ice retreat -Layers of “basal till” deposited beneath ice sheets (coarse, angular, poorly sorted debris) -Meltwater streams flow between glacier and hillslopes -Sedimentary deposits accumulate, leaving ‘kame terraces’ when glacier retreats Lake Vermont had 2+ stages: Coveville: Ice dammed in So. -
Quarrernary GEOLOGY of MINNESOTA and PARTS of ADJACENT STATES
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Ray Lyman ,Wilbur, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY W. C. Mendenhall, Director P~ofessional Paper 161 . QUArrERNARY GEOLOGY OF MINNESOTA AND PARTS OF ADJACENT STATES BY FRANK LEVERETT WITH CONTRIBUTIONS BY FREDERICK w. SARDE;30N Investigations made in cooperation with the MINNESOTA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON: 1932 ·For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. CONTENTS Page Page Abstract ________________________________________ _ 1 Wisconsin red drift-Continued. Introduction _____________________________________ _ 1 Weak moraines, etc.-Continued. Scope of field work ____________________________ _ 1 Beroun moraine _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 47 Earlier reports ________________________________ _ .2 Location__________ _ __ ____ _ _ __ ___ ______ 47 Glacial gathering grounds and ice lobes _________ _ 3 Topography___________________________ 47 Outline of the Pleistocene series of glacial deposits_ 3 Constitution of the drift in relation to rock The oldest or Nebraskan drift ______________ _ 5 outcrops____________________________ 48 Aftonian soil and Nebraskan gumbotiL ______ _ 5 Striae _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 48 Kansan drift _____________________________ _ 5 Ground moraine inside of Beroun moraine_ 48 Yarmouth beds and Kansan gumbotiL ______ _ 5 Mille Lacs morainic system_____________________ 48 Pre-Illinoian loess (Loveland loess) __________ _ 6 Location__________________________________ -
Constraints on Lake Agassiz Discharge Through the Late-Glacial Champlain Sea (St
Quaternary Science Reviews xxx (2011) 1e10 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Quaternary Science Reviews journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/quascirev Constraints on Lake Agassiz discharge through the late-glacial Champlain Sea (St. Lawrence Lowlands, Canada) using salinity proxies and an estuarine circulation model Brandon Katz a, Raymond G. Najjar a,*, Thomas Cronin b, John Rayburn c, Michael E. Mann a a Department of Meteorology, 503 Walker Building, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA b United States Geological Survey, 926A National Center, 12201 Sunrise Valley Drive, Reston, VA 20192, USA c Department of Geological Sciences, State University of New York at New Paltz, 1 Hawk Drive, New Paltz, NY 12561, USA article info abstract Article history: During the last deglaciation, abrupt freshwater discharge events from proglacial lakes in North America, Received 30 January 2011 such as glacial Lake Agassiz, are believed to have drained into the North Atlantic Ocean, causing large Received in revised form shifts in climate by weakening the formation of North Atlantic Deep Water and decreasing ocean heat 25 July 2011 transport to high northern latitudes. These discharges were caused by changes in lake drainage outlets, Accepted 5 August 2011 but the duration, magnitude and routing of discharge events, factors which govern the climatic response Available online xxx to freshwater forcing, are poorly known. Abrupt discharges, called floods, are typically assumed to last months to a year, whereas more gradual discharges, called routing events, occur over centuries. Here we Keywords: Champlain sea use estuarine modeling to evaluate freshwater discharge from Lake Agassiz and other North American Proglacial lakes proglacial lakes into the North Atlantic Ocean through the St. -
The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry
The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry Editors-in-Chief:O.Hutzinger·D.Barceló·A.Kostianoy Volume 5 Water Pollution Part T Advisory Board: D.Barceló·P.Fabian·H.Fiedler·H.Frank·J.P.Giesy·R.A.Hites M. A. K. Khalil · D. Mackay · A. H. Neilson · J. Paasivirta · H. Parlar S. H. Safe · P.J. Wangersky The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry Recently Published and Forthcoming Volumes Degradation of Synthetic Chemicals Persistent Organic Pollutants in the Environment in the Great Lakes VolumeEditor:A.Boxall Volume Editor: R. A. Hites Vol. 2/P, 2009 Vol. 5/N, 2006 Contaminated Sediments Antifouling Paint Biocides Volume Editors: T. A. Kassim and D. Barceló VolumeEditor:I.Konstantinou Vol. 5/T, 2009 Vol. 5/O, 2006 Environmental Specimen Banking Estuaries Volume Editors: S. A. Wise and P.P.R. Becker VolumeEditor:P.J.Wangersky Vol. 3/S, 2009 Vol. 5/H, 2006 Polymers: Chances and Risks The Caspian Sea Environment Volume Editors: P. Eyerer, M. Weller Volume Editors: A. Kostianoy and A. Kosarev and C. Hübner Vol. 5/P, 2005 Vol. 3/V, 2009 Marine Organic Matter: Biomarkers, The Black Sea Environment Isotopes and DNA Volume Editors: A. Kostianoy and A. Kosarev Volume Editor: J. K. Volkman Vol. 5/Q, 2008 Vol. 2/N, 2005 Emerging Contaminants from Industrial and Environmental Photochemistry Part II Municipal Waste Volume Editors: P. Boule, D. Bahnemann Removal Technologies and P. Robertson Volume Editors: D. Barceló and M. Petrovic Vol. 2/M, 2005 Vol. 5/S/2, 2008 Air Quality in Airplane Cabins Emerging Contaminants from Industrial and and Similar Enclosed Spaces Municipal Waste VolumeEditor:M.B.Hocking Occurrence, Analysis and Effects Vol. -
Ellsworth American COUNTY Dunham’S Hotel
Sbfcntfennmt*. Rsed, of Kllsworth, and Mrs. Annie 'Itjfnrtiacmmis. _ v- LOCAL AFFAIRS. Powers, of Bangor. Mrs. Higgins had friends in Ellsworth who NEW AI1VKUTIM M ENT* THIS WEEK. many regret C. 0. RURRILL & deeply to hear of her death. She visited SON, state assessor**’ notice. here about two *■* I‘s ('omtnissiiiu of fi-h and fisheries—Sealed years ago. ^ 1 proposals. The Mutual Life Insurance Co., of New Hancork lmll— M urrDon ( omeily « «>. m j of m qenekal INSURANCE Robert It H" in. < *<ut *\ culture *»ale- York, *, |Kent, of this city, j AGENTS, I’anook Is a speciafagent, has paid through Mr. Hi him Bank Bldg., ELLSWORTH, ME. Tyler, Fogg A « •»—Municipal bonds. Kent the policy of |15,0CK) on the life of ^ Rockland, My the late W. it. Blaisdell, of Franklin. ARSOL«JT.F*v 'piJRE Rockland Cumin* rc’.al < *•!!* ;<■. WE REPRESENT THE This is one of the largest policies of life \ A '•:iimri)1 '* > in«u1 me v; paid in this vicinity. Makes the food more de'icious and v 'v '. sew Most Kciiiihle Home ami Foreign Coni pan it's. Curtis Novelty < <>— Agent wanted George W. Davis, of Boston, formerly J'■■//> a ih/r V'i/h ! ■■■■■■■BHanannaHDunaniaaBHBaMHManiir^nMnnnnHr «ommJ9 L Safi )J. of this a brother of 10. Davis, t'nvijmt Far othrr focal news see pages •/, .7 and S. city, Henry lias purchased the Tontine house at Miss Mari* *i of Auburndaln, In sums to Hu it on real c.si ate and Morgan, Unitarian noinc. improved Brunswick. The Tontine is a popular re- of the engine had passed over the boy’s Conference at MON KY TO LOAN J is the guest of Miss Mabel —--- collateral.- .. -
Open Kosei.Pdf
The Pennsylvania State University The Graduate School Department of Geosciences GEOCHEMISTRY OF ARCHEAN–PALEOPROTEROZOIC BLACK SHALES: THE EARLY EVOLUTION OF THE ATMOSPHERE, OCEANS, AND BIOSPHERE A Thesis in Geosciences by Kosei Yamaguchi Copyright 2002 Kosei Yamaguchi Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy May 2002 We approve the thesis of Kosei Yamaguchi Date of Signature ____________________________________ _______________________ Hiroshi Ohmoto Professor of Geochemistry Thesis Advisor Chair of Committee ____________________________________ _______________________ Michael A. Arthur Professor of Geosciences ____________________________________ _______________________ Lee R. Kump Professor of Geosciences ____________________________________ _______________________ Raymond G. Najjar Associate Professor of Meteorology ____________________________________ _______________________ Peter Deines Professor of Geochemistry Associate Head for Graduate Program and Research in Geosciences iii ABSTRACT When did the Earth's surface environment become oxic? The timing and mechanism of the rise of atmospheric pO2 level in the early Precambrian have been long debated but no consensus has been reached. The oxygenation of the atmosphere and oceans has significant impacts on the evolution of the biosphere and the geochemical cycles of redox-sensitive elements. In order to constrain the evolution of the atmosphere, oceans, biosphere, and geochemical cycles of elements, a systematic and multidisciplinary -
Correlation of Wisconsin Glacial Events Between the Eastern Great Lakes and the St
Document generated on 09/25/2021 8:21 p.m. Géographie physique et Quaternaire Correlation of Wisconsin glacial events between the Eastern Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence Lowlands Corrélation entre les événements glaciaires wisconsiniens de l’est des Grands Lacs et des basses terres du Saint-Laurent A. Dreimanis Troisième Colloque sur le Quaternaire du Québec : 1re partie Article abstract Volume 31, Number 1-2, 1977 The interrelationship of the Wisconsin glaciogenic events among the Upper St. Lawrence Lowland and the eastern Great Lakes, particularly the Lake Ontario URI: https://id.erudit.org/iderudit/1000053ar basin is controlled mainly by 3 factors: 1) presence or absence of a glacial dam DOI: https://doi.org/10.7202/1000053ar across the St. Lawrence Lowland; 2) isostatic lowering or rise of the outlet of Lake Ontario, related mainly to glacial loading or unloading in the Upper St. See table of contents Lawrence Lowland; 3) shifting in the regional direction of glacial movement through the Upper St. Lawrence Lowland, upglacier from it, and in the Lake Ontario basin. Changes in the above conditions result in detectable changes in lake levels, and in compositional changes of tills in the Lake Ontario basin. Publisher(s) Crosschecking of the above relationships supports the relative sequence Les Presses de l’Université de Montréal already proposed. However, the chronology of the events which are older than reliable finite 14C dates, may be reinterpreted by a comparison with oceanic stratigraphies. A possible re-interpretation of some late-glacial Late Wisconsin ISSN glacial fluctuations depends greatly upon the reliability of 14C dates on shells 0705-7199 (print) and correct interpretation of till-like deposits. -
North Ridge Scenic Byway Geology
GUIDE TO THE NORTH RIDGE SCENIC BYWAY GEOLOGY LANDFORMS The North Ridge Scenic Byway corridor lies in the Erie Lake Plain landform of the Central Lowlands Physiographic Province of the United States (Fenneman 1938; Brockman 2002). The Lake Plain consists of wide expanses of level or nearly level land interrupted only by sandy ridges that are remnants of glacial-lake beaches and by river valleys carved into Paleozoic bedrock. With the exception of the sandy ridges, much of the Lake Plain in Avon and Sheffeld was a dense swamp forest prior to settlement. The North Ridge Scenic Byway follows the northernmost ancient beach ridge as it traverses Sheffeld and Avon at an elevation ranging from 675 to 690 feet above sea level, some 105 to 120 feet above modern Lake Erie. Topography of Sheffeld and Avon Townships as surveyed in 1901, showing North Ridge near the center of the map (courtesy of U.S. Geological Survey, Oberlin, Ohio Quadrangle 1903). 2 GEOLOGY FORMATION OF NORTH RIDGE Approximately 18,000 years ago, the last The chronology of lake stages in the Lake continental glacier blanketed northern Ohio as Erie basin relates a fascinating story of glacial it pushed down from the north to its maximum action, movements of the earth’s crust and southern thrust. The ice sheet reached as far erosion by waves to form the body of water south as Cincinnati, Ohio, then it began to we see today. The story begins nearly 15,000 melt back. As the glacier paused in its retreat, years ago as the last glacier [known as the piles of rock and clay debris [known as end Wisconsinan ice sheet] temporarily halted to moraines] were built up at the ice margins. -
Chemical Weathering in Highsedimentyielding Watersheds
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 110, F01008, doi:10.1029/2003JF000088, 2005 Chemical weathering in high-sediment-yielding watersheds, New Zealand W. Berry Lyons and Anne E. Carey Department of Geological Sciences and Byrd Polar Research Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA D. Murray Hicks NIWA Research, Christchurch, New Zealand Carmen A. Nezat1 Byrd Polar Research Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA Received 3 September 2003; revised 14 September 2004; accepted 30 November 2004; published 15 February 2005. [1] We have determined the chemical erosion yields for fifteen watersheds in New Zealand, ranging in size from 12.2 to 2928 km2. These rates, coupled with previously measured physical erosion yields, allow us to compare these two modes of landscape denudation. The physical erosion yields are some of the highest measured in the world. Although in most instances the chemical erosion yields are only a small fraction of the total erosion yields, the absolute values are very high. Our data strongly support the notion that chemical erosion rates are greatly influenced by the yield of physical erosion and that the rapid production of fresh surfaces as a result of high physical erosion rates and subsequent denudation is critical to the high chemical erosion yields observed. Citation: Lyons, W. B., A. E. Carey, D. M. Hicks, and C. A. Nezat (2005), Chemical weathering in high-sediment-yielding watersheds, New Zealand, J. Geophys. Res., 110, F01008, doi:10.1029/2003JF000088. 1. Introduction Vance et al., 2003]. In general, the net, large-scale erosional potential of a landscape is thought to increase with precip- [2] Over the past decade, a debate has occurred regard- itation, drainage area and slope [Montgomery et al., 2001].