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Changing Narratives in the Michigan Historical Marker Program

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Changing Narratives in the Michigan Historical Marker Program Tracing the History of State History: Changing Narratives in the Michigan Historical Marker Program _______________________________________ A Thesis presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School at the University of Missouri-Columbia _______________________________________________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts _____________________________________________________ by MATTHEW TAYLOR ERBES Dr. Douglas Hurt, Thesis Adviser MAY 2016 The undersigned, appointed by the dean of the Graduate School, have examined the thesis entitled TRACING THE HISTORY OF STATE HISTORY: CHANGING NARRATIVES IN THE MICHIGAN HISTORICAL MARKER PROGRAM presented by Matthew Erbes, candidate for the degree of Master of Arts, and hereby certify that, in their opinion, it is worthy of acceptance. Dr. Douglas Hurt Dr. Mark Palmer Dr. Anna Ball DEDICATION I am happy to dedicate this work to my family, especially my beautiful fiancé Nikki. I could not have done it without her help and support, and I look forward to the next chapter in our lives together. We made it! My parents, both Annette and Mark Erbes and Jim and Kathy Keating, gave me important support during my time at Mizzou, including even finding some historical markers for me in the deepest, darkest corners of rural northern Michigan. I am very thankful for their help and emotional encouragement throughout my graduate career. I also want to thank my fellow graduate students in the Geography department. The advice, venting, laughter, and intellectual conversations (serious or otherwise) that took place in Room 2 were greatly needed at many times throughout the past two years, and my colleagues were always there to provide it. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would first like to acknowledge the professors who helped me at different times with their advice and expertise throughout my research process. Dr. Doug Hurt, my adviser, was always sure to keep me grounded and point me in the right direction when I was confused or overwhelmed. I also was aided in various ways by Drs. Mark Palmer, Anna Ball, and other faculty of the Department of Geography. I thank them for their guidance and tireless work to help graduate students at the University of Missouri. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................ ..ii LIST OF MAPS ................................................................................................................. vi LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ vii ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................... viii Chapter Page 1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................1 2. Literature Review.............................................................................................................4 2.1 The New Cultural Geography ...................................................................................4 2.2 Cultural Landscapes ..................................................................................................6 2.3 Monuments ................................................................................................................7 2.4 Studies of Historical Markers and Their Relevance to This Study .........................12 3. Data and Methods ........................................................................................................19 3.1 Data Acquisition ......................................................................................................19 3.2 Content Analysis and Discourse Analysis ...............................................................20 3.3 Mapping and Visualization .....................................................................................24 4. History of the Program...................................................................................................26 4.1 Brief History ........................................................................................................26 4.2 The Significance of the Michigan Historical Markers Act of 2002 ........................29 5. Program Eras ..................................................................................................................34 5.1 First Era: 1955-1968 ................................................................................................35 iii 5.2 Second Era: 1969-1987 ...........................................................................................36 5.3 Third Era: 1988-2002 .............................................................................................38 5.4 Fourth Era: 2003-Present .........................................................................................39 6. Representations of African Americans ..........................................................................42 6.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................42 6.2 Language and Word Choice ....................................................................................42 6.3 Thematic Representations .......................................................................................44 6.4 Spatial Bias Toward Detroit ....................................................................................48 6.5 Conclusion ...............................................................................................................50 7. European Heritage and Identities ...................................................................................55 7.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................51 7.2 1955 -1968: Exploring and Conquering the Wilderness .........................................55 7.3 1969-Present: Many Groups, Few Themes .............................................................60 7.4 Spatial Trends ..........................................................................................................64 7.5 Conclusion ...............................................................................................................70 8. Representations of Native Americans ............................................................................72 8.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................72 8.2 1955-1968: Violence and Difference ......................................................................72 8.3 1969-1993: Less Representation, but Less Violence ..............................................75 8.4 1993-Present: Inclusion of Indigenous Voices ........................................................77 8.5 Spatial Trends ..........................................................................................................79 8.6 Conclusion ...............................................................................................................80 iv 9. Military History and War ...............................................................................................83 9.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................83 9.2 Beginnings: Early Conflicts, Battlegrounds, and Outposts .....................................84 9.3 Late 1970s: Emergence of Civil War Markers ........................................................86 9.4 World Wars .............................................................................................................88 9.5 Spatial Trends ..........................................................................................................91 9.6 Conclusion ...............................................................................................................94 10. Economic Livelihoods .................................................................................................95 10.1 Introduction ...........................................................................................................95 10.2 Logging Industry ...................................................................................................96 10.3 Agriculture ...........................................................................................................100 10.4 Auto Industry .......................................................................................................104 10.5 Tourism ...............................................................................................................111 10.6 Conclusion ...........................................................................................................114 11. Conclusion .................................................................................................................116 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................123 VITA ................................................................................................................................128 v LIST OF MAPS Table Page 1. Historical Markers in Michigan (August 2015) ............................................................21 2. Markers Referring to African Americans: Wayne, Macomb, & Oakland Counties .....49 3. Markers
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