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Ojionuka Arinze University of Nigeria Research Publications ITANYI, Chukwuma Agu Author Author PG/MSC/05/40184 International Diplomacy and Conflict Management in the Middle-East: A Case Title Study of Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, 1970- 2006 Social Sciences Faculty Faculty Political Science Department Department December, 2007 Date Signature UNIVERSITY OF NIGERLA, NSUl<Kn FACULTY OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE INTERNAr~IC3NALDIPLOMACY AND CONFLIC'I' MANAGEMENT IN TllE Mlldl>LE-KAS?': A CASE STUDY OF ISNAICLI -PALESTINIAN C'ONFLICT, 1970 - 2006. ITANYI, CHUKWUMA AGU PG/M.Sc./05/40184 NIX. PROJECT PRESENTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAI, 'KIENCE,IN PARTIAL F'ULPILLMENT OF TIiE REQUTREMENrI'SFOR THE AWARD OF MASTER OF SCIENCE (M.Sc) DEGREE IN POLITICAL SCIICNCE (INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS) DECEMBER, 2007. TITLE PAGE INTERNATIONAL DIPLOMACY AND CONFLICT MANAGEMENT IN THE MIDDLE-EAST: A CASE STUDY OF ISRAELI -PALESTINIAN CONFLICT, 1970 - 2006. A PROJECT REPORT PRESENTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE, UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA, NSUKKA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF MASTER OF SCIENCE (M.Sc) DEGREE IN POLITICAL SCIENCE (INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS) ITANYI, CHUKWUMA AGU PG/M.Sc./05/40184 PROJECT SUPERVISOR: Dr. ALOYSUIS- MICHAELS OKOLIE DECEMBER, 2007. APPROVAL PAGE his research project has been approved by the Department o litical Science, University b ".4igeria, Nsuldca as 11ieelingthe requirements for the award of Master of Science (M.Sc) Degree -,:1Political Science (Intcrnntional Relations). Dr. ~lo~sius&licl~aels0kolie Dr. ~&aniOnyebuchi !- * \ Projccl Supervisor !'. .H~ed@epartmcnlof Political Science Prgf. Okechl11w11ibeanu I lean, Faculty of the Social Sciences DEDICATION This work is dedicated to the memory of my late parents, Mr. and Mrs. M. T. Itanyi, and to my two lovely sisters, Pat and Ekwy, who became my 'mothers' at their very tender ages and who have now grown and become mothers to my sweet nephew and nieces, Chukwuemela and Chizaram Ogbulafos, and Tanya Tony. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT When I started my M.Sc programme, Dr. Ogban Iyarn, one of my lecturers told me that "there is no short cut to knowledge," which I took for granted, but with Dr. Okolie as my supervisor; I finally realized that there is indeed no short cut to knowledge. Dr.Aloysuis- Micheals Okolie not only guided me, but also gave me his time by painstakingly reading, pointing out and correcting the mistakes I made in the beginning. With the knowledge Dr. Okolie has impacted in me, I can now face the world. To him, I owe a debt of gratitude. To Prof. Miriam Ikejiani Clark, you are indeed a definition of a good mother. Nothing I will say or do can givc you adequate Idea of how I appreciate your kind heart and listening ear. I will continue to pray Lo GOD to continue to bless you. To Prof. Asissi Asobie, who gave me some of the materials I used for this project, I say thank you sir. To my lecturers, Dr. Onyebuchi Ezeani, Head of Department, Political Science, Dr. Edeh, Dr. Ken Ifesinachi, Dr. Jonah Onuoha, Prof. Elochukwu Amucheazi and Dr. Ogban Iyam, please accept my sincere appreciation. To my fellow P.G colleagues, especially Ken Ugwuanyi, who assisted me in arranging and printing this project, I say a very big thank you. To my family members, Mr. Godwin Itanyi, Mr. Emma Itanyi, Mr. Joseph Ogbonna Itanyi and Prince Okezie Obgulafor, I remain grateful. To my friends and well wishers, especially Pastor Uzor Iheukwumere and Mr. Tony Odoemenam, I say thank you so much for your benevolence. To ALMIGHTY GOD, Who has always been the Shining Star that Lights My Path, all I have to say is THANK YOU LORD. Itanyi, Chukwuma PG/M.Sc./05/40184 UNN TABLE OF CONTENTS Title page ..........................................................................................i . Approval page. ....................................................................................II ... Dedication .........................................................................................IH Acknowledgment .................................................................................iv Table of Contents ................................................................................ .v List of Abbreviations .............................................................................vi . Abstract .......................................................................................... ..VII CllAPTER ONE 1,O Background of the stildy ......................................................................1 I. 1 Statement of Problem .........................................................................3 1.2 Objectives of Study ...........................................................................10 1.3 Significance of Study ........................................................................lo 1.4 Literature Review ..............................................................................I 1 1.5 Theoretical Framework ......................................................................27 1.6 Hypotheses ....................................................................................32 1.7 Research Methodology ......................................................................-32 1.8 Method of Data Collection ..................................................................34 CHAPTER TWO PREVENTIVE DIPLOMATIC MEDIATION AND CONFLICT MANAGEMENT .... 35 2.0 introduction ....................................................................................35 2.1 Preventive Diplomatic Mediation in the Management of Israel-Palestinian Conflicts: 1918-1948 .......................................................................................36 2.2 Self- Determination, International Law, and Morality in the'creation of Israel:1918-1948.. ...........................................................................38 2.3 Preventive Diplomatic Mediation and Politics of Self- Determination: 1948-2006 ..43 2.4 Types of Diplomacy and Peace Keeping Operations ....................................46 CHAPTER THREE US FOREIGN RELATIONS AND THE MIDDLE-EAST CRISES.. ......................47 '3.0 Introduction ...................................................................................-47 3.1 America's Foreign Policy in the Middle- East ............................................54 3.2 America's Foreign Policy Towards Israel .................................................56 3.3 America's Foreign Policy Towards Palestine ..............................................63 3.4 The Role of US in Resolving the Israeli-Palestinian Conflicts ....................... ..67 3.5 The Role of the UN in Resolving the Israeli-Palestinian Conflicts .....................88 CHAPTER FOUR THE STATUS OF JERUSALEM AND THE MIDDLE-EAST CRISES ..................89 4.0 Introduction ...................................................................................-89 4.1 The Status of Jerusalem: Two Peoples. One Land ........................................93 4.2 The Modem Conflicts and their Consequences ...........................................94 4.3 Chronology of Major Events in the Middle-East from 1948-2006 .....................98 4.4 Collective and Individual Freedoms in the Occupied Territories .....................102 4.5 The Relationship Between Religion and Political Ideology In the Arab- Israeli Conflicts ....................................................................................... 109 CHAPTER FIVE 5.0 Summary. Conclusions and Recommendations ......................................... 122 5.1 Summary ......................................................................................122 5.2 Iicconimendations .......................................................................... -131 5.3 Conclusion ....................................................................................133 BTBLlOGRAPHY ................................................................................ 135 APPENDIX .......................................................................................144 vii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AASS Anglo-American Survey Supplement ArPAC American Israeli Public Affairs Committee AJC American Jewish Community AMJ American Muslims for Jerusalem CIA Central Intelligence Agency EU European Union FTA Free Trade Agreement GB Great Britain GDP Gross Domestic Product GNP Gross National Product TDF Israeli Dcfense Force JNF Jewish National Fund NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization 0AS Organization of American States 0AU Organization of African Unity PKO Pcace Kceping Operation PLO Palestinian Liberation Organization PNA Palestinian National Authority SU Soviet Union UNCP United Nations Committee on Palestine UNRWA United Nations Relief and Works Agency USA United States of America UK United Kingdom UN United Nations UNSC United Nations Security Council UNSCOP United Nations Special Committee on Palestine USSR Union of Soviet Socialist Republic wzo World Zionist Organization viii ABSTRACT The study set out to evaluate the potency of the realist approaclz to conflict resolzrtion and international secwrity, and the role of the 'democratic peace' approach to international conflict management with a vielv to bringing out the prevailing ~izethorlswlziclz stakeholders in internatioizal system have applied irr resolving the Isrrreli-Palestirzia11 conflicts. The airn of the research was to provide a framework that explains how the realist approach to conjlict resolution and international security led to politicisation qf international cot~flictsand
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