Factsheet Arab-Israeli Relations

Sykes-Picot Partition Plan Settlements November 1917 June 1967 1993 - 2000 May 1916 November 1947 1967 - onwards Balfour 1967 War Oslo Accords

which to supervise the Suez Canal; at the turn of The Balfour Declaration the 20th century, 80% of the Canal’s shipping be- Prepared by Anna Siodlak, Research Associate longed to the Empire. Britain also believed that they would gain a strategic foothold by establishing a The Balfour Declaration (2 November 1917) was strong Jewish community in Palestine. As occupier, a statement of support by the British Government, British forces could monitor security in Egypt and approved by the War Cabinet, for the establish- protect its colonial and economic interests. ment of a national home for the Jewish people in Palestine. At the time, the region was part of Otto- Economics: Britain anticipated that by encouraging man Syria administered from Damascus. While the communities of European Jews (who were familiar Declaration stated that the civil and religious rights with capitalism and civil organisation) to immigrate of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine to Palestine, entrepreneurialism and development must not be deprived, it triggered a series of events would flourish, creating economic rewards for Brit- 2 that would result in the establishment of the State of ain. Israel forcing thousands of Palestinians to flee their Politics: Britain believed that the establishment of homes. a national home for the Jewish people would foster Who initiated the declaration? sentiments of prestige, respect and gratitude, in- crease its soft power, and reconfirm its place in the The Balfour Declaration was a letter from British post war international order.3 It was also hoped that Foreign Secretary Lord Arthur James Balfour on Russian-Jewish communities would become agents behalf of the British government to Lord Walter of British propaganda and persuade the tsarist gov- Rothschild, a prominent member of the Jewish ernment to support the Allies against Germany. Community in England. It was the result of talks that began in 1916 between Prime Minister David Lloyd Ideology and agency: The Zionist Organisation George and Chaim Weizmann, the chief proponent and evangelical Christians, who hoped to fulfil a bib- of pro-Zionist policy in Britain. These discussions lical prophecy that foretells the Second Coming of were inspired by a popular European debate on the Messiah, lobbied particularly hard for the British the status and treatment of Jews in society, and the government to issue the declaration. Weizmann and 1905 plan for a Jewish state in Uganda that was Lloyd George were advocates of these strands of rejected by the Zionist Congress.1 thought and were central to the creation of the dec- laration. As President of the World Zionist Organisa- What were Britain’s motivations behind the Declara- tion? 2 Herbert Samuel presented a memorandum to the British Cabinet in January 1915, entitled ‘The Future of Palestine’ that presented reasons for a Jewish state in Palestine and referred to England as a “civiliser of backward countries”. H. Samuel. The Future of Security: Britain viewed Palestine as a zone from Palestine. (1915). 3 Scholars such as Mayir Vereté argue that the promise of national freedom would win over minority groups and raise political and also economic support, especially from 1 These talks sympathised with Jewish Zionist aspirations and echoed the sentiment of Jewish-Americans. A. Shlaim. ‘The Balfour Declaration And its Consequence’ in Wm. Theodore Herzl’s 1896 paper, ‘Der Judenstaat’ (The State of the Jews) which called for Roger Louis, ed. Yet More Adventures with Britannia: Personalities, Politics and Culture in the end of Jewish suffering through the restoration of a Jewish state. Britain. (I. B. Tauris, 2005). pp. 251-270. www.wanainstitute.org tion, Weizmann expanded their offices and courted campaign in the Sinai and Palestine during the state leaders, influencing their national interest in First World War. A civil administration replaced this favour of the establishment of a Jewish state. Al- system in 1920 as negotiations began on the Man- though Lloyd George’s religious convictions may date for Palestine and Transjordan. The Balfour have inclined him towards Zionism; he was primar- Declaration was directly incorporated into the Man- ily a reformist and wartime Prime Minister who was date, which was ratified in 1923. This cemented the focused on upholding British interests in the context Declaration within a legal framework and provided of a fading empire. the necessary impetus for Zionists groups to begin forming a Jewish state in Palestine. The McMahon-Hussein Correspondence The Declaration and following agreements were A series of letters between Sharif Hussein bin Ali met with hostility, confusion and distrust in both of Mecca and Sir Henry McMahon, Britain’s High Britain and the Arab world. Contradiction between Commissioner in Cairo, was exchanged between the Declaration and the Hussein-McMahon cor- 14 July, 1915 and 30 March, 1916. The focus of respondence, which promised Sharif Hussein bin the correspondence was the status of land bound Ali of Mecca Arab independence after the Empire’s to the north by Mersina and Adana (now Turkey), collapse, angered both Jews and Arabs. Protests to the east by the border of Persia (Iran), to the and riots erupted across Palestine and in neigh- bouring areas. In the following decades resentment south by the Indian Ocean and to the west by the 4 Red Sea and Mediterranean. In the letters, Sharif towards the British grew and violence intensified. Hussein requests British recognition of Arab inde- After years of resistance, mismanagement and lack pendence in return for mutual assistance and pref- of economic, political and social progress, Britain erential economic treatment. McMahon accepts announced its intention to terminate the Mandate in the independence of “Arabia and its inhabitants” 1947. and approves an “Arab Khalifate”. However, he Relevance today rejects the proposed boundaries, which remain a point of contention throughout the correspondence The Balfour Declaration remains omnipresent in the and are consequently left unresolved. The letters mind of Palestinians, Jordanians and neighbour- also stipulate payments to be made by the Sharif ing Arab states who recognise it as the beginning to the British government for additional troops, am- of Arab-Israeli hostility. Many Palestinians blame munition and food supplies. Britain and its allies for the Israeli occupation and the resultant arduous living conditions they continue to face today. What happened next?

At the time of the Declaration, Britain occupied Palestine under a military administration follow- ing the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in an armed 4 The 1936-1939 Arab revolts, the rise of extremist groups like the Stern Gang and Irgun presented too many challenges for the British forces.

Anna Siodlak Anna is a Research Associate with the West Asia – North Africa Institute, where she fo- cuses on mechanisms for achieving Arab integration and the Arab-Israeli conflict. Before joining the WANA Institute, Anna was based at a development organisation in the region where she launched a number of initiatives including discussion groups on current af- fairs and career mentoring sessions for students. She holds a Bachelor of International Relations and is completing a Master’s degree in Global Politics at the London School of Economics, specialising in international relations of the Middle East and human security. www.wanainstitute.org