DOCSLIB.ORG

Violations of Media Freedom in Albania

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Violations of Media Freedom in Albania June 2002 Vol. 14, No. 5 (D) ALBANIA THE COST OF SPEECH: Violations of Media Freedom in Albania SUMMARY ...............................................................................................................................................................3 RECOMMENDATIONS ...........................................................................................................................................6 BACKGROUND......................................................................................................................................................10 INTIMIDATION AND VIOLENT ATTACKS ON JOURNALISTS ....................................................................11 Summary of Findings ...........................................................................................................................................11 Cases of Intimidation and Violent Attacks...........................................................................................................12 Attacks on Fatmir Terziu..................................................................................................................................12 The Attack on Artan Hoxha..............................................................................................................................15 The Attack and Detention of Flamur Hasbegu.................................................................................................15 The Detention of Kujtim Boriçi........................................................................................................................17 Cases Related to the 2001 Elections.....................................................................................................................18 The Attack on the “Election Cameraman” .......................................................................................................18 The Attack on the Election Commissioner.......................................................................................................19 The Detention of Enis Fani...............................................................................................................................19 Denial of access to government institutions and information ..............................................................................20 Chilling Effects of Violence and Intimidation .....................................................................................................21 DEFAMATION TRIALS.........................................................................................................................................22 Summary of Findings ...........................................................................................................................................22 Overview of Legal Standards ...............................................................................................................................24 Freedom of Expression in International Law and Practice...............................................................................24 Freedom of Expression under the Albanian Constitution.................................................................................26 Breaches in Law ...................................................................................................................................................27 Albanian Criminal Defamation Laws...............................................................................................................27 Albanian Civil Defamation Laws.....................................................................................................................30 Breaches in Legal Practice ...................................................................................................................................31 Case of Petro Koçi v. Astrit Patozi...................................................................................................................31 Case of Ndre Legisi v. Artan Hoxha ................................................................................................................32 Case of Monika Kryemadhi v. Astrit Patozi.....................................................................................................35 Case of Monika Kryemadhi v. Redin Hafizi ....................................................................................................40 Case of Monika Kryemadhi v. Shemsi Peposhi ...............................................................................................42 Case of Skënder Gjinushi v. Pandi Gjata .........................................................................................................44 Chilling Effects of Defamation Laws and Judicial Decisions..............................................................................46 GOVERNMENT MISUSE OF STATE ADVERTISING .......................................................................................47 The Legal Framework–and Its Pitfalls .................................................................................................................48 An Egregious Case Of Official Abuse–the National Privatization Agency .....................................................50 Discriminatory and Politically Motivated Allocation of State Advertising .........................................................51 State Advertising as Subsidies to the Media–and the Korrieri Affair..................................................................53 Effects of Abusive Allocation of State Advertising .............................................................................................54 CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................................................................55 APPENDIX A: CIRCULATION AND AFFILIATION OF NEWS DAILIES......................................................56 APPENDIX B: LETTER TO ALBANIAN MINISTRY OF INTERIOR...............................................................57 APPENDIX C: LETTER TO NATIONAL PRIVATIZATION AGENCY............................................................59 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .....................................................................................................................................61 Human Rights Watch 2 June 2002, Vol. 14, No. 5 (D) SUMMARY This report looks at the situation of media freedoms in Albania, more than a decade after the Balkan nation started a transition from totalitarianism to democracy and rule of law. Like the progress of that transition in general, respect for media freedoms and other human rights has followed a rough path of ups and downs since 1990. While Albania has left behind the vicious suppression and isolation that marked its decades under Stalinist-style governance, the legacy of that regime continues to haunt it. The findings of this report suggest that the transition is far from over. The report, which covers for the most part events of 2000 and 2001, focuses on three particular areas of concern: intimidation and violent attacks on journalists, defamation trials against the press, and political interference with the allocation of state advertising to media outlets. The report is based on three weeks of research conducted in Albania in late 2001, primarily through interviews with Albanian journalists, editors, media managers, media development experts, government officials, and lawyers. The findings on defamation trials and state advertising practices are based to a large extent on documentary materials, such as judicial decisions, trial records where available, and statistical surveys. Human Rights Watch investigators found that Albanian journalists, especially those based in provinces outside the capital Tirana, are subjected to widespread intimidation and physical attacks. Journalists have been targets of serious and repeated threats against them and their families, unlawful and arbitrary arrests, and severe beatings and other physical assaults. Not only journalists affiliated with opposition newspapers and televisions stations, but also reporters working for unaffiliated outlets have been so targeted. What makes such violence even more troubling is that the perpetrators are often police officers or government officials who retaliate against press criticism or reporting of official misconduct, such as alleged corruption or human rights violations. Recently, intimidation and physical assaults against the media reached a peak during the June 2001 election period and the subsequent run-offs. The report describes three serious incidents from that time, which suggest that the central and local authorities were responsible for widespread and possibly coordinated actions to restrict the free flow of information during the election period. At all times, however, the Albanian police tend to interfere with the right of the press to cover police activities, betraying a lack of awareness about police accountability and the media’s role as a public watchdog in a democratic society. But the police are by no means the only institution that ignores the right of the public to be informed on issues of general concern. Albania’s new Constitution and its 1999 freedom of information law have yet to be implemented to dismantle the inherited wall of official secrecy that surrounds much of the public administration, including the judiciary. Violence against journalists goes virtually unpunished in Albania: not a single
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Role of Constitutional Court of Albania on the Protection of Human Rights (The Albanian Perspective)
    The Role Of Constitutional Court Of Albania On The Protection Of Human Rights (The Albanian Perspective) Bashkim Dedja President Constitutional Court of Albania Honorable Mr. President of the Constitutional Court of Turkey, Honorable colleagues, honorable participants, Constitutional review has been considered as an indispensable element, since a Constitution, however modern it might be, under any circumstances could not be perfect or uninterpretable. There is no doubt that the Constitution of Albania promotes the democratic values generally accepted by the western European countries and developed democracies. It has sanctioned the principles of constitutional democracy as: the rule of law, democracy, pluralism, separation of powers, human rights, human dignity, etc. The spirit and attitudes of this Constitution can be identified since the very beginning, in its Preamble: “We, the people of Albania, .... with determination to build a social and democratic state based on the rule of law, and to guarantee the human rights and freedoms ...”... establish this Constitution”. As it has been explicitly foreseen by article 15/2 of the Constitution, the organs of public power, in fulfilment of their duties, shall respect the fundamental rights and freedoms, as well as contribute to their realization. Furthermore, the organs of public power shall respect the constitutional values and principles, in order to subject their whole activity to the establishment and respect for the rule of law and social state. **** 322 Anayasa Yargısı 35 (2018) Let’s explain a little bit more from structural aspect the human rights part under the Constitution of Albania...., The second part of the Albanian Constitution “Fundamental Human Rights and Freedoms” is almost identical with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the European Convention on Human Rights.
    [Show full text]
  • Student Movements: 1968, 1981 and 1997 the Impact Of
    Student Movements: 1968, 1981 and 1997 The impact of students in mobilizing society to chant for the Republic of Kosovo Atdhe Hetemi Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of East European Languages and Cultures Supervisor Prof. dr. Rozita Dimova Department of East European Languages and Cultures Dean Prof. dr. Gita Deneckere Rector Prof. dr. Rik Van de Walle October 2019 i English Summary This dissertation examines the motives and central visions of three student demonstrations, each taking place within different historical and political contexts and each organized by a different generation of Kosovo Albanian students. The years 1968, 1981 and 1997 witnessed a proliferation of student mobilizations as collective responses demanding more national rights for Albanians in Kosovo. I argue that the students' main vision in all three movements was the political independence of Kosovo. Given the complexity of the students' goal, my analysis focuses on the influence and reactions of domestic and foreign powers vis-à-vis the University of Prishtina (hereafter UP), the students and their movements. Fueled by their desire for freedom from Serbian hegemony, the students played a central role in "preserving" and passing from one generation to the next the vision of "Republic" status for Kosovo. Kosova Republikë or the Republic of Kosovo (hereafter RK) status was a demand of all three student demonstrations, but the students' impact on state creation has generally been underestimated by politicians and public figures. Thus, the primary purpose of this study is to unearth the various and hitherto unknown or hidden roles of higher education – then the UP – and its students in shaping Kosovo's recent history.
    [Show full text]
  • Albanian Media and the Specifics of the Local Market
    Studies in Communication Sciences 12 (2012) 49–52 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Studies in Communication Sciences journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/scoms General section Albanian media and the specifics of the local market Mark Marku 1 Department of Journalism and Communication, University of Tirana, Albania article info abstract Keywords: After the fall of communism in 1991, Albanian media rode a wave of privatization, bringing with it a load Albanian media of new market entrants and a high level of disorder. As the media market began to grow and private Media diversity outlets captured larger audiences, holes appeared in Albanian media legislation, making it difficult to Media competition enforce fiscal transparency and competition amongst participants. Privatized media As a result of their market advantage, large private media companies are now outspending smaller competitors in order to boost innovation and technology. As media companies continue to grow in all major forms of Albanian media, large stations exploit the lack of government oversight to increase their advantage in advertising, programming, and technological innovation. By implementing legislation designed to stabilize growth, the diversity of Albanian media outlets will increase along with widespread advancements to technology and infrastructure. © 2012 Swiss Association of Communication and Media Research. Published by Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved. Changes to the political system in Albania are associated with the Albanian-speaking media scene. According to statistics from the the evolution and radical transformation of the media field. The National Council of Radio and Television KKRT (KKRT 2011, p. 34) establishment of both political pluralism and a market economy in in Albania today, four national television stations are in operation, 1991 brought with it the collapse of the state’s monopoly over the 65 local stations, 33 cable television stations, three national and 47 Albanian media market.
    [Show full text]
  • Panoramë E Bashkimit Evropian 2
    1 PANORAMË E BASHKIMIT EVROPIAN 2 2 3 Përmbajtja ÇFARË ËSHTË BASHKIMI EVROPIAN? ................................................. 5 EURO-MONEDHA E VETME E EVROPIANËVE! .................................... 6 TË LIRË PËR TË LËVIZUR! .................................................................... 6 PAQEDASHËS! .................................................................................. 7 VEND I LIRISË, I SIGURISË DHE I DREJTËSISË! ..................................... 8 MË PAK KUFIJ: MË TEPËR PUNË! ........................................................ 9 SHOQËRI E INFORMACIONIT PËR TË GJITHË! ................................. 10 KUJDESI PËR AMBIENTIN! ............................................................... 11 PARLAMENTI EVROPIAN ................................................................. 12 KËSHILLI I BASHKIMIT EVROPIAN ..................................................... 14 KOMISIONI EVROPIAN ................................................................... 18 GJYKATA E DREJTËSISË.................................................................... 20 GRUPI EVROPIAN I AUDITORËVE .................................................... 20 BANKA QENDRORE EVROPIANE1 ................................................... 21 BANKA EVROPIANE E INVESTIMEVE ................................................. 21 KOMITETI I ÇËSHTJEVE SOCIALE DHE EKONOMIKE ......................... 22 KOMITETI RAJONAL ....................................................................... 22 SHTRIRJE PËR NJË EVROPË MË TË FORTË DHE TË QËNDRUESHME
    [Show full text]
  • Programme Guidelines Albania
    Development of Monitoring Instruments for Judicial and Law Enforcement institutions in the Western Balkans 2009-2011 Programme Guidelines Albania With funding by the CARDS Regional Action Programme European Commission June 2010 Disclaimers This Report has not been formally edited. The contents of this publication do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of UNODC or contributory organizations and neither do they imply any endorsement. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNODC concerning the legal status of any country, territory or city or its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Comments on this report are welcome and can be sent to: Statistics and Survey Section United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime PO Box 500 1400 Vienna Austria Tel: (+43) 1 26060 5475 Fax: (+43) 1 26060 7 5475 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.unodc.org Acknowledgements UNODC would like to thank the European Commission for the financial support provided for the preparation and publication of this report under the CARDS Regional Programme 2006. This report was produced under the responsibility of Statistics and Surveys Section (SASS) and Regional Programme Office for South Eastern Europe (RPOSEE) of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) based on research conducted during a research mission to Albania in September 2009 by UNODC and the Joint Research Centre on Transnational Crime (TRANSCRIME).
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Copyright, I Ilir Bejtja 2014
    Copyright, i Ilir Bejtja 2014 1 Udhёheqёsi i Ilir Bejtja, vёrteton se ky ёshtё version i miratuar i disertacionit tё mёposhtёm: The supervisor of Ilir Bejtja certifies that this is the approved version of the below dissertation: MARKETINGU SELEKTIV PER KËRKESË TURISTIKE SELEKTIVE PËR HAPËSIRA TURISTIKE TË PANDOTURA Prof. Dr. Bardhyl Ceku 2 MARKETINGU SELEKTIV PËR KËRKESË TURISTIKE SELEKTIVE PËR HAPËSIRA TURISTIKE TË PANDOTURA Pregatitur nga: Ilir Bejtja “Disertacioni i paraqitur nё Fakultetin e Biznesit Universiteti “Aleksandёr Moisu” Durrёs Nё pёrputhje tё plotё Me kёrkesat Pёr gradёn “Doktor” Universiteti “Aleksandёr Moisu” Durrёs Dhjetor, 2014 3 DEDIKIM Ky disertacion i dedikohet familjes time, nënës dhe motrës time, për pritëshmëritë e tyre të vazhdueshme dhe besimin që kanë tek unë. 4 MIRËNJOHJE Një mirënjohje të veçantë për të gjithë ata që më kanë ndihmuar të pasuroj idetë e mia lidhur me zhvillimin e turizmit të qëndrueshëm, profesionistë nësektor, bashkëpunëtorë dhe profesorë, si edhe njerëz të mi të afërt e të dashur për mështetjen dhe nxitjen e tyre të vazhdueshme që unë të arrija të përfundoja këtë disertacion! Faleminderit të gjithëve! 5 DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated to my family, my mother and my sister for their continuous expectancy and confidence on me. 6 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS A special thank to all of them who helped me to enrich my ideas on the sustainable tourism development so far, sector professionals, collaborators and teachers, and to my loved people as well for their continuous support and incitement to commit with the completion of this dissertation! Thank you all! 7 Deklaratё mbi origjinalitetin Ilir Bejtja Deklaroj se kjo tezë përfaqëson punën time origjinale dhe nuk kam përdorur burime të tjera, përveç atyre të shkruajtura nëpërmjet citimeve.
    [Show full text]
  • Punime Të Kuvendit Legjislatura E 16-Të Viti 2003, Nr.6 Përgatiti Për Botim Drejtoria E Shërbimit Të Botimeve Parlamentare PUNIME TË KUVENDIT Seancat Plenare
    Punime të Kuvendit Legjislatura e 16-të Viti 2003, nr.6 Përgatiti për botim Drejtoria e Shërbimit të Botimeve Parlamentare PUNIME TË KUVENDIT Seancat plenare Viti 2003 6 Tiranë, 2009 REPUBLIKA E SHQIPËRISË Punime të Kuvendit Seancat plenare LEGJISLATURA E 16-të Sesioni i katërt E hënë, 01.09.2003 Drejton seancën Kryetari i Kuvendit, Seanca e pasdites, ora 18:00 zoti Servet Pëllumbi Servet Pëllumbi – Zotërinj deputetë, ju lutem emrin tuaj deputetët organizatorë dhe të uroj që zini vend në sallë! veprimtari të tilla me rezonancë të gjerë miqësie Të nderuar deputetë, është kënaqësi për mua, rajonale e ndërkombëtare të organizohen edhe në me rastin e fillimit të punimeve të sesionit të pestë të ardhmen. të legjislaturës së 16-të të Kuvendit të Shqipërisë, Në sesionin e mëparshëm, nga janari deri në t’ju uroj punë të mbarë dhe të shpreh bindjen se korrik, kemi bërë një punë intensive. Më shumë se fryma e parlamentarizmit, përkushtimit, 150 ligje e vendime të miratuara, më shumë se 50 konstruktivitetit dhe bashkëpunimit midis grupeve interpelanca dhe seanca pyetjesh të zhvilluara. Kjo parlamentare do të vazhdojë të karakterizojë punën përvojë është bazë e shëndoshë për të përballuar e Kuvendit tonë. Këtë na e mundëson puna e bërë detyrat e reja që qëndrojnë përpara Kuvendit. Në gjatë sesionit të kaluar dhe përvoja e fituar tashmë paketën e projektligjeve që kemi përpara do të veçoja në drejtim të vlerësimit të tribunës parlamentare, të si më problematik që do të kërkojnë angazhimin përgjegjësisë, seriozitetit, kompromisit politik dhe tonë serioz, veçanërisht për ligjet “Për kthimin dhe moderacionit të treguar.
    [Show full text]
  • Cover Page – Title
    ALBANIA: STATE OF THE NATION 2003 11 March 2003 Balkans Report N°140 Tirana/Brussels TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS................................................. i I. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 2 II. POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS ................................................................................. 2 A. MEDIA ................................................................................................................................3 B. THE KLOSI AFFAIR ...............................................................................................................4 C. THE RETURN OF LEKA ZOG...................................................................................................4 III. THE ECONOMY............................................................................................................ 5 IV. SOCIAL ISSUES ............................................................................................................ 7 A. CRIME AND CORRUPTION......................................................................................................7 B. DECENTRALISATION .............................................................................................................7 C. THE MUSLIM COMMUNITY....................................................................................................8 D. ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS................................................................................................8
    [Show full text]
  • Barra E Vrame
    Viktor Gjikolaj BarraEtnotregime e vrame Tirane 2019 Ermal Lala Autori: Viktor Gjikolaj Titulli i librit: Barra e vrame Botues: Mark Simoni Redaktor: Luan M. Rama Kujdesi grafik: Leandro Xhafa Korrektor: Preng Gj. Gjomarkaj Mundësuan botimin; Kthella Sh.p.k, me president z.Pjetër Nikolli & Kostandin Gjikolaj Të gjitha të drejtat janë të autorit Adresa: Shtëpia botuese “Muzgu”, Lagja “Komuna e Parisit” , Rruga “Osman Myderizi” , T iranë, Albania Mobile phone: +355 (0) 68 21 47 538; ` +355 42 320 004; e-mail: [email protected]; Ky botim u hodh në qarkullim në djetor 2019 2 Kolana e autorëve bashkëkohorë shqipëtarë Viktor Gjikolaj VIKTOR GJIKOLAJ, ETNOTREGIMTAR Nuk është e papritur dhe as befasuese ardhja e Viktor Gjikolës me një përmasë tjetër të krijimtarisë së tij, e njohur më së shumti deri më tash e nga shumëkush prej poezisë. Kush e njeh Viktorin dhe krijimtarinë e tij e raportet që ajo ka me njeriun, me vendlindjen, atdheun, por edhe me traditën, me historinë, mitet, legjendat, doket, zakonet, ritet e gojëdhënat, nuk e ka të vështirë të gjejë në të jo vetëm qëmtuesin e vëmendshëm dhe pasionant ndaj etnokulturë, por edhe bartësin e lëvruesin në një mënyrë krejt të veten të elementëve të saj. Duke u kthyer në kohë gati katër dekada më pas e duke bërë një analizë jo thjeshtë të krijimtarisë, por të të gjithë korpusit të sjelljes e qëndrimit, të gjykimit, mendimeve, vlerësimit e deduksioneve prej krijuesi të Viktor Gjikolës, që jo rastësisht veprën e Kadaresë “Autobiografi e popullit në vargje” e ka një prej librave që ai nuk e
    [Show full text]
  • The Case of Albania During the Enver Hoxha Era
    Occasional Papers on Religion in Eastern Europe Volume 40 Issue 6 Article 8 8-2020 State-Sponsored Atheism: The Case of Albania during the Enver Hoxha Era İbrahim Karataş Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.georgefox.edu/ree Part of the Eastern European Studies Commons, Policy History, Theory, and Methods Commons, Religion Commons, and the Soviet and Post-Soviet Studies Commons Recommended Citation Karataş, İbrahim (2020) "State-Sponsored Atheism: The Case of Albania during the Enver Hoxha Era," Occasional Papers on Religion in Eastern Europe: Vol. 40 : Iss. 6 , Article 8. Available at: https://digitalcommons.georgefox.edu/ree/vol40/iss6/8 This Peer-Reviewed Article is brought to you for free and open access by Digital Commons @ George Fox University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Occasional Papers on Religion in Eastern Europe by an authorized editor of Digital Commons @ George Fox University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STATE-SPONSORED ATHEISM: THE CASE OF ALBANIA DURING THE ENVER HOXHA ERA By İbrahim Karataş İbrahim Karataş graduated from the Department of International Relations at the Middle East Technical University in Ankara in 2001. He took his master’s degree from the Istanbul Sababattin Zaim University in the Political Science and International Relations Department in 2017. He subsequently finished his Ph.D. program from the same department and the same university in 2020. Karataş also worked in an aviation company before switching to academia. He is also a professional journalist in Turkey. His areas of study are the Middle East, security, and migration. ORCID: 0000-0002-2125-1840.
    [Show full text]
  • Republika E Shqipërisë Zgjedhjet Për Kuvendin 2005
    Zyra për Institucione Demokratike dhe të Drejtat e Njeriut REPUBLIKA E SHQIPËRISË ZGJEDHJET PËR KUVENDIN 2005 OSBE/ODIHR RAPORTI I MISIONIT TË VLERËSIMIT TË NEVOJAVE 12 - 16 prill 2005 Varshavë 29 prill 2005 PËRMBAJTJA I. HYRJE...................................................................................................................1 II. PËRMBLEDHJE..................................................................................................1 III. KONSTATIME.....................................................................................................3 A. SFONDI POLITIK ..............................................................................................3 B. SISTEMI ZGJEDHOR DHE ZBATIMI I PARASHIKUAR ....................................5 C. KUADRI LIGJOR DHE REFORMA ZGJEDHORE ..................................................7 D. ADMINISTRATA ZGJEDHORE.............................................................................8 E. MEDIA ..............................................................................................................11 F. PJESËMARRJA E GRAVE ..................................................................................11 G. VËZHGUESIT NDËRKOMBËTARË DHE VENDAS...............................................12 IV. PËRFUNDIME DHE REKOMANDIME....................................................12 SHTOJCË 1. Programi i Takimeve SHTOJCË 2. Sistemi zgjedhor dhe Strategjitë Partiake REPUBLIKA E SHQIPËRISË ZGJEDHJET PËR KUVENDIN 2005 Raporti i Misonit të Vlerësimit të Nevojave i OSBE/ODIHR-it
    [Show full text]
  • R Isk B U Lletin
    ISSUE 1 | SEPTEMBER–OCTOBER 2020 THE CIVIL SOCIETY OBSERVATORY TO COUNTER ORGANIZED CRIME IN SOUTH EASTERN EUROPE SUMMARY HIGHLIGHTS 1. No lockdown for the Kotor gangs 4. The Balkan Route and COVID-19: For more than five years, there has been a gang war More restrictions, more misery between two criminal groups from Kotor, on the During 2015, tens of thousands of refugees and coast of Montenegro. While most of Montenegro migrants moved through South Eastern Europe on was in lockdown during the COVID-19 crisis, the their journeys to the West of the continent. Today, killings continued. Despite the ongoing violence, the so-called Balkan Route is largely closed: borders the two leaders of the feuding Kavač and Škaljari have been securitized, and desperate migrants and clans, who were arrested with much ado in 2018, asylum-seekers are being pushed back. Some of are now both out on bail. The new government in the few winners in this crisis are migrant smugglers. Montenegro has pledged to fight against organized We examine how a growing number of migrants crime and corruption. Will it be able to stop the are entering the Western Balkans from Greece via cocaine war? Albania, and the methods that are used to smuggle them. This story also highlights the impact that this 2. Albanian cannabis moves indoors is having in Bosnia and Herzegovina, where, because Albania has gained the dubious reputation of being of tight border controls with Croatia and fears of ranked as Europe’s top cannabis producer. Some COVID-19, there is a growing humanitarian crisis.
    [Show full text]