Shanghai-Based Industrialization in the Early 20 Century
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Making the State on the Sino-Tibetan Frontier: Chinese Expansion and Local Power in Batang, 1842-1939
Making the State on the Sino-Tibetan Frontier: Chinese Expansion and Local Power in Batang, 1842-1939 William M. Coleman, IV Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Columbia University 2014 © 2013 William M. Coleman, IV All rights reserved Abstract Making the State on the Sino-Tibetan Frontier: Chinese Expansion and Local Power in Batang, 1842-1939 William M. Coleman, IV This dissertation analyzes the process of state building by Qing imperial representatives and Republican state officials in Batang, a predominantly ethnic Tibetan region located in southwestern Sichuan Province. Utilizing Chinese provincial and national level archival materials and Tibetan language works, as well as French and American missionary records and publications, it explores how Chinese state expansion evolved in response to local power and has three primary arguments. First, by the mid-nineteenth century, Batang had developed an identifiable structure of local governance in which native chieftains, monastic leaders, and imperial officials shared power and successfully fostered peace in the region for over a century. Second, the arrival of French missionaries in Batang precipitated a gradual expansion of imperial authority in the region, culminating in radical Qing military intervention that permanently altered local understandings of power. While short-lived, centrally-mandated reforms initiated soon thereafter further integrated Batang into the Qing Empire, thereby -
Warlords in the International Order: a Neorealist Approach
Warlords in the International Order: A Neorealist Approach Anthony John Vinci The London School of Economics and Political Science This thesis is submitted towards the attainment of the degree of PhD in International Relations. 1 UMI Number: U615517 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U615517 Published by ProQuest LLC 2014. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 TABLE OF CONTENTS • Abstract, 4 • Preface ,5 • List of Acronyms 6 Part I: Introduction and Definitions 1.) Introduction .9 • Warlords • Approaches to Analysis • Theoretical Approach • Argument Outline • Testing the Validity of the Approach: Case Studies • Note on Methodology 2.) Definition and Conceptualization of Warlord.................................49 • Context • Contemporary Definitions • Conceptualizing Warlords and Warlord Organizations • Comparisons with other Actors Part II; Theory 3.) Warlords and Neorealism...................................................... 109 • Groups • Motivations • Anarchy 4.) Warlord International Relations.....................................................167 • Overview of Neorealism • Internal Power Cultivation • Alliances • Security Dilemma • War 2 Part III: Case Studies 5.) Case Study: Somali Warlords..........................................................217 • History and Context • Somali Armed Groups • Warlords and the UN Intervention • Ethiopia, the SNF, and A1 Ittihad 6.) Case Study: The Lord’s Resistance Army.................................... -
4 China: Government Policy and Tourism Development
China: Government Policy 4 and Tourism Development Trevor H. B. Sofield Introduction In 2015, according to the China National Tourism Administration (CNTA), China welcomed 133.8 million inbound visitors; it witnessed 130 million outbound trips by its citizens; and more than 4 billion Chinese residents took domestic trips around the country. International arrivals generated almost US$60 billion, outbound tour- ists from China spent an estimated US$229 billion (GfK, 2016), and domestic tour- ism generated ¥(Yuan)3.3 trillion or US$491 billion (CNTA, 2016). By 2020, Beijing anticipates that domestic tourists will spend ¥5.5 trillion yuan a year, more than double the total in 2013, to account for 5 percent of the country’s GDP. In 2014, the combined contribution from all three components of the tourism industry to GDP, covering direct and indirect expenditure and investment, in China was ¥5.8 trillion (US$863 billion), comprising 9.4% of GDP. Government forecasts suggest this figure will rise to ¥11.4 trillion (US$1.7 trillion) by 2025, accounting for 10.3% of GDP (Wang et al., 2016). Few governments in the world have approached tourism development with the same degree of control and coordination as China, and certainly not with outcomes numbering visitation and visitor expenditure in the billions in such a short period of time. In 1949 when Mao Zedong and the Communist Party of China (CCP) achieved complete control over mainland China, his government effectively banned all domestic tourism by making internal movement around the country illegal (CPC officials excepted), tourism development was removed from the package of accept- able development streams as a bourgeoisie activity, and international visitation was a diplomatic tool to showcase the Communist Party’s achievements, that was restricted to a relative handful of ‘friends of China’. -
Globalization and Shanghai Model: a Retrospective and Prospective Analysis
Journal of International and Global Studies Volume 4 Number 1 Article 5 11-1-2012 Globalization and Shanghai Model: A Retrospective and Prospective Analysis Linsun Cheng Ph.D. University of Massachusetts-Dartmouth, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lindenwood.edu/jigs Part of the Anthropology Commons, Critical and Cultural Studies Commons, Environmental Studies Commons, and the Sociology Commons Recommended Citation Cheng, Linsun Ph.D. (2012) "Globalization and Shanghai Model: A Retrospective and Prospective Analysis," Journal of International and Global Studies: Vol. 4 : No. 1 , Article 5. Available at: https://digitalcommons.lindenwood.edu/jigs/vol4/iss1/5 This Essay is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at Digital Commons@Lindenwood University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of International and Global Studies by an authorized editor of Digital Commons@Lindenwood University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Globalization and Shanghai Model: A Retrospective and Prospective Analysis Linsun Cheng University of Massachusetts-Dartmouth [email protected] AAbstractbstractAbstract Intended to shed light on the debate on the results of globalization and provide better understanding of the influences of globalization upon China as well as the world, this article traces the history of Shanghai’s economic globalization over the past 170 years since 1843 and demonstrates the benefits and problems Shanghai received from (or connected to) its -
Suburban Development in Shanghai: a Case of Songjiang
CARDIFF UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF CITY AND REGIONAL PLANNING Suburban Development in Shanghai: A Case of Songjiang Jie Shen Supervisor: Professor Fulong Wu Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy December 2011 ABSTRACT Since 2000, a new round of suburbanisation characterised by mixed-use clustered development has begun to unfold in China. This research aims to explore the dynamics of recent suburban growth in China and also provide an empirical case for enriching suburban theory. It is held that suburbanisation in China in its current form is by no means a spontaneous process, but results from capitalism’s creation of a new space to facilitate accumulation. Based on this view, the study examines the underlying forces of contemporary suburban growth with regard to three questions: what is the role of suburbanisation in China’s contemporary capital accumulation regime? How are the suburbs developed under coalitions of different actors? And how is suburban development shaped by demand-side actors? The study is founded on an intensive case study of Shanghai and one of its suburban districts, Songjiang. Both qualitative and quantitative research methods are used. Firsthand data from interviews and a questionnaire survey and a wide variety of secondary data were collected, providing a rich fund of knowledge for the research. While similar forms and functions to (post)-suburban settlements that have recently emerged in Western countries are found in Chinese suburbs, suburbanisation through new town development in China is a strategy of capital accumulation in response to a range of new conditions specific to China’s local context. New towns deal with the recentralisation of both fiscal and land development powers on the one hand, and accommodate the increasing housing demands of a diverse labour force on the other. -
The Dawn of the Digital Yuan: China’S Central Bank Digital Currency and Its Implications
The Dawn of the Digital Yuan: China’s Central Bank Digital Currency and Its Implications Mahima Duggal ASIA PAPER June 2021 The Dawn of the Digital Yuan: China’s Central Bank Digital Currency and Its Implications Mahima Duggal © Institute for Security and Development Policy V. Finnbodavägen 2, Stockholm-Nacka, Sweden www.isdp.eu “The Dawn of the Digital Yuan: China’s Central Bank Digital Currency and Its Implications” is an Asia Paper published by the Institute for Security and Development Policy. The Asia Paper Series is the Occasional Paper series of the Institute’s Asia Program, and addresses topical and timely subjects. The Institute is based in Stockholm, Sweden, and cooperates closely with research centers worldwide. The Institute serves a large and diverse community of analysts, scholars, policy-watchers, business leaders, and journalists. It is at the forefront of research on issues of conflict, security, and development. Through its applied research, publications, research cooperation, public lectures, and seminars, it functions as a focal point for academic, policy, and public discussion. No third-party textual or artistic material is included in the publication without the copyright holder’s prior consent to further dissemination by other third parties. Reproduction is authorized provided the source is acknowledged. © ISDP, 2021 Printed in Lithuania ISBN: 978-91-88551-21-4 Distributed in Europe by: Institute for Security and Development Policy Västra Finnbodavägen 2, 131 30 Stockholm-Nacka, Sweden Tel. +46-841056953; Fax. +46-86403370 Email: [email protected] Editorial correspondence should be directed to the address provided above (preferably by email). Contents Summary ............................................................................................................... 5 Introduction ......................................................................................................... -
The Digital Yuan and China's Potential Financial Revolution
JULY 2020 The digital Yuan and China’s potential financial revolution: A primer on Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs) BY STEWART PATERSON RESEARCH FELLOW, HINRICH FOUNDATION Contents FOREWORD 3 INTRODUCTION 4 WHAT IS IT AND WHAT COULD IT BECOME? 5 THE EFFICACY AND SCOPE OF STABILIZATION POLICY 7 CHINA’S FISCAL SYSTEM AND TAXATION 9 CHINA AND CREDIT AND THE BANKING SYSTEM 11 SEIGNIORAGE 12 INTERNATIONAL AND TRADE RAMIFICATIONS 13 CONCLUSIONS 16 RESEARCHER BIO: STEWART PATERSON 17 THE DIGITAL YUAN AND CHINA’S POTENTIAL FINANCIAL REVOLUTION Copyright © Hinrich Foundation. All Rights Reserved. 2 Foreword China is leading the way among major economies in trialing a Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC). Given China’s technological ability and the speed of adoption of new payment methods by Chinese consumers, we should not be surprised if the CBDC takes off in a major way, displacing physical cash in the economy over the next few years. The power that this gives to the state is enormous, both in terms of law enforcement, and potentially, in improving economic management through avenues such as surveillance of the shadow banking system, fiscal tax raising power, and more efficient pass through of monetary policy. A CBDC has the potential to transform the efficacy of state involvement in economic management and widens the scope of potential state economic action. This paper explains how a CBDC could operate domestically; specifically, the impact it could have on the Chinese economy and society. It also looks at the possible international implications for trade and geopolitics. THE DIGITAL YUAN AND CHINA’S POTENTIAL FINANCIAL REVOLUTION Copyright © Hinrich Foundation. -
China's Currency Policy
Updated May 24, 2019 China’s Currency Policy China’s policy of intervening in currency markets to control The yuan-dollar exchange rate has experienced volatility the value of its currency, the renminbi (RMB), against the over the past few years. On August 11, 2015, the Chinese U.S. dollar and other currencies has been of concern for central bank announced that the daily RMB central parity many in Congress over the past decade or so. Some rate would become more “market-oriented,” However, over Members charge that China “manipulates” its currency in the next three days, the RMB depreciated by 4.4% against order to make its exports significantly less expensive, and the dollar and it continued to decline against the dollar its imports more expensive, than would occur if the RMB throughout the rest of 2015 and into 2016. From August were a freely traded currency. Some argue that China’s 2015 to December 2016, the RMB fell by 8.8% against the “undervalued currency” has been a major contributor to the dollar. From January to December 2017, the RMB rose by large annual U.S. merchandise trade deficits with China 4.6% against the dollar. (which totaled $419 billion in 2018) and the decline in U.S. manufacturing jobs. Legislation aimed at addressing Since 2018, the RMB’s value against the dollar has “undervalued” or “misaligned” currencies has been generally trended downward. Many economists contend introduced in several congressional sessions. On May 23, that the RMB’s recent decline has largely been caused by 2019, the U.S. -
An Enchanted Modern: Urban Cultivation in Shanghai
IQAS Vol. 51 / 2020 1–2, pp. 223–242 An Enchanted Modern: Urban Cultivation in Shanghai Anna Greenspan, Francesca Tarocco Abstract China is in the midst of the fastest and largest process of urbanisation in history. Alongside the dynamism of the region’s hyperdense cities, however, are alarming levels of air pollution, recur- rent stories of toxic food, contaminated waterways and intensifying popular protests concern- ing polluting factories and plants. Issues surrounding a sustainable urban ecology have thus become paramount in the construction of Asia’s metropolitan future. This paper, which focuses particularly on the Shanghai region, suggests that the ideas and practices of “cultivation” might be of value in the creation and imagination of a future ecological metropolis. We examine self-cultivation concretely, as a set of situated embodied practices in specific places and specific historical conditions. We also explore the abstract conceptual idea, by looking at how the modern philosopher Mou Zongsan articulated the idea of “cultivation” as a guide for life. Ultimately, we are interested in how the embodied cultural practices of cultivation can be harnessed as a strategy of re-enchantment, with the power to reconfigure urban nature in the Chinese mega- city of the 21st century. Keywords: cultivation, Shanghai, modernity, practice, urbanism 1. An enchanted modern: urban cultivation At 8am in Shanghai’s Nanjing Road, the giant commercial metropolis pulses with the frenzied congestion of early morning rush hour. In a central park right outside Jing’an Temple, an altogether different urban rhythm greets the day. Inside Jing’an Park the city is alive with the practice of ritual. -
University of California Riverside
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA RIVERSIDE Uncertain Satire in Modern Chinese Fiction and Drama: 1930-1949 A Dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Comparative Literature by Xi Tian August 2014 Dissertation Committee: Dr. Perry Link, Chairperson Dr. Paul Pickowicz Dr. Yenna Wu Copyright by Xi Tian 2014 The Dissertation of Xi Tian is approved: Committee Chairperson University of California, Riverside ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Uncertain Satire in Modern Chinese Fiction and Drama: 1930-1949 by Xi Tian Doctor of Philosophy, Graduate Program in Comparative Literature University of California, Riverside, August 2014 Dr. Perry Link, Chairperson My dissertation rethinks satire and redefines our understanding of it through the examination of works from the 1930s and 1940s. I argue that the fluidity of satiric writing in the 1930s and 1940s undermines the certainties of the “satiric triangle” and gives rise to what I call, variously, self-satire, self-counteractive satire, empathetic satire and ambiguous satire. It has been standard in the study of satire to assume fixed and fairly stable relations among satirist, reader, and satirized object. This “satiric triangle” highlights the opposition of satirist and satirized object and has generally assumed an alignment by the reader with the satirist and the satirist’s judgments of the satirized object. Literary critics and theorists have usually shared these assumptions about the basis of satire. I argue, however, that beginning with late-Qing exposé fiction, satire in modern Chinese literature has shown an unprecedented uncertainty and fluidity in the relations among satirist, reader and satirized object. -
Dilemma Between Density and Quality: the Demographic History of Sinan Road Area
The 18th International Planning History Society Conference - Yokohama, July 2018 Dilemma Between Density and Quality: The Demographic History of Sinan Road Area Zhu Kaiyi * * PhD Candidate, Department of Architecture, [email protected] This paper investigates the unique urban planning history and demographic changes in Sinan Road (also named as Rue Massenet) Area of Shanghai and the socioeconomic impacts on local inhabitants’ living quality led by formal and informal planning dynamics. Examining both tangible and intangible characteristics of this area under five different historical phases, this paper indicates that population density and urban quality cannot always be positively or negatively related. Urban quality can reach the maximum value when area population of concentrated density stays in an ideal state, although, as a result of the qualitative variates, such state (peak value) is in suspense. Through analysing the overarching strategic plan of different periods, it also argues that urban quality is not merely dominated by or directly related to density but more by the population’s social demands and their initial interaction with a specific area, active or passive involvement. Keywords: population density, Sinan Road area, historic district, social demands, urban transformation, living quality Introduction The saturation of urban construction in contemporary Chinese metropolises has forced planners to face the inevitable strategy of optimizing housing stock. As a city where urban heritage practices happen frequently, municipal construction and housing departments of Shanghai jointly issued a series of implementation opinions in 1999, to improve and monitor pilot preservation and reconstruction projects of historic buildings and blocks of this city. This turning point has brought a more comprehensive platform of expression in the context of market economy, while enabling multiple values of urban heritage to be fully discovered by varied stakeholders in a new era. -
The Social Role of Shanghainese in Shanghai
Robert D. Angus California State University, Fullerton Prestige and the local dialect: 1 The social role of Shanghainese in Shanghai Abstract. Shanghai lies in the Wu dialect area in east central China. Whereas Modern Standard Chinese is the prescribed national standard in instruction, broadcasting, and commerce, a specific variety that descended from Wu is the native language of the city. We are accustomed to finding that local varieties experience a diminution of prestige in such circumstances. The social and historical circumstances of Shanghai, however, uniquely create a situation in which this is not the case. In this paper I will briefly discuss the history of the city and its development, trace social attitudes (and ideas of prestige) on the part of its natives, show how the use of the local variety indexes social status and prestige among residents of the city, and provide evidence that the use of the native dialect of Shanghai is neither transitional nor restricted to the spheres heretofore considered Low in the typical diglossia situation. Introduction When a local, minority language is used alongside a national variety, especially when the national language is upheld as a standard, the local variety is generally seen to suffer in prestige. In a diglossia situation, as outlined by Ferguson in his groundbreaking article, the two varieties are complementarily distributed among social situations, and the prestige variety is identified as the one used in all AHigh@ circumstances. Most familiar, writes Ferguson, is the situation in California Linguistic Notes Volume XXVII No. 2 Fall, 2002 2 which “many speakers speak their local dialect at home or among family or friends of the same dialect area but use the standard language in communicating with speakers of other dialects or on public occasions” (1959:325).