“Produce 101 S2”: Una Empatía Generada a Partir Del Montaje Audiovisual

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“Produce 101 S2”: Una Empatía Generada a Partir Del Montaje Audiovisual PONTIFICIA UNIVERSIDAD CATÓLICA DEL PERÚ FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS Y ARTES DE LA COMUNICACIÓN “Produce 101 S2”: una empatía generada a partir del montaje audiovisual TESIS PARA OPTAR EL TÍTULO PROFESIONAL DE LICENCIADA EN COMUNICACIÓN AUDIOVISUAL AUTORA HILDA ZITHNEY COLLANTES MALPARTIDA ASESOR JUAN FERNANDO BOSSIO MONTES DE OCA Lima, julio, 2020 RESUMEN Ante la abrumadora presencia de reality shows en las parrillas televisivas, los recursos audiovisuales utilizados se van reinventando para captar una mayor atención del público. El montaje audiovisual se posiciona entre los más importantes a tomar en cuenta no solo por ser la herramienta que construye el discurso del producto audiovisual, sino que, además, es un recurso que logra generar estímulos emocionales en el espectador que contribuyen al éxito del programa. Es por ello que la presente investigación busca descubrir de qué manera la construcción del montaje en el programa “Produce 101” ha logrado generar en el espectador una empatía hacia los participantes del programa, factor sustancial para el desarrollo del nuevo tipo de reality show que la industria musical y televisiva de Corea del Sur ha presentado. Se recurre a conceptos que aborden al montaje tanto de manera operativa como psicológica, centrándose en las intenciones que posee el montajista para aproximarse al espectador. Se realizó un análisis de contenido sobre la estructura del montaje de los últimos cuatro episodios del programa y la realización de dos grupos focales que ayudan a ver la respuesta de los espectadores ante el análisis realizado. Finalmente, se pudo concluir que la construcción del montaje del programa “Produce 101 S2” recurre a una discontinuidad de la línea temporal utilizado para reforzar y recalcar momentos importantes y los efectos ocasionados por estos, logrando que el espectador se vincule tanto con la acción como con las reacciones presentadas y, por ende, con los participantes. Agradecimientos A mis padres, por su cariño incondicional, por todo el apoyo que me brindaron a lo largo de mis estudios, y por darme los mayores empujones para terminar la tesis a pesar de los peros, este logro es para ustedes. A Erick y Harumi, por ser mis personas de apoyo durante los mejores y peores momentos; a mi hermana, por ser mi persona incondicional y la mejor mano derecha; y a Mani manito, por quedarse a mi lado todas las madrugadas y darme los ánimos que necesitaba. A mi asesor, por aceptar guiarme durante todo este proceso; y al K-Pop, por darme los mejores años de mi adolescencia y permitirme conocer grandes amigos. ÍNDICE INTRODUCCIÓN ............................................................................................................................ i CAPITULO 1 PROBLEMA DE INVESTIGACIÓN .................................................................... 1 1.1 Planteamiento del tema, objetivos e hipótesis ........................................................................... 1 1.2 Justificación ............................................................................................................................. 3 CAPÍTULO 2 MARCO CONTEXTUAL ...................................................................................... 7 2.1 Sobre el programa de supervivencia “Produce 101”.................................................................. 9 2.1.1 “Produce 101: Season 2” ................................................................................................. 10 CAPÍTULO 3 MARCO TEÓRICO .............................................................................................. 15 3.1 Sobre el montaje audiovisual.................................................................................................. 16 3.1.1 ¿Qué es el montaje audiovisual? ...................................................................................... 16 3.1.2 Elementos del montaje y lenguaje audiovisual ................................................................. 19 3.1.2.1 Unidades del montaje ............................................................................................ 20 3.1.2.2 Encuadre: Ángulo, distancia, y movimiento de cámara. .......................................... 21 3.1.2.3 Corte y transiciones ............................................................................................... 24 3.1.3 Construcción del montaje audiovisual ............................................................................. 27 3.1.4 Clasificación del montaje audiovisual .............................................................................. 30 3.1.5 El montaje en la televisión............................................................................................... 32 3.2 La recepción televisiva del espectador .................................................................................... 35 3.2.1 ¿Quién es el espectador? ................................................................................................. 35 3.2.2 Dimensión emocional del espectador ............................................................................... 40 3.3 El reality show en el siglo XVI .............................................................................................. 49 3.3.1 El reality show en Corea del Sur ...................................................................................... 51 3.4 Fandom y las industrias de entretenimiento coreano ............................................................... 52 3.4.1 Fandom en el siglo 21 ..................................................................................................... 52 3.4.2 Fandom y Hallyu ............................................................................................................ 56 CAPÍTULO 4 DISEÑO METODOLÓGICO ............................................................................... 59 CAPÍTULO 5 ANÁLISIS DEL CASO “PRODUCE 101: S2”..................................................... 63 5.1 construcción de un montaje de percepción coherente en “Produce 101: S2” ............................ 65 5.1.1 Escenas de presentaciones ............................................................................................... 65 5.1.2 Escenas de recreación...................................................................................................... 75 5.1.3 Estructura temporal del episodio 8 ................................................................................... 86 5.2 El espectador fan de “Produce 101: S2” ................................................................................. 90 CONCLUSIONES ....................................................................................................................... 100 RECOMENDACIONES ............................................................................................................. 102 BIBLIOGRAFÍA ......................................................................................................................... 103 ANEXOS ...................................................................................................................................... 110 i INTRODUCCIÓN En las últimas décadas, la tecnología ha ido evolucionando de una manera abrumadora y un tanto transgresora dentro del desenvolvimiento de nuestras vidas, colocando a los medios de comunicación dentro del eje de las relaciones sociales. Este fenómeno ha afectado directamente a la forma en cómo estos medios se han presentado al espectador y su requerimiento por descubrir nuevos elementos para captar la atención de estos (Escudero & Gabelas, 2016). Así surge el reality show, un subgénero proveniente de la telerrealidad que logró consolidarse en los últimos tiempos como uno de los productos principales dentro de las parrillas televisivas gracias a las diversas temáticas que aborda (Escudero & Gabelas, 2016). Al ser un formato emitido por televisión, sus objetivos son un tanto más comerciales que los productos de la pantalla grande; aquí el rating será quien determine su éxito o fracaso dentro de la parrilla televisiva (Blua, 2011) por ende, existe una necesidad por parte de los realizadores en construir un relato que no solo cumpla con las expectativas y demandas de la audiencia, sino en buscar nuevas maneras de captar la atención del espectador y el tratamiento audiovisual es una rubro indispensable por aprovechar. Con el pasar de los años, los recursos audiovisuales (como la dirección de fotografía, la dirección de arte, el montaje, etc.) han ido evolucionando y estableciendo características específicas para cada relato audiovisual; sin embargo, el objetivo de cada uno de estos recursos, sigue siendo el mismo. El montaje es un recurso con gran relevancia dentro del proceso que conlleva la creación de un producto audiovisual, y es que es el que construye y moldea el conjunto de planos con el que se presenta el discurso final (Martin, 2002). Esta estructuración, realizada gracias a las habilidades del montajista, le proporciona al producto un sentido coherente que pueda ser ii decodificado por un espectador capaz de otorgarle un valor gracias a las reacciones y sentimientos que provoque el producto audiovisual en él. El montaje es, entonces, no solo un formador de una realidad coherente, sino también uno de los causantes principales de los estímulos emocionales surgidos en los espectadores. Considerando la importancia de estos estímulos emocionales que logra generar el montaje y la necesidad de la creación de productos llamativos para la audiencia televisiva, la presente tesis busca
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