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Of the Erfenis Dam Nature Reserve, South Africa Page 1 of 9 Original Research Ecology of the plant-dwelling spiders (Arachnida: Araneae) of the Erfenis Dam Nature Reserve, South Africa Authors: As part of the South African National Survey of Arachnida in the Grassland Biome, foliage- 1 René Fourie dwelling and grass-dwelling spiders (Arachnida: Araneae) were collected in the Erfenis Charles R. Haddad1 Anna S. Dippenaar-Schoeman2,3 Dam Nature Reserve in the central Free State Province from November 2005 to August 2007. Anel Grobler1 Foliage-dwelling spiders were collected from three common tree or shrub species (Acacia karroo, Searsia ciliata and Searsia lancea) and grass-dwellers from four contrasting grasslands Affiliations: 1Department of Zoology and (uniform Themeda triandra, mixed, weedy and woodland grasslands). From the grass layer, Entomology, University of the 1649 spiders were collected, representing 15 families and 82 species, whilst 496 tree-dwelling Free State, South Africa spiders were collected that represented 17 families and 52 species. There was some overlap 2Agricultural Research in the fauna of the two strata, resulting in a total of 108 species from 18 families being Council – Plant Protection collected. The Araneidae, Philodromidae, Salticidae and Thomisidae were consistently the Research Institute, most abundant in all grassland types and tree species, although Salticidae were scarce on Queenswood, South Africa A. karroo. Assemblage analysis indicates high similarity and overlap in the fauna of the four 3Department of Zoology and grassland types, suggesting that the structural complexity of grasslands has a limited effect Entomology, University of on species composition. In contrast, the foliage-dwelling assemblages were more distinct, Pretoria, South Africa with only some overlap between the faunas of S. ciliata and A. karroo, suggesting a stronger Correspondence to: vegetation structural effect in shaping arboreal spider assemblages. The isolation of trees Charles Haddad and shrubs within the extensive grassy habitat may contribute to the more unique fauna and Email: lower species richness of the woody vegetation. [email protected] Conservation implications: This study uncovered a rich diversity of plant-dwelling spiders Postal address: from central South Africa. Grassland faunas show considerable temporal variation and some PO Box 339, Bloemfontein variability in microhabitat preferences, and sampling protocols should take this into account 9300, South Africa when spiders are considered in management plans and biodiversity surveys in reserves and Dates: private land. Received: 18 Sept. 2012 Accepted: 29 Jan. 2013 Published: 09 Apr. 2013 Introduction How to cite this article: Fourie, R., Haddad, C.R., True grasslands were historically quite widespread throughout the southern parts of the African Dippenaar-Schoeman, A.S. continent (Bredenkamp, Spada & Kazmierczak 2002), but, at present, the Grassland Biome is largely & Grobler, A., 2013, ‘Ecology limited to the central plateau of South Africa, Lesotho and parts of Swaziland (Carbutt et al. 2011; of the plant-dwelling spiders (Arachnida: Araneae) of the Mucina & Rutherford 2006; Palmer & Ainslie 2005). The Grassland Biome covers approximately Erfenis Dam Nature Reserve, a quarter of South Africa’s land surface (Palmer & Ainslie 2005) and is considered to have an Koedoe South Africa’, 55(1), extremely high plant biodiversity, second only to that of the Fynbos Biome (Low & Rebelo 1996). Art. #1113, 9 pages. http:// dx.doi.org/10.4102/koedoe. A large proportion (approximately 40%) of the biome has been irreversibly transformed through v55i1.1113 agriculture, mining, urbanisation and industrialisation (Mentis & Huntley 1982; O’Connor & Note: Kuyler 2005) and, as such, the remaining grassland habitat is of great conservation value and Additional supporting can be considered highly irreplaceable (Egoh 2009). Only an estimated 2.04% – 2.80% of the information may be found grassland area is conserved (Carbutt et al. 2011; O’Connor & Kuyler 2005) and therefore effective in the online version of this article as an Online management and conservation of private land is critical to protect the highly endemic fauna and Appendix: http://dx.doi. flora of this biome (Wesselset al. 2003). Grasslands can be defined on the basis of a single-layered org/10.4102/koedoe. herbaceous plant community dominated by tufted graminoids (especially perennial Poaceae), v55i1.1113-1. with perennial forbs that appear annually, and the rarity of woody plants, which are usually Copyright: restricted to specific habitats that act as fire refugia, including drainage lines and rocky hilltops © 2013. The Authors. (Carbutt et al. 2011). Licensee: AOSIS OpenJournals. This work is licensed under the Regarding spider biodiversity, data in the National Collection of Arachnida database at the Creative Commons Agricultural Research Council – Plant Protection Research Institute, Pretoria, indicates that Attribution License. nearly 910 point localities have been sampled in the Grassland Biome, but only 27 of these have Read online: more than 100 specimen records (Foord, Dippenaar-Schoeman & Haddad 2011). This shows Scan this QR that large parts of the biome remain very poorly studied. Only as recently as three decades code with your smart phone or ago were the first ecological studies on spiders undertaken in the Grassland Biome, focusing mobile device on the ground-dwelling (Jansen et al. in press; Lotz, Seaman & Kok 1991; Van den Berg & to read online. Dippenaar-Schoeman 1991), termitophilous (Haddad & Dippenaar-Schoeman 2002, 2006), grass- http://www.koedoe.co.za doi:10.4102/koedoe.v55i1.1113 Page 2 of 9 Original Research dwelling (Dippenaar-Schoeman, Hamer & Haddad 2011; Foliage-dwelling spiders associated with woody plants Haddad 2005) and litter-dwelling assemblages (Butler & were collected from three different tree or shrub species: Haddad 2011). Consequently, there is considerable scope for the trees A. karroo (AK; 28°30.2′S, 26°47.5′E) and S. lancea (SL; research on spider biodiversity and ecological patterns in this 28°29.6′S, 26°47.6′E) and the low-growing shrub Searsia ciliata unique vegetation type. Licht. ex Schult (SC; 28°29.9′S, 26°48.5′E). Acacia karroo is widespread throughout South Africa, except for the Fynbos A project was initiated in September 2005 to determine the and Succulent Karoo Biomes, and is found in a variety of arachnofauna of the Erfenis Dam Nature Reserve, located habitats, from low-lying areas to the Highveld. This tree near Theunissen in the Free State Province of South Africa. species usually has a rounded crown, branching fairly low Initially, the primary focus of the study was to determine the down on the trunk. It is variable in shape and size, reaching impact of controlled burning on various faunal groups, which a maximum height of about 12 m where there is good water included arachnids, insects and small mammals. Whilst nearby. The leaves are finely textured and dark green, with the project was focused on the ground-dwelling fauna, the flowers that appear in early summer in a mass of yellow potential was later recognised to expand the project to the pompoms. The thorns are usually paired, with a greyish sampling of foliage-dwelling and grass-dwelling spiders to white colour and are long and straight (Van Wyk & from unburned areas as well. Thus, the aim of this study Van Wyk 1997; Venter & Joubert 1984). Searsia lancea is a was to determine the spider communities in four contrasting small to medium sized evergreen tree that usually grows to a grassland types and three common tree species in the reserve height of 7 m and a width of 7 m and is found throughout the over a 2-year period. This study also forms part of the South Free State. It is usually a single-stemmed, low branching tree African National Survey of Arachnida (SANSA) in the that has a dense, soft, round canopy with compound leaves, Grassland Biome. possessing three narrowly lanceolate (lance shaped) leaflets. The small, inconspicuous flowers are greenish-yellow in colour and are produced from June until September (i.e. Materials and methods winter to early spring). Searsia lancea occurs naturally in Study area and period Acacia woodland and along drainage lines, rivers and The Erfenis Dam Nature Reserve is located in the central streams (Van Wyk & Van Wyk 1997; Venter & Joubert 1984). part of the Free State Province, about 18 km south-east Searsia ciliata forms an evergreen, thorny, thin and crooked- of Theunissen. The dam that shares the same name as the stemmed shrub that is 2 m – 4 m tall. The leaves are also reserve is part of the Vet River system and extends over trifoliolate, with minute flowers that are yellow-green in 3800 ha when full, with the reserve comprising about 400 ha colour and insignificant. The fruits are drupes and are shiny of grassland surrounding the dam (Stuart & Stuart 1997). light to dark brown in colour. It is widespread in the central Sampling was carried out during the last week of every third drier parts of South Africa (Venter & Joubert 1984). month from November 2005 until August 2007, coinciding with the end of each of the four seasons of the year. Sampling methods Grass-dwelling spiders were collected using a standard Grass-dwelling spiders were collected from four contrasting sweep net with a diameter of 35 cm. A total of 250 sweeps, types of grasslands (abbreviations and generalised comprising five subsamples of 50 sweeps each, were coordinates given in parenthesis), which can be described as completed per grassland site during each sampling period. follows (plant classification follows Germishuizen et al. 2006). Foliage-dwelling spiders were collected from the three woody Uniform Themeda triandra Forssk. grassland (TG; 28°29.8′S, plant species by holding a sweep net beneath vegetation and 26°47.5′E) that consisted primarily of homogenous T. triandra, beating the same branch with a thick wooden stick three with small scattered patches of Eragrostis and Cymbopogon times per individual beat. A total of 100 beats, comprising grasses.
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