Band 2 Herausgegeben Von Willi Baer, Carmen Bitsch Und

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Band 2 Herausgegeben Von Willi Baer, Carmen Bitsch Und Bibliothek des Widerstands · Band 2 Herausgegeben von Willi Baer, Carmen Bitsch und Karl-Heinz Dellwo Angela Davis LAIKA-Verlag Inhalt Inhalt Willi Baer Die Bürgerrechtsbewegung in den USA von 1954 – 1964 ........11 Carmen Bitsch Angela Davis, Revolutionärin – eine kurze Biografie .............29 Carmen Bitsch George Jackson und die Soledad Brothers ...................35 George Jackson Briefe an Angela Davis ................................37 Solidaritätskomitee in den USA ...........................49 Solidaritätskomitee Deutschland – Kongress in Frankfurt, Einleitung . 54 Angela Davis „Nicht nur mein Sieg“; Rede am 11. September 1972, Berlin – Friedrichstadt-Palast.............................59 Angela Davis „Mein Herz wollte Freiheit“, Auszug aus ihrer Autobiografie 1974, ....67 Carmen Bitsch Antikommunismus in den USA ...........................73 5 Carmen Bitsch Rassismus in den USA ................................85 Carmen Bitsch Nachwort ........................................101 Die Herausgeber Aufruf: Freiheit für Ruchell C. Magee ......................107 Anmerkungen ......................................110 Literatur/Quellen....................................112 Filmografie ........................................114 Biografische Notizen .................................115 Inhalt DVD........................................120 6 September 1957 in Little Rock, Arkansas (USA) Die 15jährige Elizabeth Eckford, eine von den „Little Rock Nine“, den ersten 9 far- bigen Schülern an der örtlichen High School, erntet den Hass weisser Mütter, die ihren Anspruch auf Schulbesuch der Oberschule als unerträglich empfinden. Um diesen Schulbesuch durchzusetzen, musste die 101. US-Luftlandedivision einrücken. Willi Baer Die Bürgerrechtsbewegung in den USA 1954 – 1964 Notizen aus dem Musterland der Demokratie ie Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika, gemeinhin als Land der un- begrenzten Möglichkeiten bezeichnet, ist real ein Land der un- begrenzten Zumutbarkeiten. Trotz gesetzlicher Gleichstellung sind die USA auch heute noch, was ihre ethnischen Minderhei- ten betrifft, ein Apartheidstaat. Ob die indianische Urbevölke- rung,D Schwarze, Puertorikaner, Chicanos – sie alle leben in einem Land, das ihnen bis heute, trotz eines farbigen Präsidenten, noch immer elementare soziale und bür- gerliche Rechte vorenthält. Die folgenden Notizen sind ein kleiner Ausschnitt des- sen, was bis Mitte des vergangenen Jahrhunderts zum amerikanischen Alltag ge- hörte. Mai 1954 – Der amerikanische Supreme Court entscheidet in der Klage Brown vs. Board Der oberste Gerichtshof, unter seinem Vorsitzenden Richter Earl Warren, ver- kündet seine Entscheidung im Fall Brown gegen den Vorstand der Schulbehörde von Topeka, Kansas, am 17. Mai 1954. Das Urteil erklärte die Rassentrennung in Schulen für verfassungswidrig. Einstimmig bezeichneten die Richter rassisch getrennte Schulen als „ungleich“ im Sinne der Verfassung, selbst wenn die Schulen für farbige Schüler vergleich- bare Ausstattung und Lehrangebote bereitstellen sollten. Alleine die ethnische 11 Angela Davis, Revolutionärin Trennung vermittle den farbigen Schülern ein Gefühl der Minderwertigkeit und verstoße damit gegen das gesetzliche Gleichheitsgebot. So wichtig die Ent- scheidung des Supreme Courts auch war, bis heute gibt es in den USA diese ge- forderte Gleichheit nicht. Sowohl in den Südstaaten der USA als auch im Norden besteht bis heute eine Form rassischer Trennung was Schulausbildung und Berufswahl betrifft. Indem das amerikanische Establishment die Schulbezirke entsprechend ethnischer Wohnbezirke neu ordnete, wurde das Apartheidsystem modifiziert, jedoch nicht aufgehoben. Da die einzelnen Schulbezirke über die Aufnahme ihrer Schüler entschieden, fiel es den weißen Bezirken leicht, etwaige schwarze Be- werber aus anderen Wohnbezirken mit dem Hinweis auf bereits ausgeschöpfte Klassenkapazitäten abzulehnen. Die wesentlich geringere finanzielle Ausstattung der Schulen in den schwarzen Bezirken, überfüllte Klassen und weitaus weni- ger Lehrpersonal tat ein Übriges, um die Rassentrennung de facto zu perpetu- ieren. August 1955 – Der Mord an Emmet Till Emmet Louis Till, geboren am 25. Juli 1941 in Chicago, wurde von seinem On- kel Moses Wright zu einem Besuch nach Mississippi eingeladen. Der schmäch- tige 14jährige, behindert durch eine frühkindliche Polioerkrankung, genoss die Ferien auf dem Land. Der kleine Ort Money in Tallahatchie County lag im Zen- trum des so genannten Klan-Gebiets. Um den 20. August fuhr Emmet mit sei- nen Cousins in den Ort, um im Grocery Store des weißen Ehepaars Roy und Ca- rolyn Bryant Süßigkeiten und Limonade zu kaufen. Carolyn (21), ehemalige High-School-Beautyqueen, war alleine im Laden. Die Jungen erledigten ihren Einkauf, zahlten und verließen den Laden nach wenigen Minuten. Emmet, nicht vertraut mit den Umgangsformen des rassistischen Südens, verabschiedete sich mit der Bemerkung „Bye, babe“ – in Chicago eine allgemeine Floskel, in Mis- sissippi eine unverzeihliche Provokation nach Ansicht der bigotten Weißen. Emmets Cousins verließen in Panik den Ort , Emmet bat sie inständig dem Onkel kein Wort zu sagen. Die nächsten Tage verliefen ohne Zwischenfall, der Besuch im Dorfladen war fast vergessen. In den frühen Morgenstunden des 28. August 1955 jedoch klopfte es an der Tür des Predigers Moses Wright. Roy Bry- ant und sein Halbbruder John Milam stießen den überraschten Moses zur Seite, stürmten ins Haus und verlangten den „jungen Nigger aus Chicago“. 12 Willi Bear · Die Bürgerrechtsbewegung in den USA1954 - 1964 Moses versuchte zu schlichten, erklärte den Eindringligen sein Neffe sei mit Sitten und Gebräuchen in Mississippi nicht vertraut; Moses Frau Elisabeth bot ihnen Geld als Wiedergutmachung an – vergeblich. Roy und sein Halbbru- der schlugen das Ehepaar mit Gewehrkolben nieder und schleppten Emmet nach draußen, schlugen auf ihn ein, warfen ihn auf die Ladefläche eines Pick-up Trucks und verschwanden. Im Wagen saß Bryans Frau Carolyn. Drei Tage später fand man Emmets Leiche am Ufer des Tallahatchie Rivers. Am Hals des Jungen war mit Stacheldraht ein 30 Kilo schwerer alter Ventilator befestigt, eine Auge fehlte, der Körper mit Wunden übersät, auf der rechten Schädelseite das Einschussloch eines aufgesetzten Schusses. Die Obduktion ergab, dass Emmet trotz seiner Verletzungen noch am Leben war, als man ihn in den Fluss warf. Er war er- trunken. Emmets Mutter ließ den Leichnam ihres Sohne nach Chicago überführen. Mehr als 50.000 Menschen nahmen an der Trauerfeier für Emmet Till teil. Seine Mör- der wurden wenig später verhaftet und angeklagt. Ein Reporter der „New York Times“ beschrieb die Szenen im Gerichtssaal der Stadt Sumner: „Im Zuschauerraum wurde geplaudert, gelacht, auf den für Weiße re- servierten Plätzen wurden wahre Picknicks veranstaltet. Die Angeklagten saßen bei ihren Familien und amüsierten sich bei der Verlesung der Anklage.“ Sowohl Roy Bryant als auch John Milan gestanden die Tat. Nach nur fünf Ver- handlungstagen und einer einstündigen Jury-Beratung fiel das Urteil: „Nicht schul- dig“! Zeugen der Anklage waren entweder spurlos verschwunden oder wurden mit Lynchjustiz bedroht, die wenigen Zeugen, die aussagten, mussten um ihr Leben fürchten. Sowohl das Tatgeständnis als auch die Zeugenaussagen und erdrückenden Indizien änderten nichts am Urteilsspruch der weißen Jury. Die beiden Angeklag- ten verließen das Gericht als freie Männer und verkauften wenige Monate später ihre Geschichte samt Geständnis für 4.000 Dollar an das Look Magazine. Dezember 1955/ 1956 – Rosa Parks und der Montgomery Bus Boykott Die Geschichte von Rosa Parks ist legendär in den Annalen der amerikanischen Bürgerrechtsbewegung. Rosa, geboren am 4. Februar 1913 in Tuskegee (Ala- bama), arbeitete als Sekretärin für die Wahlrechtsbewegung der afroamerikani- schen Bevölkerung (NAACP) in Montgomery. Am 1. Dezember 1955 bestieg sie einen Bus und nahm im mittleren Teil Platz. Dieser mittlere Abschnitt durfte im Gegensatz zum vorderen Teil auch von Far- bigen benutzt werden, jedoch nur so lange wie kein Weißer Platz nahm. In die- 13 Angela Davis, Revolutionärin sem Fall musste die komplette Sitzreihe geräumt werden, um die Rassentrennung aufrechtzuerhalten. Genau dies passierte an jenem Tag. Obwohl im vorderen – für Weiße reservierten – Teil noch Sitze frei waren, verlangte ein weißer Passa- gier von ihr die Räumung der gesamten Sitzreihe. Die 42jährige Rosa Parks wei- gerte sich. Busfahrer Blake verständigte daraufhin die Polizei. Rosa Parks wurde verhaftet, wegen Störung der „öffentlichen Ruhe“ angeklagt und verurteilt. Ihre Festnahme löste innerhalb weniger Tage einen landesweiten Busboykott aus. Un- ter Führung von Martin Luther King boykottierte die schwarze Bevölkerung die gesamten öffentlichen Verkehrsmittel. Die Aktion dauerte fast ein Jahr – bis zum 13. November 1956. An diesem Tag entschied das US-Bundesgericht, dass Rassentrennung in öffentlichen Ver- kehrsmitteln in Alabama gegen die Verfassung verstoße. Oktober 1957 – Central High School, Little Rock, Arkansas Entsprechend der Entscheidung des Bundesgerichts wurden auch in Little Rock Vorbereitungen zur Aufhebung der Rassentrennung an den Schulen getroffen. Ab September 1957 sollte auch an der Central High School integrierter Unter- richt beginnen. Als neun schwarze Schüler zum Unterricht erschienen, trafen sie vor der Schule auf eine Versammlung aggressiver weißer Bürger aller sozialen Schichten, die ihnen drohten und den Eingang blockierten. Der Gouverneur von Arkansas, Orval Faubus, ließ sogar die Nationalgarde aufmarschieren,
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