s m te ys S le e ab su l CableC Is Systems na ry io sa it er ad iversaryiv Issue -tr n n An No h & 4t e – 4th Ann ns fe DDefensee & Non-traditiona Issue 23 November 2005 1 Submarine Telecoms Forum is published bi-monthly by WFN Strategies, L.L.C. The publication may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form, in whole or in part, without the Exordium permission of the publishers. NNovember’sovember’s iissuessue marksmarks ourour fourthfourth anniversaryanniversary inin publishingpublishing SubmarineSubmarine TelecomsTelecoms Forum,Forum, andand thoughthough tthngshngs stillstill aaren’tren’t asas rosyrosy asas theythey werewere inin thethe “build“build itit andand theythey willwill come”come” era,era, nornor willwill theythey probablyprobably everever Submarine Telecoms Forum is an independent com- bbee – thingsthings areare stillstill ccertainlyertainly muchmuch improved.improved. mercial publication, serving as a freely accessible forum for professionals in industries connected with submarine optical TThehe ffewew principlesprinciples wewe establishedestablished inin thethe beginning,beginning, wewe continuecontinue toto holdhold dear.dear. WeWe promisedpromised then,then, andand fi bre technologies and techniques. ccontinueontinue toto promisepromise you,you, ourour readers:readers: Liability: while every care is taken in preparation of this 11.. TThathat wwee wwillill pproviderovide a wwideide rrangeange ooff iideasdeas aandnd iissues;ssues; publication, the publishers cannot be held responsible for the 22.That.That wwee wwillill sseekeek ttoo iincite,ncite, entertainentertain andand provokeprovoke inin a positivepositive manner.manner. accuracy of the information herein, or any errors which may occur in advertising or editorial content, or any consequence IInn thethe lastlast year,year, wewe continuedcontinued specispecifi c monthlymonthly tthemes.hemes. ThisThis issue,issue, ourour DefenseDefense & Non-traditionalNon-traditional CableCable arising from any errors or omissions. SSystemsystems edition,edition, providesprovides somesome excellentexcellent insightinsight intointo thisthis complimentary,complimentary, tangentialtangential submarinesubmarine cablecable mmarket.arket. The publisher cannot be held responsible for any views expressed by contributors, and the editor reserves the right WWee rrevealeveal responsesresponses toto thethe recentrecent STFSTF / SubOpticSubOptic Questionnaire,Questionnaire, andand inin ExecutiveExecutive Forum,Forum, NATO’sNATO’s to edit any advertising or editorial material submitted for SSecretaryecretary GeneralGeneral describesdescribes thatthat organization’sorganization’s futurefuture rolerole inin worldworld hothot spots.spots. KurtKurt RudermanRuderman discussesdiscusses publication. tthehe scientiscientifi c cablescables market,market, whilewhile SteveSteve LentzLentz andand AntoineAntoine LecroartLecroart explainexplain thethe upcomingupcoming NEPTUNENEPTUNE ssubseaubsea cablecable project.project. JohnJohn HibbardHibbard iinvitesnvites industryindustry participationparticipation atat thethe upcomingupcoming PTCPTC 22006.006. GGeoffeoff © WFN Strategies L.L.C., 2005 BBallall ddescribesescribes thethe deploymentdeployment ofof ccabled,abled, iinlinenline ssensors,ensors, whilewhile thethe VENUSVENUS projectproject isis revealed.revealed. WeWe beginbegin tthehe multi-partmulti-part sserializationerialization bbyy BBobob BBannonannon aandnd DDougoug BBurnetturnett ooff tterrorismerrorism aandnd ccableable iinfrastructurenfrastructure Contributions are welcomed. Please forward to the cconcerns.oncerns. RobRob MunierMunier suggestssuggests thatthat cost,cost, notnot technologytechnology pushespushes projects.projects. JeanJean DevosDevos returnsreturns withwith hishis Managing Editor: Wayne F. Nielsen, WFN Strategies, eever-insightfulver-insightful observations,observations, andand ofof ccourse,ourse, ourour everever popularpopular “where“where inin thethe worldworld areare allall thosethose peskypesky 19471 Youngs Cliff Road, Suite 100, Potomac Falls, ccableships”ableships” isis includedincluded asas well.well. Virginia 20165, USA. SSTFTF isis notnot a pperfecterfect medium,medium, andand wewe havehave surelysurely mademade ourour shareshare ofof mistakes,mistakes, butbut wewe continuecontinue toto hopehope Tel: +[1] 703 444-2527, Fax:+[1] 703 444-3047. tthathat iinn tthehe llongong rrunun wewe havehave helpedhelped ourour industryindustry inin somesome smallsmall way.way. Email: [email protected]

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3 Advertisers ContentsIssue No 23 NewsNow 5-7 ICPC Call for Papers 11 November 2005 STF/SubOptic Questionnaire Response 10-11 Global Marine 37 Executive Forum: A view of the Industry NATO SecGen Gwen 12 Great Eastern Group 4 Lloyd’s Register 3 Scientifi c/Astronomy Cables Kurt Ruderman 15-17 Nexans 9 Cable Infrastructure Defence Against Terrorists Bannon/Burrnett 18-21 OES 42 Mars with Alcatel Article with Inset Steve Lentz 24-27 STF Advertising 8 PTC article Article Inset John Hibbard 28 STF Reprints 30 Deployment of Cabled, Incline Sensors, 3.5 tons in weight Geoff Ball 32 Tyco Telecommunications 4,6 GMSL- Project Venus 35 WFN Strategies 31 Mobius Group 20 Back Seat Driver Rob Munier 38 PTC 23 Homeland Security Tech Workshop Robert Bannon and Doug Burnett 40 Letter to a Friend Jean Devos 52 The Cableships 43 Diary 53

4 FibraLink Jamaica Cable Laying to Begin in november FibraLink Jamaica has announced that the installation of its new submarine cable system linking Jamaica to Dominican Republic. In Dominican Republic, FibraLink interconnects with ARCOS-1 for transit to Florida. A synopsis of current news items from NewsNow, the weekly news feed available on the A synopsis of current news items from NewsNow, the weekly news feed available on the www.subtelforum.com/NewsNow/9_october_2005 SubmarineSubmarine Telecoms Telecoms Forum website.website. FUGRO PELAGOS, INC AWARDED 3-YEAR USACE IDIQ CONTRACT Fugro Pelagos, Inc. (FPI) has successfully negotiated a contract with the United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), Mobile District Alcatel to Supply Submarine Research Network to provide Surveying and Mapping Services in support of the Joint Alcatel has announced that it has signed a contract valued CTCat approxi- Acquires ROV Airborne LIDAR Bathymetry Technical Center of Expertise (JALBTCX) mately US 33 million dollars with the University of Victoria, Canada, to Regional Coastal Mapping and Charting Program, as well as other deploy an advanced submarine cable and data network for educationalCTC Marine Projects’ associate company, European ContractUSACE Hire programs. and oceanic research activities. (ECH) has placed a contract with SMD Hydrovision for a 125hp, 2000m, work class ROV system, with an option for 3 more www.subtelforum.com/NewsNow/18_september_2005 www.subtelforum.com/NewsNow/7_november_2005 www.subtelforum.com/NewsNow/7_november_2005 Global Marine and NSW team win Caribbean con- Dubai Holding Buys Share of Interoute Asia Netcom Prepares to Land EAC in Qingdao tract Asia Netcom has announced that it will dramatically improveInteroute, connectiv- owner and operator of what it says is Europe’s most densely connected voice and data network, has announced that it has secured ity options and network performance for Korean companies looking NSW (Norddeutsche Seekabelwerke), a world leader in the fi eld of a new strategic partner, Tecom, a United Arab Emirates telecom to link up their Chinese offices and manufacturing facilities with the repeaterless fi ber-optic submarine cable systems, has signed its fi rst operator and member of Dubai Holding. landing of its region-wide cable system, EAC, in the northern city of contract with Global Marine Systems Limited (Global Marine), which Qingdao. will cover the marine installation and support of the Grand Bahama www.subtelforum.com/NewsNow/7_november_2005 to Bimini submarine network. www.subtelforum.com/NewsNow/7_november_2005 www.subtelforum.com/NewsNow/18_september_2005 Energis Architects Flexible and Multi-Service Back- Avanex Announces Supply Agreement with Alcatel Global Marine Completes Acquisition of SBSS Share- Avanex Corporation has announced that it would enter intobone a supply Network with Xtera’s Nu-Wave agreement with Alcatel to be in effect from October 2005 through Energis has selected Xtera Communications, Inc. as the multi-reachholding October 2007. DWDM supplier for their next generation backbone networkGlobal in Marinethe Systems Limited announced the completion of its United Kingdom. acquisition of the shareholding in S.B Submarine Systems from Global www.subtelforum.com/NewsNow/16_october_2005 Crossing. www.subtelforum.com/NewsNow/18_september_2005 www.subtelforum.com/NewsNow/18_september_2005 International was awarded a National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) contract to design and build a new scientific Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) for NOAA’s Office of Ocean Ex- ploration.

www.subtelforum.com/NewsNow/16_october_2005

NEC Corporation (NEC) has announced that it has signed a turnkey contract with Sri Lanka Telecom (SLT) and Bharat SancharRussian Nigam Carrier Picks Nortel for Network Upgrade Limited (BSNL) in India for the supply of the Bharat LankaVimpelCom, Cable one of Russia’s largest mobile communications operators, System. has selected Nortel as the equipment supplier for its next generation optical networks to support its wireless services. www.subtelforum.com/NewsNow/23_october_2005 India-Sri Lanka Cable Announced www.subtelforum.com/NewsNow/2_october_2005 Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL) of India and NewSri LankaWorld Completes Sale, Announces Expansion Telecom (SLT) have signed a Construction and MaintenanceNew World Network, the principal owner of the America’s Region Agreement (C&MA) to build the Bharat-Lanka optical fi ber Caribbeansubmarine Optical-ring System (ARCOS), has announcedStolt itLeasing has Cable Ship from Elettra cable between India and Sri Lanka. completed the previously announced sale of the company toStolt Columbus Offshore S.A. has announced that it had entered into an Communications Inc., and named Paul W. Scott as its new president www.subtelforum.com/NewsNow/18_september_2005 agreement with Elettra TLC SpA to charter the cable ship Pertinacia and chief operating officer. for a fi rm period of 6 years from January 2007, plus an additional three-year option. KPN Picks Vendors for MPLS Network www.subtelforum.com/NewsNow/18_september_2005 www.subtelforum.com/NewsNow/9_october_2005 Lucent Technologies and Juniper Networks, Inc. have announced a contract with Dutch telecom operator KPN to deploy the nextOregon-California part of Power Cable Under Considera- KPN’s Internet Protocol (IP)/Multi Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) Teleglobe to Create Virtual POP in New York for core network. tion Polish Carrier www.subtelforum.com/NewsNow/2_october_2005 Pacifi c Gas and Electric Company and Sea Breeze PacifiTeleglobe c West International Holdings Ltd. has announced an agreement Coast Cable, LP, have agreed to study the possible developmentwith Poland’s Exatel to create a virtual point of presence for the of an undersea electric transmission line that would enhancecompany power in New York, using its Correspondent International Private Maldives-Sri Lanka Cable Announced supplies in northern California by connecting the region withLine sources (IPL) service. of low-cost and renewable electricity in the Pacifi c Northwest. Dhiraagu has announced the signing of a Memorandum of www.subtelforum.com/NewsNow/9_october_2005 Understanding with Sri Lanka Telecom for the implementationwww.subtelforum.com/NewsNow/7_november_2005 of an optical fi ber submarine cable between Maldives and Sri Lanka. www.subtelforum.com/NewsNow/25_september_2005 Tricom Presents on VN-HK Cable Phoenix to Build Science ROV For NOAA Phoenix Mr. Peter Landgren, CEO of Tricom Asia Limited, presented on the NEC Wins Contract for Submarine Cable System to planned VN-HK Cable System. Bridge India, Sri Lanka www.subtelforum.com/NewsNow/2_october_2005

6 WFN Strategies Certified with SBA 8(a) Status WFN Strategies, a provider of telecoms engineering and marine procurement services, has been certifi ed as a Participant in the 8(a) Business Development Program by the US Small Business Administration.

www.subtelforum.com/NewsNow/20_december_2005

Tyco Awarded EAC Maintenance Contract Tyco Telecommunications’ Transoceanic Cable Ship China Netcom May Sell Stake in Asia Netcom Tyco Telecommunications, a leading supplier of underseaCompany fi ber optic Awarded Two Year Contract Extension According to the South China Morning Post, China Netcom is networks and marine services, today introduced its SEAHORSETransoceanic Cable Ship Company, Inc. (TCSC), a subsidiary of Tyco Asia Pacifi c marine maintenance service. considering selling its submarine cable operation Asia Netcom. Telecommunications (US) Inc. and a premier undersea Potentialcable and buyers include Telefonica, which recently acquired a marine services ship operator, announced the signing of strategica two-year stake in China Netcom. www.subtelforum.com/NewsNow/16_october_2005 contract extension with the 48 member companies that comprise the consortium of the Atlantic Cable Maintenance and Repair Agreement (ACMA). www.subtelforum.com/NewsNow/13_november_2005 Tyco Telecommunications Introduces New Gen- eration of Dense-WDM Submarine Line Terminating www.subtelforum.com/NewsNow/25_september_2005 WV Fiber Picks Hibernia Atlantic for Connection to LINX Equipment Network services provider WV Fiber has selected Hibernia Vodafone Buys Share of Bharti Tele-Ventures Atlantic’s trans-Atlantic transport network to provide two OC-48 Tyco Telecommunications recently introduced its breakthroughThe world’s leading mobile telecommunications company,level Vodafone services from New York to London to directly connect with next generation of Submarine Line Terminating EquipmentGroup (SLTE). Plc, has secured around 10% interest in Bharti Tele-VenturesLINX, one of Europe’s largest network exchange points. Named G3 SLTE (third generation of 10 Gb/s product), Ltd.it is (BTVL),unlike India’s largest private sector telecom company. its predecessors, which were targeted mainly at the long-haul submarine cable networks market. www.subtelforum.com/NewsNow/7_november_2005 www.subtelforum.com/NewsNow/13_november_2005 www.subtelforum.com/NewsNow/7_november_2005

Second Maldives Cable Under Consideration Xtera Wins Contract for FLAG Atlantic Upgrade Xtera, a developer of optical transport solutions, has announced The Maldives have not been in the news very often in regards to that FLAG Telecom is purchasing additional Nu-Wave multi-reach submarine cables, but now the small island chain off the coast of DWDM equipment to respond to a 500-percent increase in orders India has not one, but two separate plans for submarine cables. for wavelength capacity on FLAG Atlantic-1 (FA-1), a multi-terabit/s optical submarine cable. www.subtelforum.com/NewsNow/13_november_2005 www.subtelforum.com/NewsNow/7_november_2005

7 ince 2001, Submarine Telecoms Website Banners Forum has been the platform for Post your web linked banner to the home Sdiscourse on sub marine telecom page, as well as News-Now sections of the cable and network operations. Industry Submarine Telecoms Forum website, where professionals provide editorial content some 5000+ readers can come as often as from their own niche and focus. every week to view the latest news feed, or Each bi-monthly edition includes our bi-monthly magazine. commentary and information on system and service provision, and issues critical Rates US$ 3 Months 6 Months 12 Months to the industry. Home Page 540 900 1,440

NEWS-NOW PAGE 810 1,350 2,160 Advertising Rates Both 1,216 2,026 3,240 Magazine pages Rates US$ 1x 2x 3x 4x 5x 6x Feature Section Sponsorship Page 1613 1564 1516 1468 1419 1371 Available at full-page advertisement rate, section sponsors 2/3 page 1189 1154 1118 1082 1047 1011 are identifi ed with a banner (link) at the beginning and end 1/3 page 768 744 721 698 675 652 of the featured section. All advertising rates as at December 2003.

Advertising enquiries Tel: [+1] (281) 531 7417 Fax: [+1] (281) 531 7456 [email protected] Submarine TelecomsFORUM 500 m

At submarine depths, goes deeper

Nexans was the first For further information, contact: Nexans Norway AS Telecom: P.O Box 6450 Etterstad, to manufacture and Vegard Larsen N-0605, Oslo Norway install 384 fiber Tel: + 47 22 88 62 21 Tel: + 47 22 88 61 00 submarine cable.Nexans E-mail: vegard-briggar. Fax: + 47 22 88 61 01 has qualified and [email protected] US Contact: installed their URC-1 Oil & Gas: Les Valentine Jon Seip Tel. +1 281 578 6900 cable family for fiber Tel: +47 22 88 66 22 Fax: +1 281 578 6991 counts up to 384 fibers. E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]

1500 m exans Global expert in cables and cabling systems Submarine Telecoms Industry Survey 4 How would you rate the content of News-Now and the 8 What would you like SubOptic 2007 to discuss STF website? relevant to marine services? Many thanks to those who found the time to respond Excellent to our industry survey cosponsored by SubOptic 2007. Comment: Good Congratulations to Fabian Vergara of Telecom Colombia, New cable build trends Satisfactory our lucky respondent winner of the 2005 CD edition of Matching supply with demand, i.e., no cable Unsatisfactory STF’s International Submarine Cable Systems Map. Ships vs projects Poor Maintenance market 5 Would you like to see any particular changes in reationalization of cable maintenance 1 Which best describes you? Submarine Telecoms Forum or News-Now, or other Environmental trends pertaining to installation website informational services? New recovery procedures Academic Realistic timing and prices Engr/Project Mgmt Yes

Management No 9 Is there a specifi c topic you would like to see Marketing addressed? A particular session? A particular speaker? Other 6 If you attended SubOptic 2004, what aspect of the conference was most benefi cial? Comment: 2 What best describes your business? Bandwidth pricing Comments: Financial Cable Owner

System Integrator Variety of content Developing better relationships between cable industry and

Cable Installer/Maintainer Quality of participation fi shing industry

Marine Surveyor Networking opportunities International politics about submarine cables out of service

Other Connecting with people (pollution submarine) New technologies and their commmercial impact 7 Would a conference session on trends in the user Future state of the art improvements 3 How would you rate the content of Submarine community be of interest to you? Edward Tian, CEO of China Netcom Telecoms Forum magazine? Yes Excellent No Good

Satisfactory

Unsatisfactory Poor Submarine Telecoms FORUM

10 Comment: 10 What would you fi nd the most stimulating and Much smaller budgets relevant topic to be discussed at a SubOptic 2007 Less customized consulting work CALL Roundtable? From CEO to Advisor Now serious about doing something Comment: Higher bandwidth requirements Will there be any new contruction in the Atlantic? Move away from leasing FOR Does bandwidth at local loop impact submarine cable Cost control & management demand and how? Capacity increases from voice services to data services, A group of people not parroting the company line such as internet transport Current state of the cable industry PAPERS

New services supported for present and future systems and 15 How has the type of project you handle changed The International Cable Protection Committee (ICPC) is holding its next Plenary meeting in technologies over the last three years? Vancouver from 16-18 May 2006 inclusive.

The theme of this Plenary will be: 11 Are business conditions improving or getting Projects have often been linked to refi nancing Submarine Cables: Diverse Applications / worse? Interest in regional markets greater Common Goals Smaller Presentations that address the following topics Yes More optimization and less “build and they will come” are invited: No · Regulatory Requirements in a Repair More capacity for less cost Emergency No change · Environmental Interaction 12 Are you optimistic or pessimistic about the future? · Legal & Regulatory 16 In your opinion, what does the industry most need? · Cable Protection Yes · Evolving Uses No Stability Worldwide investment in access infrastructure Abstracts must be submitted via email to 13 Does your current business performance indicate [email protected] no later than 28 February Entrepreneurship, capital and competition that we are still in a recession? 2006. For more information about this Call for Decision making Papers and opportunities for exhibitors please Bandwidth heavy applications to use up capacity Yes visit the ICPC’s website at www.iscpc.org Reduce the costs No

14 How have client requirements changed over the last three years?

11 Reprinted with the kind permission of Defence International Magazine Behind all this there is the mantra that for African problems you should seek African solutions – this is a test case for the AU. It is not up to NATO to take on a bigger role, unless the AU asks for it, GW: We are now in the situation where NATO is in Sudan, a and that would have to be put on the table and I don’t know what EXECUTIVEscenario that would have been unthinkable five years ago. It the reaction would be in this building. That is an “if”; it is a virtual is a dynamic situation there at the moment; while the African rather than real scenario at the moment. Union (AU) troops are being flown in, the killing would seem to GW: How do the new NATO nations fit into Darfur? All the have stopped mainly because most of the villages have been nations that you have mentioned have been “old” NATO using destroyed. With both NATO and the US performing airlift, how FORUM key enablers such as airlift, but the new nations lack these does NATO fit into the whole force mix? sorts of resources. HdS: NATO – and by this I don’t just mean the US; it includes HdS: There is, in the whole NATO transformational process, the many other allies as well – are working to a time schedule decided conversation about what are called the critical enablers. The by the African Union. The moment that the battalions are ready, comparison with other missions is a valid one, as part of the critical Jaap de Hoop Scheffer, a number of allies – Brits, Americans and Dutch – will fly in the enabler discussion always involves strategic and tactical lift. The different battalions (eight in total) of the AU. The Nigerians went in modern military may ask if there is a difference between strategic first in Nigerian aircraft funded by the UK, and Americans are in the NATO Secretary and tactical, so I just define them as strategic being over longer process of flying them in now. Between now and an unspecified distances and tactical as in-theatre. When you bring it down to number of weeks the eight battalions bringing the force up to General, talks to Gwyn basics, this becomes “how many C17s does NATO have and how strength will be brought in. The larger part of the airlift is being many C130s and C160s?” The new NATO allies, and you cannot done by NATO, although a few are happening under the EU blame them for this, are not in a position, yet, to participate fully Winfi eld of Defense banner – but we shouldn’t be parochial and get into theology. I am when you talk about heavy lifting into Darfur. This does not mean interested in the practical support. International about the that they don’t participate, as they have given political support to The second part is a UN sponsored MapEX, a map exercise where this operation. we have NATO people participating in Darfur. The third element developing role of NATO You are right in saying that, for example with my countrymen, leadership training of the AU, which is taking place as we speak in how can the Dutch participate? Not because they have C17s, but Nairobi where the AU has a centre of excellence – created with UK because they have two DC10 tankers which they can rearrange support. for troop transports. Why do the Americans participate? Well, they GW: It is so much activity but there are problems, for example have C17s! with the AU rules of engagement – they can do very little and I have come out before and will do so again on the debate about are not organised. It is a case of closing the stable door after transformation: NATO should own more critical enablers, perhaps the horse has bolted; tens of thousands of people have been on the basis of AWACs, on which nations can draw (and you can driven out already, so whatever you do the end result will not devise a system to do this). It is part of the common funding debate be very impressive. Couldn’t NATO do more? and they should be commonly funded. It is obvious that if the AU HdS: I would answer yes, but as things stand NATO cannot and comes and says, “NATO, can you lift battalions into Darfur?” you will not do more. It would mean a completely different situation and can do two things. Firstly you can call on the nations that have approach. There is no possibility of doing anything greater because strategic lift. Only the US and the UK own C17s, and I consider the Security Council because it is deadlocked on Darfur. I have not the C17 the standard strategic transporter, as the C5 is much been there, but what I heard from the AU is that where they are too big. Secondly, you can call on nations that have C130’s and they are doing a good job. But the AU cannot do everything given equivalents. These are key for NATO’s transformation process their mandate and rules of engagement, but that does not mean – the airlift, sealift and air-to-air refuelling. I don’t want to make a that NATO can do more. We are doing what we have been asked distinction between old and new NATO allies, as the new NATO to do by the AU.

12 allies participate as much as they can – perhaps we might even the advantages in this fourth generation conflict? What supplier of forces. If we were not involved in the political process, see Ukraine coming in, not as an Ally but as a partner, because counter-terrorist work are you doing on the domestic level? then public opinion would quickly erode. We are very much Ukraine have the Antonovs. involved in the political process, be it in Afghanistan or Kosovo HdS: Discussions have started – they started during my national – perhaps we are not playing the first violin, but NATO is following GW: This takes us back to the fact that many of NATO’s key career – about the blurring of the lines between external and the process and taking an active part. While there is no out of area enablers are held by the US, and with so many of the US’ internal security. That has a number of consequences as far discussion as such, the demands on NATO will remain high in assets tied down in Iraq it makes it difficult to operate without as national policies in NATO allied capitals are concerned the immediate to medium term future. In spite of this, NATO does them. We are in a quiet period, in terms of warfighting, and – Washington, London, De Haag, etc. NATO is not responsible for not have the ambition because of a lack of financial and military if we were ever called into a hotter environment without the internal security in London – there is no direct NATO relationship. If means, to be the gendarmerie de monde or a NATO Globocop. Americans there would be a capability gaps that couldn’t be you look at a set of practical measures, the ones that were decided filled by the Europeans – CSAR, SEAD, etc. in Istanbul last year, then they range from such things as protecting The notion that there could have been a NATO footprint in Africa! If we had sat here a year ago and discussed it, albeit our role is HdS: Let me focus on the enablers. We are not doing badly. wide bodied aircraft from Manpads, CBRN protection – we have presently in logistics support, I would have said that that was a We have been able, in a short time, to be able to come up with a CBRN battalion that has made the step from military to civil faraway notion – but it is not. So who can predict what will happen the critical enablers. As usual it is the US that has been able to protection during the Athens Olympics – we’ve provided AWACS in the future. Let’s be fair and honest: I look at NATO’s inventory participate in an important way with this Darfur effort, but we have for high visibility events like the funeral of the pope and Euro 2004 regularly – when we had difficulty filling gaps in AF, for example a number of other allies. The Greeks, for instance, could operate in Portugal – and we are busy with force protection. We are very – and let no ally come to me and say that we have a shortage of under the NATO flag, but we are not in the driving seat and we active in the identification of IEDs, always looking at where we C130s in the NATO inventory, because we don’t. should not want to be; that is the AU’s role. It might well be, when I can gain added value. In the EU you see direct consequences of meet President Konare in September at the UN, that we will focus the blurring of the line between external and internal security, but GW: If we can continue to focus on critical enablers. Some of on NATO-UN relations. When the battalions come up for rotation NATO has an important role to play. the specialist areas that we are developing for NRF, such as they may need more lift, not only from South Africa to Darfur but Another practical example is in the political domain, I am travelling CBRN, have important gaps in them. This is because there are also intra-theatre. This point of critical enablers is an important one. a lot through the Middle East through the framework of our not enough specialists out there to be able to fill the holes; We are making progress, and I hope at that at some stage we will Mediterranean dialogue with the North African countries and Israel components of NRF4, for example, are missing. Even in the have the A400M, which will not be a solution for all our problems, and Jordan. In any conversations I have, with Mauritania last flagship there are shortfalls… but does represent the progress we are making on airlift, air-to-air week or with Egypt in October, it is very much an issue that in our HdS: Before we will be able to declare full operational capability, refuelling and sea lift. If you ask me whether it is enough, and just co-operation with those countries the fight against terrorists is an which will happen in summer next year, we can have a long, or focus on airlift, then my answer would be no it is not enough. We important point in our agenda. It is not we who ask for that – they short, discussion with our allies. But full operational capability should do more, but more also means that we should be more do. Through our interlocuteurs they say, “Secretary General, we are means full operational capability, so I want to see all those innovative in developing new concepts. How are we going to fund interested in beefing up our dialogue with you, what are you doing enablers, including CBRN, filled. our operations, for example? And what consequence does that against terrorists, what are you doing in force protection, what are have? you doing for helicopters against shoulder-launched missiles, what You are right in saying that we are not there yet, but this also relates to the broader question of how we are going to fund If we look at Afghanistan, the nation that has Apache in its are you doing for wide bodied aircraft?” the operations and missions and how we are going to fund the inventory and brings them into theatre pays for the helicopters and GW: When the role of NATO in Afghanistan came up there was NRF. As long as the NRF is funded on its present basis, you will the principal costs lie where they fall. How long does this principal, a hue and cry over out-of-area operations, yet this was absent always have nations that say, “this is pretty expensive.” You will which is a decades old NATO concept, remain relevant? It would for Iraq and Darfur. Is the issue of out-of-area operations even always have medium and smaller sized nations saying, “Secretary seem to be partly relevant, but not as relevant as it was over the considered now, or is it so much dead theology? General, either we can participate in operations or we can take decades – with NATO operating in Afghanistan, Darfur, etc, we part in the NRF; we cannot do two things at the same time.” That don’t know what the future will bring. HdS: There is no debate about out-of-area. There is a debate over role, for example in Afghanistan – what would NATO’s role be in a doesn’t go for the big ones, but it does for the smaller. You’re right, GW: There would seem to be a paradox. On the one hand post bomb scenario, when the parliamentary process comes to an we still need some critical deficiencies to be filled, but we have to national forces are overstretched due to NATO, and other, end, what will NATO’s role be in the international concert, together do it, there is no other way. commitments. But at the same time there are attacks in a with other international organisations like the EU, the donors, GW: The challenge for some of the new NATO allies has not number of NATO ally capitals. How do NATO nations harness the Karzai government. NATO is not just an executive agency, a been just fielding the equipment, but fielding it in line with

13 NATO standards. Until they do, we will not be able to get full Netherlands has written many pages about this; I’ve read them all record many times and will repeat it, defence spending in NATO is advantage from them. How is the roll-out of standardised and my conclusion is that my gut feeling was right – Srebrenica too low. We have a few good exceptions like the US, French and equipment going? was a moral failure of the international community, rather than Brits who are doing well, but there is a majority of allied nations of NATO. That also goes for Rwanda – you cannot either bring who are underspending, who do not realise that if you want to HdS: It is developing well. There is progress, if you look at a critical Rwanda or Srebrenica’s massacres through a direct link to NATO. restructure your defence forces, which many of them have to do element like communications, but full interoperability is much more What NATO is doing, and has done, we will see. NATO has gone – not only the new allies, but the old ones too – that before you see difficult when you mention new NATO allies. I am the last one into Afghanistan, Kosovo and Darfur – that is the situation. They the profit of your efforts it will cost you money. Many governments to blame them for this – when you see what type of equipment are trying the best they can to defend the moral values that have seem to think that they can restructure and make savings at the they had used. On critical elements, like communications and always been central to NATO. same time, it doesn’t work like that. information, communication technology, we are making progress. GW: When you are talking about morals and Kosovo, the key I have to face reality, but if you see what the demands on GW: Yet these new nations have thrown into sharp contrast point would seem to be that some countries have not done NATO are we should have an adequate percentage of defence the technology gap between the US and the rest of Europe. everything they could to bring in Mladic and Karadic… spending. It is not because nations are underspending, but there This was obvious in Iraq, where the UK, one of the more has to be a debate on funding our operations, missions and our HdS: I was in Belgrade last week and have been regularly to advanced European nations, was only just able to co-operate transformational force par excellence – the NRF. The Prague Sarajevo as well, and the case of Mladic and Karadic and the fact with their US NATO partner – typical problems being red force/ mandate of the NRF is very wide, and I am sure that if the tsunami that they are still on the run is frustrating – there is no other word. It blue force tracker and IFF. This was between two of the most had happened closer to our shores that there would have been is a nagging question that they have not yet been arrested; history advanced nations, any major NATO deployment would show a call to send out the NRF, as humanitarian disasters are within will tell, as it is easier said than proved, whether NATO allies have that the disparity is even greater elsewhere. its mandate. We need two kinds of discussions – what is the directly or indirectly been responsible for them being on the run. NRF and how are we going to fund the NRF. This comes back to HdS: We still have a lot of ground to cover. We will now have blue NATO is not going to enter in any PFP, with Serbia or BiH, before the small- and medium-size nations needing to decide whether force tracker in Kosovo – too late you might say. The technology those two are behind bars and in de Haag. It is a question that they fund operational missions or the NRF. This is something gap has always been there, and it will always be there. An example haunts me, that it could be NATO as an alliance or NATO allies that we should discuss. If I talk about the EU and their developing of of where we try to lessen the gap is in the area of NCW. We have are conspiring. ten allies participating in this process, including the UK, France the battlegoup concept, which is a good thing, and the need for and many others. I don’t have the illusion that we can bridge the GW: At the same time the Milosevic trial just drags on and on, dovetailing – commitments that the battlegroup could make to technology gap, but I do think we can do better and we are doing with no end in sight. Has this had the effect of winding down the NRF – then you have an interesting package of debate both better than we did, but there is a technology gap and we must impetus? in NATO and within the EU. How are we going to structure our crisis response forces – as the NRF should be ready in a matter bridge it wherever we can. HdS: There is no winding down in theatre, no winding down five days? We can’t have all manner of parliamentary meetings. whatsoever! I address this in a very clear way. It is also clear that GW: Have the fundamental values of NATO changed? It is not Parliaments should develop procedures, especially with the NRF, without assistance these two people can’t be on the run and hide. ten years since Srebrenica which was a tragedy for the Dutch because they can’t have two weeks to organise hearings, they So they have assistance clearly. I don’t know where this assistance and for NATO. Could it happen again, and are we morally more should have procedures to make things easier. prepared to act? comes from, but the fact that Mladic had his army pension until very recently is unbearable as a thought and deed. There is a I am in favour of a more commonly funded approach to the NRF, HdS: Srebrenica was something that I was deeply involved in – not a winding down and the people in the region, in Republica and are we going for more common funding as far as the critical being a Dutch MP – but it was the moral failure of the international Srbska, Sarajevo and in Belgrade know where we stand. There is enablers are concerned. When we talk logistics, every nation has community, which is something other than NATO. It was a moral no winding down and if I saw it, or felt it, I would ensure that it was its own logistics footprint and I don’t think there is much use in failure, but one must ask who the perpetrators of the aggression stopped because the morality of it is important continuing that system. We should find a more combined logistical were. You and I both know the ones to blame are the Serbs who combat support solution for operations – it is all transformational. GW: One thing that is winding down is defence spending massacred nearly 8,000 men and boys in the aftermath of the I’m borrowing the phrase, but transformation is not an event but within the EU and this looks set to continue. Does there need takeover of the Srebrenica enclave, so lets agree that this is a a process, and that is very relevant. I inherited this alliance from to be a retrenchment of what NATO can do in order to suit the moral failure of the international community. Bringing NATO into George Robertson who had done a lot on transformation and a lot purse strings? that equation is not entirely fair on NATO, but you and I know that on capabilities and I am just following his tracks, adding an internal NATO would have acted had there been agreement to act among HdS: Defence spending is an important issue. I have been on reform process. major players. There wasn’t that agreement, and NIOT in the

14 Last month, the University of Victoria in British In Europe, scientists will communicate with each other Columbia awarded Alcatel Submarine Networks a using a pan-European network called GÉANT. $33-million dollar contract to supply and build the Scientifi c Canadian portion of an undersea system for scientifi c NEPTUNE and the regional subsea-cabled research that will mark a new phase in oceanography. observatories will use the latest submarine telecom The entire project, called NEPTUNE (North-east Pacifi c technology but also will require the development Time-series Undersea Network Experiments) will of new equipment, power systems, and subsea incorporate more than 3,000 km of submarine telecom installation methods. Submarine cable when completed, making it the world’s largest undersea observatory. “Designing NEPTUNE has been a real challenge,” explained Peter Phibbs, associate director of Neptune will be operated by a consortium of U.S. and engineering and operations, NEPTUNE, Canada. Canadian scientifi c institutions led by the University of “Alcatel must take terminal equipment and layer-two Cable Victoria in Canada and the University of Washington switching, which is normally put in an air-conditioned in the United States. The recent award to Alcatel room on land, and instead install it on the ocean fl oor. follows years of planning by the organizations The equipment must be dependable since repairs involved, and it will be the fi rst in a new series of cannot be done often.” large-scale regional subsea-cabled observatories in Projects North America and Europe. The NEPTUNE project In the fi rst phase of NEPTUNE, Alcatel will deploy a will deploy equipment on the ocean fl oor for real- subsea-cabled observatory for University of Victoria, By time oceanic monitoring and scientifi c experiments on comprising an 800-km, two-fi ber ring on part of the the Juan de Fuca tectonic plate off the Pacifi c coast of Juan de Fuca tectonic plate off the coast of Canada. Kurt Ruderman North America. Four branching units on the submarine cable will connect to base stations housing nodes located at In Europe, a European Union backed program called various points of scientifi c interest along the route. ESONET, which comprises 10 national projects, could Initially, only two base stations will be equipped with use more than 5,000 km of fi beroptic submarine nodes. One node will be in 250 meters of water and the telecom cable. The North American and European second in 2,200 meters. projects also will need large amounts of custom-made hybrid cable (fi ber and copper) to connect subsea “Over the last decade there has been too much equipment. optimism about the cost and ease of installation of these systems. It is really the University of Victoria The projects will allow scientists with different with its NEPTUNE Canada program that is leading the expertise to simultaneously use subsea-cabled way,” said Professor Monty Priede, Oceanlab director observatories to study the ocean. The coordinated University of Aberdeen, Scotland. “With the award of Kurt Ruderman is based in Paris. He is the research will help countries monitor and respond to the contract to Alcatel we are going to fi nd out for the Editor and European Correspondent for pollution, global warming, earthquakes, and other fi rst time what industry can really deliver.” Fiberoptics Market Intelligence, which is dangers to global security. published by KMI Research, a division of Alcatel will design, manufacture, install, and PennWell. Mr. Ruderman’s reporting also In North America, NEPTUNE project scientists will commission the submarine cable system, using dense- takes him to Latin America, North Africa and be able to share information with colleagues in other wavelength-division-multiplexing technology, with the Middle East. institutions using high-speed research and education an initial design capacity of 160 Gbps. Additionally, terrestrial networks such as CANARIE and Internet2. Alcatel will deploy its 1696 Metrospan WDM system and 7450 Ethernet Service Switch that will provide We then use ROVs to release the node, which is full From these nodes, land-based scientists will control scalable Ethernet aggregation from all nodes. of electronics, from the harness. The node is already and monitor sampling instruments, video cameras, The combination of optical and IP technologies attached to the submarine cable.” and remotely operated vehicles as they collect will optimize bandwidth and minimize delays in data from the ocean surface down to the seafl oor. information exchange between scientifi c teams. VENUS will be a testbed for scientifi c applications. Instruments will be interactive – scientists will instruct The Alcatel 1350 management suite will supervise Scientists in a control center at the University of them to respond to events such as storms, plankton both terrestrial and submarine optical networking Victoria will operate the equipment connected to blooms, fi sh migrations, earthquakes, tsunamis, and equipment. The contract was awarded together with the node, which will cover a 70-meter radius. The underwater volcanic eruptions, as they happen. Nautronix MariPro – a specialist in cabled undersea node will support an array of equipment, including sensor systems, and Satlantic, a manufacturer of hydrophones, digital still and video cameras. In the United States, NEPTUNE is the regional part precision sensors and observing system technologies. the NSF’s Ocean Observatories Initiative (OOI), which “Until now, we gathered information using is administered by the Ocean Research Interactive The Canadian part of NEPTUNE, which is funded instruments lowered off a ship. This gave us only Observatory Networks (ORION). OOI will include by $53 million from the Canada Foundation for narrow slices of data. There was no feed back that coastal, regional and global observatories. Innovation and the B.C. Knowledge Development instruments were working well, and no way to change Fund, will be operational in 2007. instruments,” said Adrian Round, Venus project OOI marks a new phase in oceanography in which manager. “VENUS will allow us to communicate with research scientists will seek continuous interaction Many of the scientifi c applications of the Canadian the instruments on the ocean fl oor.” with the ocean environment to observe the earth- part of NEPTUNE will be run at a testbed under ocean-atmosphere system. This approach, explains construction called VENUS (Victoria Experimental Mr. Round said that the second VENUS cable would Peter Milne, director, Ocean Observing at ORION, is Network Under the Sea) in British Columbia. be installed in August and September 2006 in the crucial to understanding and resolving the wide range Straits of Georgia, 30 km offshore in 300 meters of of climatic and environmental problems affecting Global Marine installs fi rst phase of VENUS water. The cable will connect three nodes linked in human society. daisy chain to shore. The Straits of Georgia project is a Global Marine of the UK, which has a turnkey contract busy sea-lane. Scientists will study the effect of traffi c Until now, subsea-cabled observatories in North to install the fi rst phase of University of Victoria’s on the ecosystem. The cable linking the nodes will America have focused on a small number of VENUS project, will, this month, install an eight- land at a small shore station, which will be linked to a scientifi c applications. These coastal observatories fi ber cable, supplied by Alcatel and a junction box control center at University of Victoria. are located in shallow waters, a short distance off containing a node three kilometers offshore in Patricia shore and have only a few nodes. The main subsea- Bay in the Saanich Inlet, British Columbia. MARS to test technology for U.S. NEPTUNE project cabled observatories today are run by Woods Hole in Martha’s Vineyard, Massachusetts; Rutgers “Installing VENUS will be a bit different from our During stage two of NEPTUNE, the project’s U.S. University’s Leo-15 project in New Jersey and regular telecoms projects,” says Phil Hart, engineering partners, will use National Science Foundation (NSF) Memorial University’s observatory in Bonne Bay, New director, Global Marine, “In a telecom project, we funding to expand the underwater submarine cable Foundland. connect a point on land to another point on land system into U.S. waters. Depending on the funding, – there are two beach manholes. In Venus, one end construction of the U.S. network would start in 2009 Funding for the U.S part of NEPTUNE and the other is on land and the second one – a junction box – is in or 2010. The U.S. portion will require about 2,200 km OOI projects could be available in late 2006 or early the water. The junction box is not static, which creates of submarine cable. It will complete the observatory’s 2007. “Funding would be for the entire program a challenge. It’s like dropping something the size of coverage of the entire Juan de Fuca tectonic plate. – coastal, regional and global projects.” Mr. Milne said. the car on the ocean fl oor. We need to place it very “The projects would be built over a fi ve to six year accurately on the ocean fl oor because the sockets for The full 3,000-km network will have more than 30 period. We will fi rst build the coastal projects, then the fi beroptic cable and power cables are on the sides. nodes. It will allow scientists to observe the whole regional projects and then the global projects. We lower it off the back of the vessel in a harness. plate, which is the world’s smallest tectonic plate. “There could be other regional projects as well as at the MARS testbed. The system will use euro for this backbone infrastructure. An additional coastal projects on the east and west coasts of the Gigabit Ethernet over DWDM. He said that using 5,000 km of specialized submarine cable could be United States and in the Gulf of Mexico. The coastal commercially available optical transponders, EDFAs, needed to connect experiments and subsea devices to and regional projects use submarine cable. The global and multiplexing equipment, distances in excess the backbone networks. projects will use buoys and satellite and wireless of 200km are achievable. His design will use eight connections.” wavelengths carrying 1 GbE (Gigabit Ethernet) each. Mr. Person said that the submarine cable connecting Cisco and Network Electronics of Norway will supply France’s Antares Neutrino telescope project in the Much of the technology for NEPTUNE and other OOI the Ethernet switches and DWDM equipment Mediterranean could be used to support ESONET projects will be tested at MARS (Monterey Accelerated Ligurian, a proposed project off the coasts of France Research System) a testbed being built in Monterey ESONET seeks funding for European subsea and Italy. The project, which is multidisciplinary, Bay, California. observatories would be a testbed for ESONET the way MARS is for NEPTUNE. MARS consortium begins construction of cabled The European Commission could approve funding station in Monterey Bay, California for ESONET (European Sea Floor Observatory The Antares Neutrino telescope project has 45 km Network) next year, said Roland Person, head of of 48-fi ber cable going from La Seyne Sur Mer (near Construction of the MARS cabled observatory has subsea observatories at IFREMER, the French Research Toulon) to junction box on the Mediterranean fl oor begun. Alcatel, the project’s main contractor, plans to Institute for Exploitation of the Sea and ESONET’s 2500 below the surface. The underwater site has optical install the MARS submarine cable early next year. recently named program coordinator. detectors to detect neutrinos and equipment for other types of experiments. Alcatel will install a 53-km, 8-fi ber cable to connect the ESONET was created three years ago as the subsea Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI) component of the European GMES (Global Monitoring “Last year’s Tsunami in Asia and the recent wave of to a node about 30 km offshore on a ridge off Monterey for Environment and Security) to provide strategic hurricanes in the Gulf of Mexico have raised the level Bay in 870 meters of water. The node has eight ports. long-term monitoring capability in geophysics, of awareness in Brussels,” Mr. Person said. “The events Each port can receive a cable to connect instruments at geotechnics, chemistry, biochemistry, oceanography, could be a catalyst for the funding of our projects.” distances up to four kilometers. biology and fi sheries.

“The project’s role is to test technology,” says Keith For now, there are 10 ESONET-coordinated projects, Raybould, MARS project manager which cover topics such as public safety; geohazards; MARS project: “The main technology is infrastructure and the node pollution and Tsunamis warning. There are projects in http://www.mbari.org/mars/ power system, which uses 10 kV.” the Atlantic Oceans extending from Norway south to VENUS project: Portugal; in the Mediterranean; and in the Black Sea. http://www.venus.uvic.ca/sog/index.html MARS is a consortium that includes the University of Washington; Jet Propulsion Labs; Woods Hole and “Our plan is to connect the projects to shore using NEPTUNE (Canada): MBARI. Each partner contributes a different part of submarine cable and then use national and pan- http://www.neptunecanada.ca/ MARS. Woods Hole designed the communications European terrestrial research networks to send system; the University of Washington and the information from the projects to a control center,” Mr. NEPTUNE (US) project: Jet Propulsion Laboratory developed the power Person explained. http://www.neptune.washington.edu/ system for the network,and MBARI did the system integration. The consortium could be picked to build Based on the distances of the 10 projects from shore ANTARES (france) project: the U.S. part of NEPTUNE. and the area of sea that each will cover, ESONET has http://antares.in2p3.fr/ calculated the projects would need more than 5,000 ESONET project: Andrew Maffei of Woods Hole, will test a km of submarine cable for the basic infrastructure. http://www.oceanlab.abdn.ac.uk/research/esonet.shtml communication system he designed for NEPTUNE ESONET plans to seek 120 million euro to 220 million to prevent the occurrence of further catastrophic events Summary escalated in European countries, especially after the Madrid UUnderwaternderwater Attocha Train Station bombing on March 11, 2004, which As a result of the terrorist attacks in the United States killed 192 victims and injured 1400. The events in Russia, and Europe, actions were taken to overhaul airport, harbor, including the September 4, 2004 terrorist hostage siege at IInfrastructurenfrastructure and transportation security, including surveillance of vital the Beslan School that resulted in 350 dead children and an global communication infrastructure, to prevent disruptions additional 448 people wounded, resulted in President Vladimir of services. Today, submarine cable communication is the Vladimirovich Putin stating, “We must create a much more PProtection,rotection, preferred technology used to provide inexpensive and secure effective system of security; we couldn’t adequately react. voice and data transport throughout the world. In the United ... we showed weakness, and weak people are beaten.” The States, underwater fi ber optic communication cable systems United Kingdom, which has faced attacks of homegrown used for telecommunications, military surveillance, electrical terrorism for decades, has now been the focus of the new RRiskisk power distribution, or subsea oil and gas distribution pipeline world order of terrorism resulting from radical religious monitoring are within the purview of the Offi ce of Homeland extremists. The July 7, 2005 transportation system bombings Security. These cables, as well as oil and gas distribution in London resulted in fi fty-six people being killed and 700 MMitigation,itigation, pipelines, are considered critical assets; therefore, the injured in the deadliest terrorist attack since the Pan Am underwater community, as well as government agencies, have Lockerby Flight 103 tragedy, which killed 270 people. In planned and implemented aggressive and pro-active security addition to the loss of life, the rush hour London Underground aandnd Pro-activePro-active measures. Protection plans for ports and harbors, underwater train and bus bombings disrupted city transportation and systems technologies, and all critical maritime resources wireless communications for several days. There has been are undergoing major examination to safeguard against speculation regarding links between these bombers and PProsecution:rosecution: aggression and to provide secure restoration and business another alleged al-Qaeda cell in Luton, which were broken continuity. Pro-active roles are evolving for Unmanned up in August 2004. That cell was uncovered after al-Qaeda Underwater Vehicles (UUVs) capable of supporting expanded operative Muhammad Naeem Noor Khan was arrested in harbor surveillance, detailed subsea surveys, risk assessment Lahore, Pakistan. PPARTART I and mitigation, and prosecution, thus protecting critical subsea infrastructure. This paper addresses risk assessment, Further actions have been implemented prevention of physical aggression, and the implementation internationally that resulted in the overhaul of airport, of disaster recovery solutions, including the support of harbor, and transportation security, ranging from advanced BByy FEMA as in the case of the recovery from the natural disaster surveillance to active defense of vital infrastructures DDouglasouglas BurnettBurnett devastation caused by hurricanes, typhoons, and tsunamis. to prevent disruptions of services, such as global aandnd communications and the internet. BBobob BannonBannon Introduction Therefore, the underwater community, as well Since the onslaught of the September 11, 2001 as the Department of Homeland Security, must exercise attack on the World Trade Center and the subsequent pro-active risk assessment and mitigation techniques to European and Asian terrorist attacks through 2005, the focus prevent catastrophes from occurring. Protection planning of governmental agencies throughout the world has been the and implementation for underwater systems technologies, protection of human life, the world economy, and critical cable stations, terrestrial backhaul facilities, and maritime infrastructure security and defense. The U.S. response and resources are undergoing major refi nements to safeguard global focus resulted in the creation of the U.S. Department of against acts of terrorism and to provide secure restoration. Homeland Security in January 2003. In addition to government efforts, the International Cable Protection Committee Ltd. (ICPC) is developing security recommendations for the individual facility owners and The opinions expressed herein are the personal views of the authors and do operators. not represent the views of the Office of Homeland Security, the Department of Defense, or the International Cable Protection Committee Ltd. (ICPC). Similar restructuring of allied anti-terrorist efforts Regulations and IT technology are not enough; rapid • Sonar and Mapping Systems into that community on a daily basis. Their analytical response intervention tools and prosecution technologies • Maritime Domain Awareness computers and the networks that link them together were are required. Pro-active support roles are evolving for • Maritime Security and Harbor described by “Feds Online” as being “woefully outdated new Unmanned Marine Vehicles (UMVs) and the evolving Protection computer systems.” Had the United States overlooked hybrid Unmanned Surface Vehicles (USV). Maritime robotic • Computers and Computer telltale signs and salient information that could have led to vehicles are capable of supporting faster, more accurate Network Protection the prevention of these catastrophic events? The United surveys, deeper burial of fi ber optic systems, advanced artifact • Industrial Plant Infrastructure States is now focused on the use of sophisticated technologies locating technologies, and expanded subsea surveillance. • Risk Analysis and Mitigation and robust communications networks to provide advanced UMVs and USVs are required to protect our ports, harbors, • Pollution Assessment and screening of the volumes of data arriving daily and to support and cable access lanes. Risk assessment and prevention Environmental Security investigations and offi cial communications should future of theatre-specifi c events has resulted in the demand for calamities of this magnitude occur again anywhere in the patrolling littoral areas and critical subsea infrastructures. Conferences on terrorism in England, France, Russia, world. and Poland, as well as the Pacifi c Rim Homeland Security To promote the interchange of technologies, Conference attended by 42 nations, show that terrorism has Information access is critical for preventative the IEEE – Oceanic Engineering Society (IEEE-OES), been recognized as the major threat to modern society. It is no security measures, as well as for the post-disaster control NAVSEA-Naval Undersea Warfare Center (NUWC), longer enough to focus on a specifi c port or harbor; protection environment. For example, preventative security measures for and the Congressional Committee on Homeland Security must include the point of origin. As the same is true for airports, harbors, and land-based transportation hubs would will continue to host the IEEE-OES Homeland Security underwater infrastructure, all landing points and access routes include global biometric identifi cation systems, including Technology Workshop on December 6, 7, and 8, 2005. This must be protected. face, handprint, fi ngerprint, and retinal scanning technologies, year’s workshop will be held at the Newport, Rhode Island as well as cargo bar-coding, which also provide cargo and Marriott Hotel. The continuing theme for this annual event Response to Terrorism source handling identifi cation records and a bill of lading. is “Under the Water, On the Water, and Over the Water Further biometric identifi cation techniques could include to Protect the Homeland with Integrated Technologies.” America’s immediate response to the October 12, national ID smartcards for all individuals, especially those The purpose of these workshops is to bring together small 2000 attack on the U.S.S. Cole (DDG67) as it sat in the accessing critical infrastructures, such as port ISO container technology companies, large defense contractors, military, Aden, Yemen port was one of outrage and disbelief, but as storage areas. These all require fast and effi cient fi ber optic government, academia, and not-for-profi t institutes who are time passed this terrorist attack faded from the minds of the links for the transfer of data in a “close to real-time” global developing technologies and products for Ocean and Maritime general public as Americans went back to their lives. It was environment. For these communications links to be effective Technologies for Infrastructure Protection. This IEEE-OES not forgotten by the families and friends of the 17 who died worldwide, they require protected underwater fi ber optic workshop provides an unprecedented opportunity to network and the 39 who were injured while waiting for refueling in systems that transport data between continents and secure with engineers, scientists, maritime legal experts, and local, a foreign land. It was not forgotten by the U.S. Navy or the interfaces to backhaul facilities for terrestrial distribution to state, and federal government personnel who all share a President. In the end, though, the United States hunted for the harbor masters, customs, and others that require immediate common concern and goal in providing advanced technologies terrorist cells responsible for this act, and the Navy re-fortifi ed and timely access to the type of data that could be provided. to protect vital maritime infrastructure and provide for the its vessel force protection and foreign and domestic port safety of our ports, harbors, coastal eco-systems, and oceans. security. Then, as smoke and clouds of ash rose from where Telecommunications has long been considered the World Trade Center towers once stood, Americans realized the lifeblood of major customers, providing pertinent The Technical Homeland Security and Safety 2005 that we were under attack by a dauntless and ruthless enemy information to multinational corporations. Therefore, these Conference (TEHOSS 2005) was sponsored by IEEE and the like no other that we have ever faced on U.S. soil. We were major customers, and consequently the telecom service Gdansk University of Technology (Politechnika Gdanska) on on that day, and every day since, facing human instruments of providers, have escalated the priority of their concerns September 28-30, 2005. TEHOSS, like OES HSTW, was a rage, fi lled with the ideology that America and the West are about infrastructure security and the resultant chaos forum for scientists and engineers from academia, industry, corrupt and must be brought to their knees, even at the cost of caused by a major breach. There has been a joint focus and governmental organizations to discuss and propose their own lives. by owner/operators and the large system users directed at solutions in research leading to technology development network redundancy, route diversity, and survivability of the for safe and secure systems. Its scope was broad and customer’s privileged and confi dential data. interdisciplinary in character and included a defi ned European fl avor and approach to the global problem of terrorism. Some The U.S. Intelligence Agencies have been accused Physical security always existed at switching centers of the areas of focus included: of overlooking pertinent facts and information that stream and facility offi ces, and it has expanded to include remote security access to cable stations and landing sites. In addition the glow of the burning towers; innocence and our sense of to alternate facilities and minimize fi nancial impact. to identifying personnel in the station, these security systems naïveté are forever lost, and we are now turned into skeptics rely on remote monitoring technologies to protect the fi ber and realists. Terrorism is no longer looked at as something • Integrate current and emerging sensor technologies optic networks, and the system interrogation station provides that happens abroad in Beirut, Northern Ireland, or a third into system operations to detect and/or prevent the restoration routing instructions for attending personnel in world country; it is a reality experienced in the streets of occurrence of a critical event and to facilitate rapid times of service interruptions. Today, because of the use of America, Spain, and Russia. It doesn’t discriminate by restoration to system normalcy. advanced multiplexing technologies, such as Wave Division gender, ethnic origin, or wealth; it has the potential of Multiplexing (WDM) and Dense Wave Division Multiplexing touching or destroying all of us. Therefore, the government • Develop and implement technology replacement (DWDM), system circuit capacity and bandwidth has agencies and the public and private sectors have emphasized strategies to ensure that security systems are increased almost exponentially, creating the demand for the urgency to assess our vulnerability and to prepare for, maintained at a "state-of-the-art" level of monitoring increased system protection. Therefore, there is increased prevent, and respond rapidly to future terrorist activities. effi ciency. This includes implementation of system monitoring requirements to ensure system reliability, monitoring that prevents hackers from crashing a and with the use of control technology, there exists a greater With the realization that government alone cannot system by evasive behavior, obstructive software, or dependence on centralized monitoring and information accept the burden of infrastructure protection, multi-national new technology enhancements. processing at Network Control Centers responsible for enterprises, both individually and collectively through trade restoring critical services if a fault occurs. associations, are stepping up activities to face the myriad of • Develop and implement Industry Standards and critical challenges, including the following: recommendations, such as those issued by the Before the terrorist events of the past several International Cable Protection Committee Ltd. years, telecommunications companies’ efforts were directed • Defi ne potential vulnerability of communications (ICPC) or other international conventions such as the toward protection from cultural aggressions, such as trawling infrastructure to both external and internal attack, CCITT to protect communications infrastructure. activities and anchor drags, and not toward intentional which can result in the loss of the circuit capacity wide-scale sabotage. The realization of possible attacks on and needed availability. Implementation of these safeguards limits terrorist maritime infrastructure has caused the U.S. Coast Guard, access to sites, such as cable stations, backhaul facility which is now part of the Offi ce of Homeland Security, as • Infrastructure site/facility hardening and restricting locations, and other critical infrastructures. The critical global well as the facility owners and operators, to re-assess their personnel access to appropriately cleared personnel communications network supports the twenty-fi rst century existing protection strategies for submarine fi ber optic cables. with badges. personal, business, medical, and governmental data needs; Jointly, government agencies and the service providers therefore, communications systems will receive the attention have taken steps to reduce the potential vulnerability of • Development of preventative security measures, of terrorists, who intend to disrupt modern life. Accordingly, these communications systems. Various directorates in systems, and processes that counter the likelihood we must ensure that these facility networks receive the the Department of Homeland Security are also focusing and impact of an attack. underwater community’s full attention and protection. on possible terrorist threats to depots, harbors, ports, and underwater approaches for oil and gas pipelines and power • Institute extensive behavioral modifi cations and Without restoration routing availability, service distribution cables. training of station personnel to recognize potential interruptions of these high-bandwidth underwater fi ber optics threats. Ironically, during the Cold War, telecommunications facilities were arguably more secure because the government’s • Institute extensive procedural modifi cations and security requirements were funded through tariffs. In the training to prevent unauthorized observers being current deregulated market, funding for security is largely left able to record personnel movement, shipping, and to the companies, with some companies doing a decent job staff schedules. This includes random schedule and others doing what is in reality probably an unsatisfactory implementation. job. • Establish procedures, processes, and systems Homeland Security Partnership with Commercial Telecom to ensure business continuity in case of service Enterprises interruption.

America and the world have matured rapidly in • Develop detailed restoration plans to reroute service communications systems can result in excess of $1.5 million for the protection of the cable system, but as a response to their special relationships with local state governments. At revenue loss per hour. The aggressive disruption of service objections from local fi shing industry lobbying that perceive best, the issues of federal and state jurisdiction over submarine results in multi-million dollar repair and restoration costs, and cables as a threat to indiscriminate bottom trawling and clam cables is tangled and confused. the impact on critical data transport for major multinational dredging. industries is even greater. The impact on military, diplomatic, Even within DOD, there is a stalemate between and government logistics can cripple personnel and support In California and Oregon, the state, with the active the Department of the Navy, the Department of State, and movement; therefore, emphasis on protecting global support of the local ACOE district offi ces, requires as permit ACOE over whether ACOE, NOAA or the states can override communications, especially underwater fi ber optic systems conditions that cable owners enter into one-sided agreements international law such as the United Nations Convention from aggressive acts, is essential. with fi shing groups that call for exemption of liability for on the Law of the Sea (1982) (“UNCLOS”) to regulate damage to cables from negligence and signifi cant lump sum international undersea cables outside of the state’s 3NM Common awareness of all community interests and and additional annual payments of millions of dollars for the jurisdiction and beyond the 12NM U.S. territorial sea. cross-industry requirements have allowed the communications life of the cable system. In New Jersey, the state implemented industry to develop protection and security that focuses on extreme burial requirements to appease the demands of the If the United States could do one thing that would preventative and anti-terrorist solutions. However, some local clam dredging industry. All of these states are also help maximize telecommunication infrastructure protection cable owners and operators who are not members of either requiring costly video surveys of cables on the continental and resolve the jurisdiction impasse on international cables, international organizations or private agreement clubs are shelf already laid every two to fi ve years to determine if any it would be for the Senate to ratify UNCLOS. Unfortunately, not stepping up to the protection demands. Some of these cable has not remained buried. the Senate Majority leader has declined to allow UNCLOS parties in response to their limited fi nances have chosen to to be scheduled for a Senate vote, even though the Senate implement shallower and less costly burial methodologies State and federal agencies such as NOAA and ACOE Foreign Relations Committee has voted in favor of allowing that jeopardize cable service integrity by exposing the cable often dictate that burial is an environmental issue. The fact the convention to be sent to the full Senate after extensive to possible faults. The shortcomings of this approach to is that there is little or no scientifi c evidence that undersea hearings. So far the Senate has delayed its vote for over nine prevention of cable faults was recently demonstrated when telecom cables harm the environment. In fact, the historical years. a specifi c-use cable was buried out to only a 200-foot water data and experience with undersea cables since 1866 amply depth instead of implementing cable burial over its entire supports the premise that such cables are environmentally The Department of Homeland Security needs to length in shallow water. In other situations, of course, seabed benign. Nevertheless, under U.S. administrative law aggressively cut through the confl icting interagency and conditions, including soil density, rocks, topography, or access procedures, the burden is on the cable owner to show that federal state agency regulatory regimes and lead an effort for future repairs, limit burial options. Failure to comply with there is no harm. Proving this negative result in the short to set a common sense and single federal undersea cable minimum industry standards may result in multiple faults period of time required in a permit application is impractical. regulatory regime that will be the sole centralized source from other ocean fl oor community users, thus jeopardizing The absence of such evidence allows the agencies to presume for handling permits for military, scientifi c, and telecom investor interests and placing system integrity and reliability harm and order remediation conditions costing millions of cables. The recent amendments to the Deepwater Port Act at risk. The non-compliance with industry norms increased dollars. Military applications are now somewhat immune for off-shore gas terminals are one approach. In that case, the probability of service interruptions experienced on the from the tremendous costs and delays associated with the U.S. Department of Transportation, acting primarily system. And, in fact, due to high activity in the vicinity of satisfying various state and federal environmental agencies through MARAD and the U.S. Coast Guard, issues a single the cable, the fi ber optic system described was faulted due and confl icting permit requirements because of special permit for construction and operation of an off-shore LNG to anchor drags and fi shing activities; luckily, there were no arrangements with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. The terminal. All agencies - federal and state - must coordinate terrorist activities identifi ed. situation previously was so bad that for several years the their comments and review through this one agency. Only a U.S. Navy has been unable to deploy sensors and cables for single environmental impact statement is used for all agencies. The burial issue has been complicated by the underwater ranges of the U.S. coast, even though the obvious Decisions on the permit must by law be issued 356 days after relatively recent intrusions since 1999 of state coastal security and operational need for such systems is beyond the permit application is fi led with the U.S. Coast Guard. agencies, NOAA, and some district offi ces of the U.S. Army debate. Scientifi c systems such as Neptune are also hopeful This process balances federal and state interests while at the Corps of Engineers (“ACOE”) who insist on often extreme of being able to avoid at least some of the more expensive same time providing industry with a commercially practical burial requirements outside of the 3NM state territorial and permit conditions for telecommunications cables because of timeline and predictability. ACOE jurisdictions1 in permits. This is not out of concern agency seems to take a position that cables are considered to be structures, a position at odds 1 The U.S. Supreme Court has in two decisions unanimously defi ned state territo- with UNCLOS which carefully separates cables and pipelines from structures. 33 U.S.C. § 403; rial sea limits at 3 nautical miles. U.S. v. California, 332 U.S. 19 (1947); U.S. v. Maine 420 U.S. 33 C.F.R. § 329.12. Under UNCLOS, Art. 79, a coastal State may regulate cables connected to 515 (1975); ACOE jurisdiction over international cables, unlike for off-shore structures and expoitation and exploration of natural resources or within its territorial sea, but otherwise it pipelines, is also limited to 3 nautical miles. 33 U.S.C. § 403; 33 C.F.R. § 329.12. Although the may not deliniate the route of cables on the continental shelf.

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Submarine telecom systems transmit data from shore to shore. They achieve their high levels of reliability by Major research themes for NEPTUNE are plate minimizing the amount and complexity of equipment in the water. How, then, to maintain high reliability in a tectonics, seabed fl uid dynamics including gas hydrate system that transmits data from the seabed to shore? That is the challenge that faces the NEPTUNE Canada project formation, ocean climate change, marine biology, team at the University of Victoria (UVic), British Columbia, and its selected contractor, Alcatel. and deep sea ecosystems. Initially, two sites on the continental slope and two sites in deep water have The NEPTUNE Canada Cabled Ocean Observatory System is an underwater cable system built specifi cally to been selected for connection to NEPTUNE. The shelf support scientifi c research. For the fi rst time, NEPTUNE will enable collection of oceanographic, seismic, climate, slope sites are Barkley Canyon, a site of upwelling that and ecosystem data from deep under the ocean continuously in real time, over its planned service life of twenty- is rich in ocean life, and includes exposed layers of gas fi ve years. NEPTUNE Canada is Stage 1 of a joint Canada - US network envisioned to provide access to the hydrates; and Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) borehole entire Juan de Fuca tectonic plate, an area of over 200 000 km2 off the coasts of British Columbia, Washington, 889, where there are several existing drill holes and and Oregon. UVic leads a consortium of 12 Canadian universities responsible for implementation and operation proximity to gas hydrate mounds. The deep water of NEPTUNE Stage 1 with funding provided by the Canada Foundation for Innovation and British Columbia sites are ODP 1027, a drill hole site in the middle of the Knowledge Development Fund. Funding for Stage 2 is being sought from the US National Science Foundation and plate adjacent to two sea mounts; and the Endeavour is expected to begin in FY2007. Ridge, the site of numerous “black smokers” which emit seawater heated to 375°C and which support a NEPTUNE represents a fundamental step forward for the science of Oceanography. Oceanographers have food chain based on sulfi de consuming bacteria and traditionally relied on ships, buoys, or deep water moorings to collect data. Ships can remain on station for Archea, believed to be among the oldest forms of life only a limited time within a narrow weather window, while buoys and moorings have limited electrical power on Earth. Additional nodes and sensors will be added and data bandwidth, as well as limited reliability. Out of commission telecom and military cables have been as funding and resources permit. communications to the seabed rather than just across means of underwater mateable connectors, with each To achieve these ambitious goals, a network it. At each subsea node location, the optical line connector providing an Ethernet communications infrastructure incorporating many novel design must be terminated and Ethernet switches distribute interface and power. These interfaces will be elements is required. The NEPTUNE network communications to the scientifi c instruments or to standardized to allow instruments built by many infrastructure consists of a conventional submarine extension cables. This means that terminal equipment researchers to be connected. Typically, a package cable and repeaters confi gured in an 800 km loop normally housed in an environmentally controlled of several instruments will be connected to each with both ends terminated in the former TPC-4 cable cable station must be adapted for use in underwater interface point. Extension cables may be used to station at Port housings. The use of locate instruments up to 120 km from a primary node. Alberni, which has a repeatered solution Instruments will be deployed on the seabed, within been purchased by allows conventional sea fl oor boreholes and buoyed up through the water the UVic. A series 2.5 Gb/s transponders column at particular locations. of underwater to be used while still nodes are connected reaching locations that As might be expected, a system such as NEPTUNE to the backbone may be several hundred with many stakeholders to satisfy and a limited cable by means of kilometers from shore. budget can also be challenging to specify, design, and branching units. Designs using long spans project manage. UVic’s timing could not have been Branching units and full regeneration at better – the telecommunications industry is in a slump will be deployed for the underwater nodes – raising supplier’s interest in fi nding work in more all the initial sites were also considered and diverse fi elds. UVic, recognizing its lack of experience when the backbone may be used in the future in this fi eld, went outside academia and hired key cable is laid. depending on the desired elements of its project team from industry. Despite Observatory nodes system confi guration. building on existing experience, the process of defi ning can be deployed realistic purchaser’s requirements has stretched over immediately or Along with data to several years, with the project team working iteratively added at a later stage. and from the seabed, between the scientifi c communities in Canada and the The branching units provide power switching for NEPTUNE can deliver up to 100 kW of electrical US and potential suppliers. The supplier selection control and fault isolation. Optical signals are directed power for operation of communications equipment, process was to fi rst qualify potential suppliers, and to and from each node using a distributed DWDM sensors, cameras, lights, and potentially remotely then to distribute for comment a complete draft scheme. The use of repeaters and DWDM allows a operated vehicles. This level of power delivery is Request for Proposal package before (re)writing and single fi ber pair to serve all node locations. The node made possible by increasing the line current from issuing the fi nal RFP. This process ensured the user’s itself consists of a large frame with two underwater around 1 ampere in a typical telecom system to as requirements were realistic, within the suppliers’ housings: one containing a power converter and the much as 10 amperes while maintaining a voltage of ability to deliver, and within budget. The evaluation other containing the communications equipment. Two 10kV on each shore end. At each node, a custom built and selection process then took almost twelve months, protected Gigabit Ethernet channels are provided DC-DC voltage converter accepts an input voltage culminating with an award to Alcatel in October between each node and the shore station. NEPTUNE from 5 to 10 kV and provides a 400 V, 10 kW output. 2005. The design, prototyping, and demonstration relies on Ethernet and TCP/IP for communications Seawater provides the return path from each node phases will take a further twelve months. Cable laying between instruments and a shore based Data to the shore station. Since each node provides a load operations are scheduled for summer of 2007, at which Management and Archive System (DMAS). Precision between the cable and seawater, the loads seen by time a set of test instruments will be deployed. Finally, timing is transmitted to the instruments using the IEEE the power feed are in parallel, rather than in series the main scientifi c instruments will be deployed and 1588 Precision Time Protocol. as in a conventional repeatered system. The 400V connected to the network during the summer of 2008. intermediate voltage is used for local distribution. The operations and maintenance phase will include This network infrastructure represents a paradigm annual cruises to repair and replace instruments as shift for submarine cable technology by providing Scientifi c instruments are connected to the node by well as on-demand cable ship repairs when failures occur in the network infrastructure. will be experienced when a complete failure occurs. Steve Lentz has Overall network availability is expected to be in the In addition to all the usual challenges of permitting, range of 96% to 97%, which is surprisingly good over fi fteen years coordination with other seabed users and supplier considering that a node repair may take days or weeks. experience in the management, NEPTUNE has several unique concerns. The nature of the scientifi c sites means the seabed One of the exciting aspects of NEPTUNE is the construction and installation is, to say the least, complex. Deployment potential to utilize the technology in other applications. operation of optical of the nodes and instruments will require ROV The availability of broadband communications and operations. Instruments have to be adapted, or generous amounts of power at locations hundreds of communications designed from scratch, to work on a cabled network kilometers from shore opens up many new possibilities networks including rather than batteries. A data management and for both scientifi c research and for equipment archiving system has to be designed to handle the development and qualifi cation. Communications metropolitan area unprecedented amounts of oceanographic data. systems for remote monitoring and control of well networks, national And, because NEPTUNE has the potential to collect heads, continuous seismic monitoring of oil fi elds, and sensitive acoustic data, national security has become communications to high risk work areas are some of networks, and international submarine a matter of some importance, requiring dialogue with the areas in which NEPTUNE technology could be cable networks. He has served as VP the Canadian and US navies. used, and in which NEPTUNE could be used as an equipment proving ground. Military and port security Network Engineering and Deployment for Reliability has been an overriding goal throughout the applications are also possible; use of an off-the-shelf 360networks’ submarine division where design process and there are many network features solution which can support hydrophone arrays and that address reliability. First, the network forms other sensors would reduce or eliminate development he developed the network architecture, a ring, so every node has two paths to shore. All effort for new sensor networks. Given NEPTUNE’s functional requirements, and performance node components have at least 1:1 redundancy. The position as a research facility, it is likely some of power converter consists of a stack of building block these new concepts and applications will be tested on specifi cations for international submarine units which provide multiple levels of redundancy. NEPTUNE itself before deployment elsewhere. cable networks and supervised testing, Single points of failure, such as repeaters and branching units, are built to the levels of reliability Can UVic successfully complete this demanding commissioning, and verifi cation of established for commercial telecom cable systems. project? All the key pieces are in place: an experienced compliance with contractual requirements. In spite of the reliability and redundancy, many of project team, an industry-leading supplier, support the node components are Commercial-off-the-Shelf from the academic community and funding agencies, He was Manager of Transmission (COTS) and failures are inevitable. When failures and realistic objectives. However, it is too soon to Engineering for Time Telekom, Sdn. occur, the node housings can be detached from the celebrate; much work lies ahead. UVic and Alcatel base frame and fl oated to the surface by an ROV. are committed to delivery of a working system by Bhd. located in Kuala Lumpur Malaysia, Syntactic foam ensures neutral buoyancy. The 2007. If NEPTUNE Canada achieves the goals it and Director of Systems Engineering for node can be immediately replaced with a spare, or has set for itself, it will open up both a new realm of refurbished and redeployed later. While it sounds Oceanography and new markets for the submarine Lightwave Spectrum, Inc. He joined WFN counterintuitive, computer modeling shows the best cable industry. For an industry still recovering from Strategies in 2005 as Project Manager, maintenance strategy is to wait for a complete failure the telecom meltdown, new challenges and new ways (i.e. both redundant components have failed) before of thinking can provide a much needed boost to both and has supported telecom projects in undertaking a repair. Because of the down-time morale and the bottom line. Oklahoma and the Gulf of Mexico. involved in making a repair, proactively replacing Steve Lentz failed units actually results in more unavailable time than waiting for a failure, even though a longer outage will be qualifi ed to work with much higher line currents than what they were initially designed for. While using Increasing the understanding of the oceans to give NEPTUNE standard single conductor cable, the 10 KV powering scientists, educators, policy-makers and the general scheme will be totally new to a telecommunications public a new way of studying and understanding issues company entering the fi eld of land based power grid critical to our survival – including earthquakes, climate parallel feeding whereas standard systems rely on Canada change and energy sources – is driving the interest series power feeding through the cable. for new sea fl oor cabled observatories. In that scope, submarine cable networks provide an ideal solution to The communication subsystem will also rely on a The Contractor’s build either dedicated infrastructures such as undersea unique combination of optical and IP networking telescopes or multidisciplinary cabled-observatories. Viewpoint equipment including the Alcatel 1696 Metrospan (MS) using Forward Error Correction (FEC), the Alcatel By OmniSwitch (OS) 6800 and the Alcatel 7450 Ethernet The opening to new markets based on the “dry to wet” Service Switch (ESS) providing scalable and reliable Antoine Lecroart applications has been slow to develop as some want to Ethernet aggregation from all nodes. The selected see a real scale demonstrator before they will express Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) ring confi dence in these solutions. The NEPTUNE Canada architecture allows each node to be disconnected project is clearly ahead of the pack and will be seen without affecting the rest of the network offering a good as the true precursor in providing the scientists with level of resilience. The combination of optical and IP an unchallenged tool for a better knowledge of the technologies will optimize bandwidth and minimize complex deep sea environment. delays in information exchange between the scientifi c teams and their instruments. Antoine Lécroart has been Alcatel will also provide installation and provisioning of For an industry-leading supplier like Alcatel, embarking the cabled observatory infrastructure and has proposed working in the submarine on the NEPTUNE Canada adventure is certainly a options to further maintain the system after it is put in industry with Alcatel for service. thrill. For a somewhat change reluctant industry, such over 15 years. After being a an unprecedented regional size cabled observatory represents novel ideas, quite a bit of new development, The deployment of NEPTUNE Canada requires technical project manager expertise and know-how in a wide variety of fi elds lots of sound engineering and defi nitely a good dose of for the S560 submarine out of the box thinking. and Alcatel indeed offers a unique combination of skills comprising market-leading optical networking line terminal equipment, Getting to new markets generally means developing expertise, highly performance IP gear and solutions he was in charge of new products and NEPTUNE Canada is no different provisionning, proven deep sea equipment design and technical bidding for the fi rst in that regard. Although Alcatel’s standard solutions installation, and ultra high voltage handling making include a comprehensive set of wet plant options, they them a natural candidate for this project. Alcatel is optically amplifi ed transoceanic systems. He was not alone on this project, and has on its team other normally provide communications from one land-based subsequently responsible for Product Marketing location to another land-based location. This time valuable members: Nautronix MariPro, the world leader Alcatel is developing a “dry to wet” solution that not in cabled undersea sensor systems, for mechanical within Alcatel for fi ve years in Europe and three only includes communications but also delivers large design and the integration of the undersea node and years in the US. Now in France, he is in charge of amounts of power to the undersea experiments and Satlantic, a world leader in precision sensors and sensors. Alcatel’s cable, repeaters and branching units observing system technologies, for the low voltage Marketing and Sales for Emerging Markets such control and monitoring subsystem. as Oil & Gas and Science Observatories. s an industry player, I constantly look for Demand Ameasures to monitor the current telecoms climate and the mood of the industry. Clearly as a consultant, The demand for international capacity to support the Asia the level of business (or more precisely business global Internet continues apace. A year ago I wrote in opportunities) gives an indication. But one of the more SubTelForum that the rollout of Internet services was signifi cant markers is the Pacifi c Telecommunications starting to put a smile on cable operators’ faces. Well Conference held each year in January in Hawaii. after a year of increasing demand, most of them are The level of attendees, and the associated gaggle of now beaming. Pacifi c supporters and networkers provide a great metric of the health of our business. Given the conference focus In September 2005, the OECD released a report attracts people from the international telecoms arena, it (http://www.oecd.org/document/16/0,2340,en_2649_ is useful in assessing the state of the submarine cable 34225_35526608_1_1_1_1,00.html#data2004 ) business. Unfortunately only registrants can be easily analysing the recent trends in broadband internet counted, but it is widely accepted that this numbers connections. The growth in the last 12 months was Vantage represents about 25% of the telecoms folks who come 38% across the OECD which represents in general the to Hawaii. Through the 1990s decade, the attendance more developed countries in the world. Sure this is less grew steadily to a peak of 1850 registered attendees than in the previous 2 years where it was 43% and 58% in 2001. With the bursting of the bubble, it fell to but it is still very healthy. By 1400, 1000 and bottomed in 2004 at under 800. Last years 900 attendees confi rmed the growing mood of Possibly far more signifi cant than these growths in John Hibbard optimism that the worst was behind us. For many of us, broadband internet subscribers is the resultant usage it is a great time to be involved in the submarine cable of capacity for the essential connectivity. In most industry, so my intuition says that the PTC numbers circumstances, as penetration of a service increases, the should be up further this year with more registered incremental utility of the service decreases. Look at the attendees and several thousand “networkers” alongside case of ARPU for mobile users. The late subscribers them. My optimism comes from the facts that there is tend to have less need and so make less use of the a driving demand for capacity, that many of the cables service bringing down the average. However if we go are fi lling all their lit capacity, that there are improved to Australian statistics, notwithstanding the addition of techniques for generating capacity, that there are a few late adopters, the average demand for capacity per user new cables being laid -- and then there are China and has increased. At June 2005, there were 2.18 million India —both great opportunities for growing the wealth broadband users. The current estimated demand for of our business. international capacity to support those users is 35 Gbps, or 16 Kbps per user. Two years ago when similar measurements were performed, the fi gure was 12 Kbps. With the availability of greater speeds in internet along with minimising any implementation disruption traffi c growths, a number of earlier cables have retired access services, and fewer thresholds on the level of is a demanding challenge. But even more intriguing due to insuffi cient capacity or having been overbuilt usage, it seems reasonable to assume that the average and arguably more benefi cial is the ability to upgrade by larger capacity cables. Where O&M is related to capacity per user will continue to rise, consuming those fi rst generation 5Gbps systems with multiple 10G sheath miles, the unit cost per circuit can be prohibitive increasing amounts of submarine cable capacity. wavelengths. The ability to utilise the same submarine or at least uncompetitive compared to newer cables. amplifi ers to offer this vast increase in capacity However some of these retired cables have only been I don’t believe that this is peculiar to Australia but through clever fi nessing of the cable characteristics in the water maybe a third of their 25 year design life. rather is a global phenomenon. with various pre-emphasis and de-emphasis techniques So there is plenty of life left. And their lesser capacity never ceases to amaze me. is more than enough for the smaller communities that Upgrading existing cables and some new techniques they will serve. The marvellous engineering of the Practices like this will delay the provision of new original systems suggests that the technical issues of We saw a glut of cables laid around the turn of the cables, but there will still be some. recovery and re-lay are modest and of manageable century. With each new cable laid, we heard bigger risk. We have seen the announcement of the re-use of and bigger numbers for the ultimate capacity of the New cables Gemini for a UK-Guernsey cable, and there are plans cable. The photonics developments had for the fi rst to re-use PACRIM West to replace the 29 year old time in living memory given us potential capacity Many of the long-haul routes were cabled heavily in APNG cable. beyond our wildest imagination of demand. There the last 10 years and in many cases, there are oodles of are long-haul amplifi ed cables such as C2C and TGN unlit capacity. Now there is a focus on fi lling in gaps. And of course, there is the conventional laying of new (Pacifi c) touting capacities of 7,680 Gbps. However as Short-haul cables, particularly festoons have again long-haul cables such as SMW4 to keep the factories with most cables, they were only equipped for the near become a focus. Generally unrepeatered, they are a operating. term demand so we see cables with many hundreds or marriage of submarine and terrestrial infrastructure. thousands of Gigabits/sec equipped for 40 or 80 Gbps. With no power feeding, and distances less than 250 So the market gives good reason for optimism, when The growth in the internet is seeing these equipped kms, these cable links can be well serviced by terminal viewed from an OECD perspective. However the capacities fi ll requiring further wavelengths to be lit. plant designed for terrestrial systems. Provisioning OECD fi gures exclude China and India, the two largest This business of upgrading cables will be one of the these often thin routes, frequently linking smaller countries now becoming very much part of the global growth opportunities for the supply industry for the communities, many island based, is now more communications market. next few years, as the number of brand new cables will economic as the cost of terrestrial plant, with its mass be limited. volume and no requirement for the intricacies of long China haul submarine systems, is much reduced on past However much more fascinating than the ability to alternatives. Within China there are now 100M internet users, light more 10G lambdas on an established 10 G cable of which 30M had broadband at mid 2005. Growth is the ability to replace some of the older 2.5 Gbps The drive for lower cost solutions to service thin routes is around 48% pa. It is true that with the local wavelengths with 10G wavelengths. Doing so while has also seen an interest in the recovery of retired regulations, and the language/calligraphy aspects, the staying within the power and bandwidth constraints, cables and their re-lay on a new route. Because of amount of international demand will be tempered; Since 2001, John Hibbard but the vast number of users, and the strong growth FALCON, TATA-India-Singapore, I2I and the Bharti has been a consultant with must continue to provide substantial demand for cable India-SE Asia cables, where a concern about excess his own company, Hibbard capacity within Asia and across the Pacifi c. Even with cable capacities and its market impact still lingers. Consulting Pty Limited, this contained demand, carriers like China Telecom focusing primarily on the are reported to be buying activating capacity not as many facets of international multiples of STM1s or 4s but rather multiples of 10G Summary telecommunications. John waves -- certainly the news to delight cable operators and upgrade vendors. spent most of his career The positive mood of the submarine cable market with Telstra and OTC. In India should see a large contingent of industry players the 7 years prior to his departure, John was bolster the ranks of attendees to the January 2006 Managing Director, Telstra Global Wholesale There are 18M internet users in India of which only PTC. It should provide a great platform for discussion, responsible for a team maintaining and growing 0.8M have broadband. With an economic middle Telstra’s international carrier business around class of some 250M people, most of whom would not just amongst the networkers but at the sessions the globe. John was also the Chairman of appreciate broadband, there is an enormous demand and events pitched directly to the sub cable audience. potential to generate international connectivity needs. the Australia Japan Cable from its formation, This year there will be an open session (sponsored by Furthermore with English as the business language, having conceived the project and oversighted its the international capacity per user is likely to be Nexans) on the opening Sunday to entertain, stimulate execution. He was also elected by the industry higher than in China. Consider 100M broadband and condition you for the following days. With to the Executive Board of the prestigious Pacifi c users each using 10 kbps international capacity, that broadband internet continuing to boom, there should Telecommunications Council and is currently a is 1000 Gbps. However this vast demand will make not be a sombre face amongst us. See you there. member of its Advisory Council. only a small impression on the current and planned cable capacities of SMW3, SAFE, FLAG, SMW4,

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www.wfnstrategies.com DEPLOYMENT INTRODUCTION SYSTEM DESCRIPTION From March 2000 to August 2004, Nautronix MariPro The end requirement is for three hydrophones in the has installed four mid ocean sensor systems. These SOFAR channel about 2 km apart from each other in OF CABLED, installations have many aspects similar to a traditional an equilateral triangle. In order to connect the sensors, telecom cable installation. However, deployment of the or nodes, to each other and the shore, the nodes are 3.5-ton sensor assemblies as in-line cable bodies is far essentially deployed as in-line cable bodies. The INLINE from traditional. fl oats and hydrophones are placed into the SOFAR by releasing them from the node assembly after the system The systems are part of a worldwide monitoring has been installed. The result is that the hydrophones are SENSORS, program for a proprietary customer. The systems bottom tethered and buoyed with syntactic foam fl oats. contain hydrophones placed in the Sound Fixing and Each node weighs 3.5 tons in order to accommodate 3.5 TONS IN Ranging (SOFAR) channel that record information on the anchor mechanics, electronics housing, riser cable, low frequency noise sources. hydrophone and fl oat. A deployed single node is shown in Figure 2. To date, installations have been completed in the British WEIGHT Indian Ocean Territory, off the coast of South Western Australia, off the coast of Chile and in the South Atlantic Ocean. Figure 1 is a representation of a deployed BY GEOFF BALL system.

FIGURE 1 TYPICAL DEPLOYED SYSTEM

CONFIGURATION FIGURE 2 TYPICAL DEPLOYED NODE INSTALLATION OVERVIEW The system is designed, manufactured and tested at the Nautronix MariPro facility in Goleta, California. All cable associated with the installation is panned at the same facility into 3.5 m diameter pans which are able to be trucked and/or shipped for mobilization. The entire system and all installation equipment is trucked and shipped to the ship-of-opportunity for mobilization and installation operations. Typically this requires 18 semi trucks to transport the system and installation equipment.

FIGURE 4 VESSEL MOBILIZED FOR INSTALLATION DEPLOYMENT OF SENSORS The size and weight of the nodes mandate deployment Installation of the system seashore interface (SSI) and with an A-Frame structure. Nautronix MariPro designed deployment of the trunk cable is similar to many telecom and built a modular A-Frame to address this need. The installations. The SSI usually incorporates some type of A-Frame is 22 tons in capacity and is modular by design additional cable protection to protect it from near-shore to allow for ship-of-opportunity installations. The base hazards. In most cases, this consists of landing the cable incorporates three modifi ed 40-foot fl at racks. This with split-pipe or pulling it through directionally drilled, heavy base acts as working counter weight allowing for sub-bottom conduits. The trunk cable is deployed out of installation on a vessel without having to tie into ships FIGURE 3 SYSTEM TRUCKED TO A US GULF PORT multiple 3.5-meter pans through two redundant, tracked under deck structure. The fl at racks also double as a linear cable engines. nice raised working deck. Figure 6 shows the A- Frame test-launching a node at the dock. The typical ship-of-opportunity is a DP oil supply Three aspects of the sensor deployment make for vessel. Vessels have been mobilized in Singapore, a challenging operation, the weight of the nodes, the The next challenge is addressing the weight of the US Gulf ports and Western Australia. A full vessel strength of the system cable and the cable deployment nodes on the trunk and inter-node cables. The deck mobilization is usually completed in four days. This modelling, required to place the nodes in location. load on the cable is a function of the node weight plus fairly rapid rate is due to the full modular nature of the the accumulated load of approximately 2,000 meters installation equipment, the sensor system and all cable of cable in the water column just before touch down. pans. Signifi cant effort is also made to select the best This total expected dynamic load exceeds the working port facilities for mobilization. Figure 4 shows a vessel Figure 5 lists specifi cs for node handling and capacity of the system cable. Also, the tension on mobilized for installation. deployment. the linear cable engine exceeds the allowable shear load placed on the cable. To address the fi rst issue, a passive heave compensator was designed and built by Nautronix MariPro. The compensator uses a four-pass and Makai Lay software. Due to the weight of the nodes, confi guration with 4.5 meters of linear compensation. the cable has to be deployed slowly and with a vertical The hydraulic system uses gas over oil pressure and angle from the stern. This angle of deployment does not accumulators to control the hydraulic cylinder. The cable provide for a warm feeling of success as viewed from shear load issue is addressed by adding a second cable the deck for fear of laying loops of cable on the bottom. deployment line incorporating a traction winch. Figure However, the cable does have an aft angle closer to 7 shows the motion compensator and traction winch. the bottom and is controlled by the navigators as to the Figure 8 shows relative active tension measurements deployment model. This cable and node deployment before and after motion compensation. scenario is very different from a traditional in-line body deployment. Cable deployment speeds while lowering a node into position are a fraction of a knot as driven by the cable and node properties. Deployment of one node and associated cables are completed in about 12 hours time. A majority of this time is spent to safely execute multiple load transfers around the node for launching. Depending on the length of the trunk cable, a full system FIGURE 7 MOTION COMPENSATOR AND TRACTION deployment will require 3 days. WINCH SUMMARY This new type of sensor layout has required signifi cant changes in deployment techniques, as well as modifi cation and construction of specifi c deployment equipment. To date, seven systems and 21 sensors have been deployed successfully in four remote locations around the globe. Much of the success can be attributed to full project duration coordination between design, manufacture and installation personnel, ship- of-opportunity approach to minimize mobilization and installation costs, dependable vendors and a highly trained and experience team.

Geoffrey Ball, PE; is a Senior FIGURE 8 MOTION COMPENSATION RESULTS Ocean Engineer with Nautronix MariPro. Over the last 15 years he These two solutions addressed launching the nodes has participated in over 25 major FIGURE 6 A-FRAME TEST LAUNCHING NODE and the dynamic loads on the cables. The remaining government and commercial challenge is to deploy the cable and place the nodes in marine cable installations. He is a pre-determined, accurate locations to form the desired graduate of the California Maritime Academy with a bachelors in triangle. The cable deployment is modeled and controlled both Mechanical and Marine by Nautronix MariPro navigators using the Makai Plan Pro Engineering. Wednesday 16th November sees the launch of what has Southern Vancouver Island, been described as a pioneering project for the world of Previously, marine scientists have starting with the Saanich oceanography. Global Marine Systems Limited, the broadly used two main methods Inlet and then moving world’s leading provider of submarine cable installation for collecting data from the ocean onto the Strait of Georgia. and the University of Victoria, British Columbia, may fl oor. Either periodically recovering Housed in a fared-off , trawl not seem the most traditional of partners at fi rst glance measurements from fi xed or fl oating resistant framework, the node but, in a project which originated roughly fi ve years data collection buoys or developing itself is a piece of machinery ago, the pair have joined forces to deliver Canada’s fi rst and building their own instruments, about the size of an average interactive seafl oor observatory. which are then positioned on the sea family car and incorporates fl oor for a short period of time and an electronic pod to deal with Th e VENUS (Victoria Experimental Network Under the then recovered for later analysis. As communications and power Sea) Observatory arguably Phil Hart, Director of Engineering at distribution. It was purpose built by the Canadian fi rm Vancouver represents a step change Global Marine points out, “both these OceanWorks, who specialise in manned and unmanned CANADA subsea work systems. Th e node outer edge holds up to in the fi eld of marine VANCOUVER USA methods simply provide a snapshot of science and Oceanography ISLAND data for marine scientists. Th e VENUS eight wet mateable sockets, into which the various pieces by utilising fi bre-optic project observatory can be considered as of monitoring equipment are connected by a remotely SAANICH operated vehicle (ROV). Th e monitoring equipment can cabling technology to INLET being like a continuous fi lm, rather than provide a real-time data previous methods which are more akin to be up to 70m away from the node on the end of a series feed of images, sound and Victoria a group of photographs. Th is will allow of fl ying leads. Strait ofJuan scientifi c measurements deFuca long term observations to be made and from the bottom of the sea much more reliable and detailed analysis Using its CS Wave Venture cable laying ship, Global fl oor, which can be viewed to be achieved.” Marine will install approximately 3.5km of subsea cable, live over the internet from which will connect the observatory to a dedicated shore December of this year. Th e VENUS project is based in the waters around station at Patricia Bay, from where the data will then be transferred to the Data Management and Archive System (DMAS) at UVic and then broadcast directly over the internet. Th e cable used in the project will be a standard In conclusion, the VENUS project is of huge signifi cance OALC4-30 type that to the world of marine science and, provides both data and by letting its story unfold live over power feeds to VENUS the internet, will undoubtedly make and lays on the sea the world of oceanography far more fl oor at Saanich Inlet in accessible to a wider audience than roughly 100 metres of before. Th is partnership of academia water. Global Marine and industry is also another interesting will also build and example of how Global Marine install the jointing has utilised its cabling expertise to before being installed which connects the diversify into areas outside of its core cable to both the telecommunications market (it also • attend a cable jointing demonstration observatory and shore conducts installation and maintenance station, and these were work in the renewable energy, defence • view both the VENUS Instrument Platform developed from the company’s existing experience of and oil and gas sectors.) As Phil Hart concludes, “Ours is and remotely operated vehicle (ROV), and jointing engineering and processes. Overall, the Saanich a constantly evolving industry and Global Marine prides • also experience a guided tour of the CS Wave Inlet cable installation part of the VENUS project will itself on its leading edge technology and ability to adapt Venture. take a couple of days to complete and the CS Wave to new and exciting opportunities. We are delighted Venture will remain on call throughout the test and to be working with the University of Victoria on the Additionally, other scientists involved in the VENUS commissioning trial phase of VENUS. VENUS project and are keen to be an active player in the project were on hand throughout the day to answer broader underwater observatory market.” specifi c questions about their research. Marc Hermel, Global Marine’s VENUS Project Manager, Th e VENUS project broadcast starts in December and expects that the breadth of real time data that will be Th e event: can be viewed live at www.venus.uvic.ca/ available over the internet will be diverse, refl ecting not Th e launch event was organized by Th e University only the interests of the scientifi c community but also of Victoria, Global Marine and OceanWorks and in Further information about Global Marine can be found those interests of schools and the wider general public. attendance were representatives from local government, at: www.globalmarinesystems.com Th is will include ocean chemistry, sediment studies, the funding agents and dignitaries from the University. biological distribution and interaction between marine Th e event gave all guests the opportunity to Further information on OceanWorks can be found at: life, bioacoustics, fi sh migratory patterns and plankton www.oceanworks.cc distributions. • see the VENUS infrastructure and instruments Offshore Success in Asia for over 10 years

SBSS, a Global Marine JV partner in China delivers offshore services throughout Asia:

Oil & Gas Specialization: F Pipeline Trenching F Flow Line Installation & Construction

Telecommunications Specialization: F Cable System Planning F Installation & Maintenance

For more information contact: Ian Douglas Director & General Manager S.B. Submarine Systems Ltd. Tel: +86 21 6270 7021

www.sbss.com.cn

www.globalmarinesystems.com

37 How is My Driving? In the last 5 years the role of technology in undersea systems has gone from market driver…..to the back Non-traditional and special purpose applications of seat. More and faster has been replaced by thinner undersea telecom technologies are related or even BBackack and cheaper. Business cases are about niches and emerging market niches. These include: sovereignty, not the latest and greatest. Technology changes are incremental, not leaps and bounds. · Scientifi c and industrial observatories Technology is no longer pushing projects. Rather, new · Undersea ranges projects are pulling smaller R&D budgets, emphasizing · Surveillance systems refi nements. The spectacular achievements of the late · Harbor defense ‘90s have provided a mature technology for the current · Oil and gas communications and control SSeateat marketplace and positioned telecom solutions as a systems platform for related applications. Observatories can have single or multiple nodes Mature or Obsolete? capable transmitting data from sensors for a simple time series of a single key parameter to supporting Successful suppliers have highly developed core multiple and varied inputs such AUVs and active system components including cable, optical amplifi ers, and passive sensing. Ranges generally involve active DDriverriver joints, branching units, power feed and transmission and passive acoustic transducers for the purposes of By Rob Munier equipment, with hundreds of thousands of kilometers signature determination, silencing and training. The deployed and millions of hours of reliable operation. trend in range confi guration is away from individually Prior to deployment, large investments were made cabled and towards in line transducers. Surveillance qualifying these components for mechanical, electrical systems are used to monitor vessel movements and are and optical performance in order to assure a 25 year generally targeted to locations of strategic importance. design life. Qualifi cation also included handling Harbor defense systems are really a type surveillance during loading, laying, burial and repair operations system with the expanded requirement to detect and validation of performance at depth. As a part specifi c threats such as certain targeted materials, small of this process, the interfaces between components high speed vessels or divers, in addition to traditional have been qualifi ed and standardized, providing vessel tracking. Oil and gas interests have growing considerable fl exibility in system design and enabling requirements for reliable rig to shore bandwidth considerable interchangeability of components including the remote control of certain operations plus between the major suppliers. data generated from new sensor systems deployed for fi eld monitoring. The recent devastating hurricanes These development and qualifi cation activities, as in the Gulf of Mexico have created a heightened well as the dozens of successfully deployed, currently awareness of the need for reliable connectivity. In operating systems are the collective result of the addition, the high value of operations has focused huge investments in technology. While mature, the efforts on disaster recovery, as every additional minute technologies developed from these investments are of operation enabled at either end of a hurricane event delivering reliable service to system owners and can save thousands or even millions of production inspire the confi dence of their customers. dollars.

38 Drivers Wanted? the power capacity, distribution and management Mr. Munier has a 25 year career capabilities of current technology versus developing a in the marine industry, including The technology requirements of these non-traditional new product for this special application. When high interests in undersea cable systems can vary considerably. However, there are power consuming applications are to be deployed the systems, military ranges, ocean certain unifying characteristics, including: system must have an intelligent scheduling routine to optimize and coordinate the hotel load with periodic energy and operations. He has an · Relatively low data rates loads. The system must also be able to monitor itself undergraduate degree in geology · Variable power requirements and intelligently shut down applications if limits are and advanced degrees in ocean · Simple to complex network architectures approached. While the capability to switch specifi c engineering and business. · Active power and data path switching applications on and off must be an inherent part of the sub sea system, the intelligence associated with Single node scientifi c observatories have relatively the switching may be resident on shore. The ability to Mr. Munier is Managing Director at Tyco low power and data requirements, easily supported switch power at network nodes is critical for system Telecommunications, a leading supplier of fi ber optic with current technology. In fact previous generation deployment and maintenance. cable systems based in Morristown, New Jersey. His equipment may provide more than adequate capability responsibilities include the sale of commercial undersea and performance, allowing the cost effective reuse Range, surveillance, and harbor defense data and systems in the Americas and non-traditional undersea of retired undersea systems. The ALOHA Project, power requirements generally fall within the current for example, will deploy a single node from HAW-4, technology spectrum. In fact, at times the data systems and marine services globally. Prior to joining providing an extremely low cost observatory in the rates are low enough that previous regeneration Tyco, he was Vice President of General Offshore North Pacifi c. Standard couplings will be used to technologies can be used rather than optical Corporation where he was in charge of the US business provide the interface between the cable and the node. amplifi cation. The next generation of sensors is unit. trending toward all-optical; a key development Multiple node observatories like Neptune also have decision will be the extent to which they can be modest data requirements but may call for more integrated into qualifi ed cable, joints and couplings. Back Seat Driver complex networks. Mesh confi gurations between nodes are employed to enhance reliability and to Less traditional but currently available technologies Purchasers and suppliers of non-traditional or special provide multiple paths for communication and such as wet optical add/drop multiplexers, branching purpose undersea systems have a fundamental control among various scientifi c experiments. This is joints, and low power/optical wet mate connections decision to make: what mix of existing and new leading to the shift from SONET based node-to-shore can complement off the shelf production components technology should be employed in the solution? Is the communications to Ethernet based node-to-node and in special applications. Enhancements currently priority reliability or one-of-a-kind features? Should node-to-shore topologies. being qualifi ed or designed into systems are: higher the backbone and interfaces be part of the experiment? power levels for cable, joints and couplings; methods Does it need to be in the water sooner or later? Is Electrical power demands are also increasing in order to break out electrical and optical signals from the the system being bought on a fi xed price or is there a to support applications such as lighting for under core of off-the-shelf cables and pressure vessels generous budget? The answers to these questions will water photography and video, motors for coring and to support external sensors; the use of standard help to determine the extent to which the benefi ts of pumping sea water for accelerated sample collection, repeater and branching unit chassis for non- the maturity of undersea telecom technology can be and recharging AUVs. These requirements can be traditional communications and power switching and exploited. met with minor enhancements and the re-qualifi cation management; and the use of standard couplings with of traditional telecom cables, joints, and couplings pigtails confi gured for wet mate connectors. or by the development of new solutions. A key decision, therefore, is the trade off between extending

39 The IEEE – Oceanic Engineering Society and products for Ocean and Maritime Homeland (IEEE-OES) and NAVSEA-Naval Undersea Technologies for Infrastructure Protection. Warfare Center (NUWC) will co-host the This annual IEEE-OES workshop continues IEEE-OES Homeland Security Technology to provide an unprecedented opportunity to Security Workshop 2005 - Ocean and Maritime network with engineers, scientists, maritime Technologies for Infrastructure Protection legal experts, and local, state, and federal at the Marriott at Newport, RI on December government personnel who all share a Technology 6, 7, and 8. The theme for the third annual common concern and goal in providing workshop is “Under the Water, On the Water, advance technologies to protect vital maritime Workshop and Over the Water”. Please visit http:// infrastructure and provide for the safety of www.oceanicengineering.org and use the our ports, harbors, coastal eco-systems and pull-down menu to go to conferences and our oceans. Arlene Specter, Senator - PA in December workshops and selecting Homeland Security. his letter of introduction stated that HSTW’04 was the leading maritime Homeland Security 6-8, 2005 in The purpose of the workshop is to once again workshop of its kind. bring together small technology companies, and large defense contractors, military, Pam Hurst and Bob Bannon return as Newport, RI government, academia, and not-for-profi t co-Chairs of this technology forum. institutes who are developing technologies Congressional Luncheon Speakers for 2005 will include Jim Langevin - D-RI 2nd District and Rob Simmons - R-CT 2nd District, who both serve as members of the House Homeland Security and Armed Forces Committees, and will address the conferees on the state of the war on terrorism. The technical program offered two full days, of multi-track PowerPoint presentations and papers covering topics below:

· Underwater Telecommunications Protection Issues and International Legislation

40 · Sensors and Underwater Vehicle issues. Technology for Protecting our Ports, Waterways, and Coastlines We intend to once again make HSTW’05 the · Preempting and Disrupting Terrorist leading technologies workshop for ocean Threat and maritime infrastructure protection with · Maritime Domain Awareness emphasis on underwater telecommunications · Biometric and Screening – including protection, harbor security and container risk Personnel and Containers management, maritime fi rst responder issues, · Technologies for Countering Chemical, interdiction, and unmanned maritime vehicles. Bio-terrorist, Terrorist Attacks on Ocean Therefore, we invite you to come and Industries participate in HSTW’05; it’s your opportunity · Maritime HLS First Responders to become recognized as a Homeland · Beyond Homeland Defense and Security leader. Homeland Security – Over the Horizon implemented by Australia, and the evolving views of the UN members concerning the Law The 2005 Newport event will feature of the Sea. representatives from the Department of Homeland Security, the Department of the NAVSEA NUWC will have the SPARTAN Navy (NAVSEA NUWC), the US Coast Unmanned Surface Guard, NOAA, ONR, and NRL. The plenary Vehicle (USV) on display speakers and panel members represented at HSTW05. In addition, some of the most recognized individuals and we will continue with organizations from industry, government the tradition of having and academia. Bob Bannon will address pool demonstrations underwater infrastructure vulnerabilities of small ROVs, AUVs identifi ed by European Union Community and advanced sensor members- England, France, and Poland, suites for port and harbor Russia, and the Asia-Pacifi c Rim views protection. There will provided by Japanese and Korean delegates. also be panel discussions Doug Burnett of Holland & Knight LLP will dedicated to USN, present major changes in laws concerning USCG, and Industry underwater infrastructure, such as those Homeland Security

41 42 THE CABLESHIPS A global guide to the latest known locations of the world’s cableships*, as ot September 2005. Information Provided by Lyods list.

MOVE ARRIVAL ARRIVAL SAILED SAILED MOVE ARRIVAL SAILED VESSEL NAME LR NO TYPE DATE DATE DATE DATE PORT NAME COUNTRY NAME TYPE DATE DATE QUALIFIER EST QUALIFIER EST QUALIFIER

Cable Innovator 9101132 9/28/2005 Bermuda Bermuda

Tyco Decisive 9242364 9/18/2005 Y A 9/18/2005 Y B Saint John(CAN) Canada

Vancouver(CAN) Maersk Defender 9131163 10/12/2005 Canada

Vancouver(CAN) Maersk Defender 9131163 9/22/2005 10/5/2005 Canada

Pertinacia 9250529 P W 9/14/2005 9/14/2005 Dover Strait United Kingdom

I.T. Intrepid 8710871 P W 10/14/2005 10/14/2005 Dover Strait United Kingdom

I.T. Intrepid 8710871 P E 10/1/2005 10/1/2005 Dover Strait United Kingdom Peter Faber 8027781 P W 9/24/2005 9/24/2005 Dover Strait United Kingdom

Peter Faber 8027781 P W 9/19/2005 9/19/2005 Dover Strait United Kingdom

Ocean Challenger 9194115 10/10/2005 10/13/2005 Tees United Kingdom

Normand Cutter 9231535 P W 10/9/2005 10/9/2005 Dover Strait United Kingdom

Normand Clipper 9236200 10/7/2005 10/7/2005 Invergordon United Kingdom

Normand Clipper 9236200 9/15/2005 Y A 10/7/2005 Y B Peterhead United Kingdom

Normand Clipper 9236200 9/13/2005 9/15/2005 Invergordon United Kingdom

Normand Clipper 9236200 P W 9/9/2005 9/9/2005 Dover Strait United Kingdom

Manta 8418631 P W 10/26/2005 10/26/2005 Dover Strait United Kingdom

* Over 1000 tons 43 MOVE ARRIVAL ARRIVAL SAILED SAILED MOVE ARRIVAL SAILED VESSEL NAME LR NO TYPE DATE DATE DATE DATE PORT NAME COUNTRY NAME TYPE DATE DATE QUALIFIER EST QUALIFIER EST QUALIFIER

Aberdeen(GBR) Manta 8418631 9/11/2005 9/12/2005 United Kingdom

Aberdeen(GBR) Maersk Reliance 9215218 10/31/2005 11/7/2005 United Kingdom

Aberdeen(GBR) Maersk Reliance 9215218 10/23/2005 10/25/2005 United Kingdom

Maersk Recorder 9207053 10/31/2005 Tees United Kingdom

Maersk Recorder 9207053 10/2/2005 10/31/2005 Y B Tees United Kingdom Polar Queen 9230414 10/30/2005 Dundee United Kingdom

Polar Queen 9230414 10/29/2005 10/30/2005 Tyne United Kingdom

Polar Queen 9230414 10/14/2005 10/15/2005 Tyne United Kingdom

Polar Queen 9230414 10/7/2005 Y A 10/14/2005 Y B continental shelf United Kingdom

Polar Queen 9230414 10/6/2005 10/7/2005 Rosyth United Kingdom

Polar Queen 9230414 9/17/2005 9/19/2005 Peterhead United Kingdom

Polar Queen 9230414 9/12/2005 9/15/2005 Tees United Kingdom

Polar Queen 9230414 9/12/2005 9/12/2005 Tyne United Kingdom

Bourbon Skagerrak 7619458 P W 11/4/2005 11/4/2005 Dover Strait United Kingdom

Elektron 6930520 11/2/2005 11/3/2005 Lerwick United Kingdom

Elektron 6930520 10/19/2005 10/19/2005 Tees United Kingdom

Aberdeen(GBR) Elektron 6930520 10/17/2005 10/18/2005 United Kingdom

Elektron 6930520 10/12/2005 10/12/2005 Rosyth United Kingdom

Elektron 6930520 10/11/2005 10/12/2005 Tyne United Kingdom

44 MOVE ARRIVAL ARRIVAL SAILED SAILED MOVE ARRIVAL SAILED VESSEL NAME LR NO TYPE DATE DATE DATE DATE PORT NAME COUNTRY NAME TYPE DATE DATE QUALIFIER EST QUALIFIER EST QUALIFIER

Elektron 6930520 9/23/2005 9/29/2005 Ellesmere Port United Kingdom

Elektron 6930520 9/17/2005 Y A 9/23/2005 Y B Loch Carron United Kingdom

Elektron 6930520 9/16/2005 9/17/2005 Ellesmere Port United Kingdom

Discovery 8813910 10/21/2005 Y A 10/28/2005 Y B Heysham United Kingdom

Discovery 8813910 P W 10/17/2005 10/17/2005 Dover Strait United Kingdom

Discovery 8813910 10/16/2005 10/16/2005 Hartlepool United Kingdom

Discovery 8813910 10/8/2005 10/9/2005 Dundee United Kingdom

Discovery 8813910 9/29/2005 Y A 10/8/2005 Y B continental shelf United Kingdom

Aberdeen(GBR) Discovery 8813910 9/28/2005 9/29/2005 United Kingdom

Discovery 8813910 9/25/2005 9/27/2005 Dundee United Kingdom

Discovery 8813910 9/20/2005 Y A 9/25/2005 Y B continental shelf United Kingdom

Atlantic Guardian 9239355 P W 10/9/2005 10/9/2005 Dover Strait United Kingdom Teneo 9019602 P E 10/11/2005 10/11/2005 Gibraltar Gibraltar

Rene Descartes 9248100 P W 10/26/2005 10/26/2005 Gibraltar Gibraltar I l e d e B a t z 9247041 P W 10/17/2005 10/17/2005 Gibraltar Gibraltar

Pertinacia 9250529 9/10/2005 9/14/2005 Rotterdam Netherlands

Pertinacia 9250529 9/6/2005 9/7/2005 Rotterdam Netherlands Calamity Jane 7616779 9/13/2005 Eemshaven Netherlands

Ocean Challenger 9194115 9/30/2005 Y A 10/9/2005 Den Helder Netherlands

Ocean Challenger 9194115 9/29/2005 9/30/2005 Den Helder Netherlands

Manta 8418631 10/21/2005 10/26/2005 Amsterdam Netherlands

Manta 8418631 10/3/2005 Y A 10/20/2005 Rotterdam Netherlands

Manta 8418631 10/3/2005 10/20/2005 Y B Schiedam Netherlands

45 MOVE ARRIVAL ARRIVAL SAILED SAILED MOVE ARRIVAL SAILED VESSEL NAME LR NO TYPE DATE DATE DATE DATE PORT NAME COUNTRY NAME TYPE DATE DATE QUALIFIER EST QUALIFIER EST QUALIFIER

Cable Innovator 9101132 9/23/2005 9/23/2005 Freeport(BHS) Bahamas

Cable Innovator 9101132 9/18/2005 9/18/2005 Freeport(BHS) Bahamas Arab Republic of Egypt Rene Descartes 9248100 P N 10/18/2005 10/18/2005 Port Said

Arab Republic of Egypt Rene Descartes 9248100 P S 10/5/2005 10/5/2005 Suez

I l e d e B a t z Arab Republic of Egypt 9247041 P N 10/10/2005 10/10/2005 Port Said

Arab Republic of Egypt Atlantic Guardian 9239355 P S 11/4/2005 11/4/2005 Suez

Tyco Decisive 9242364 9/18/2005 Baltimore United States of America

Global Sentinel 8900866 9/24/2005 Portland(OR USA) United States of America

Oceanic Viking 9126584 9/28/2005 10/5/2005 Darwin Australia

Oceanic Princess 8302959 9/21/2005 9/23/2005 Darwin Australia N i w a 8819029 9/26/2005 Mumbai India

Pertinacia 9250529 10/15/2005 Catania Italy

Teliri 9105889 9/13/2005 9/14/2005 Catania Italy

Teliri 9105889 9/8/2005 9/12/2005 Catania Italy

Teliri 9105889 9/8/2005 9/8/2005 Augusta Italy

Rene Descartes 9248100 10/21/2005 10/22/2005 Catania Italy

Rene Descartes 9248100 10/1/2005 10/1/2005 Augusta Italy Raymond Croze 8104199 9/10/2005 9/10/2005 Catania Italy

Raymond Croze 8104199 9/6/2005 9/6/2005 Catania Italy

Tyco Dependable 9242352 11/7/2005 Moji Japan F u H a i 9207065 11/8/2005 Wakamatsu Japan

46 MOVE ARRIVAL ARRIVAL SAILED SAILED MOVE ARRIVAL SAILED VESSEL NAME LR NO TYPE DATE DATE DATE DATE PORT NAME COUNTRY NAME TYPE DATE DATE QUALIFIER EST QUALIFIER EST QUALIFIER

KDD Pacifi c Link 9017824 10/26/2005 10/31/2005 Wakamatsu Japan

KDD Pacifi c Link 9017824 10/22/2005 10/23/2005 Yokohama Japan

KDD Pacifi c Link 9017824 10/19/2005 10/19/2005 Moji Japan

KDD Pacifi c Link 9017824 9/29/2005 10/19/2005 Wakamatsu Japan

KDD Ocean Link 9017070 10/31/2005 Shimonoseki Japan

KDD Ocean Link 9017070 9/26/2005 10/29/2005 Yokohama Japan

KDD Ocean Link 9017070 9/14/2005 9/15/2005 Moji Japan

KDD Ocean Link 9017070 9/14/2005 9/14/2005 Busan Republic of Korea

Badaro 9009310 11/5/2005 11/6/2005 Masan Republic of Korea

Atlantic Guardian 9239355 10/18/2005 10/19/2005 Valletta Malta

Ocean Challenger 9194115 9/10/2005 Y A 9/14/2005 Kalundborg Denmark

Ocean Challenger 9194115 9/8/2005 9/10/2005 Kalundborg Denmark

Elektron 6930520 10/30/2005 10/31/2005 Nakskov Denmark

Elektron 6930520 10/21/2005 10/21/2005 Kalundborg Denmark

Elektron 6930520 10/15/2005 10/15/2005 Kalundborg Denmark

Discovery 8813910 9/20/2005 9/20/2005 Esbjerg Denmark France I.T. Intrepid 8710871 10/1/2005 Y A 10/14/2005 Calais

Peter Faber France 8027781 9/19/2005 9/19/2005 Calais

France Normand Clipper 9236200 9/9/2005 9/11/2005 Rouen

47 MOVE ARRIVAL ARRIVAL SAILED SAILED MOVE ARRIVAL SAILED VESSEL NAME LR NO TYPE DATE DATE DATE DATE PORT NAME COUNTRY NAME TYPE DATE DATE QUALIFIER EST QUALIFIER EST QUALIFIER

France Ile de Brehat 9247053 10/21/2005 Brest

I l e d e B a t z France 9247041 10/21/2005 Calais

Sarku Clementine 8936645 10/11/2005 10/11/2005 Kemaman Malaysia

Sarku Clementine 8936645 9/23/2005 9/23/2005 Kemaman Malaysia

Ocean Challenger 9194115 10/15/2005 10/18/2005 Maaloy Norway

Normand Cutter 9231535 10/4/2005 10/9/2005 Y B Stavanger Norway

Normand Cutter 9231535 9/13/2005 9/13/2005 Stavanger Norway

Normand Clipper 9236200 10/26/2005 10/26/2005 Kristiansand Norway

Normand Clipper 9236200 10/10/2005 10/10/2005 Kristiansand Norway

Normand Clipper 9236200 10/10/2005 10/10/2005 Sogne Norway

Normand Clipper 9236200 10/9/2005 10/9/2005 Kristiansand Norway

Bourbon Skagerrak 7619458 11/1/2005 11/1/2005 Kristiansand Norway

Bourbon Skagerrak 7619458 10/23/2005 10/27/2005 Halden Norway

Fjordkabel 8416889 10/31/2005 11/2/2005 Bremanger Norway

Fjordkabel 8416889 10/12/2005 10/12/2005 Bergen Norway

Elektron 6930520 11/1/2005 11/1/2005 Kristiansand Norway

Elektron 6930520 10/28/2005 10/29/2005 Oslo Norway

Elektron 6930520 10/28/2005 10/28/2005 Borg Hbr. Norway

Elektron 6930520 10/22/2005 10/24/2005 Drammen Norway

Elektron 6930520 10/5/2005 10/6/2005 Drammen Norway

Elektron 6930520 10/2/2005 10/2/2005 Kristiansand Norway

Atlantic Guardian 9239355 10/7/2005 10/7/2005 Bergen Norway I l e d e S e i n Sultanate of Oman 9247039 10/1/2005 10/3/2005 Port Sultan Qaboos

48 MOVE ARRIVAL ARRIVAL SAILED SAILED MOVE ARRIVAL SAILED VESSEL NAME LR NO TYPE DATE DATE DATE DATE PORT NAME COUNTRY NAME TYPE DATE DATE QUALIFIER EST QUALIFIER EST QUALIFIER

I l e d e B a t z Sultanate of Oman 9247041 9/27/2005 9/28/2005 Port Sultan Qaboos

Greece Pertinacia 9250529 10/12/2005 10/13/2005 Kalamata

Greece Pertinacia 9250529 10/11/2005 10/12/2005 Kalamata

Greece Pertinacia 9250529 10/7/2005 10/8/2005 Kalamata

Greece Pertinacia 9250529 9/24/2005 9/26/2005 Kalamata

Discovery 8813910 10/21/2005 Y A 10/28/2005 Cork Republic of Ireland

Discovery 8813910 10/19/2005 10/21/2005 Cork Republic of Ireland

Tyco Durable 9242376 10/17/2005 Singapore Republic of Singapore

Arcos 9252462 9/25/2005 10/28/2005 Singapore Republic of Singapore

Setouchi Surveyor 7824998 10/21/2005 Singapore Republic of Singapore Team Oman 9199854 10/14/2005 10/31/2005 Singapore Republic of Singapore

Oceanic Viking 9126584 10/11/2005 Singapore Republic of Singapore

Sarku Clementine 8936645 10/24/2005 Singapore Republic of Singapore I l e d e S e i n 9247039 9/20/2005 9/21/2005 Singapore Republic of Singapore

Asean Restorer 9063275 10/27/2005 Singapore Republic of Singapore

Asean Restorer 9063275 9/29/2005 10/27/2005 Y B Singapore Republic of Singapore

Asean Restorer 9063275 9/18/2005 9/23/2005 Singapore Republic of Singapore

Asean Explorer 9236676 10/4/2005 Singapore Republic of Singapore

Asean Explorer 9236676 9/27/2005 9/29/2005 Singapore Republic of Singapore Spain Pertinacia 9250529 P E 9/19/2005 9/19/2005 Tarifa

Spain Pertinacia 9250529 P S 9/17/2005 9/17/2005 Cape Finisterre

49 MOVE ARRIVAL ARRIVAL SAILED SAILED MOVE ARRIVAL SAILED VESSEL NAME LR NO TYPE DATE DATE DATE DATE PORT NAME COUNTRY NAME TYPE DATE DATE QUALIFIER EST QUALIFIER EST QUALIFIER

Teneo Spain 9019602 10/12/2005 10/17/2005 Valencia

Teneo Spain 9019602 10/2/2005 Y A 10/9/2005 Vigo

Teneo Spain 9019602 P S 10/2/2005 10/2/2005 Cape Finisterre

Teneo Spain 9019602 10/2/2005 10/2/2005 Y B Vigo

Raymond Croze Spain 8104199 9/26/2005 9/26/2005 Valencia

Raymond Croze Spain 8104199 9/21/2005 9/22/2005 Valencia

I l e d e B a t z Spain 9247041 P N 10/19/2005 10/19/2005 Cape Finisterre

Spain Baron 9241712 P E 10/30/2005 10/30/2005 Tarifa

Spain Atlantic Guardian 9239355 P E 10/14/2005 10/14/2005 Tarifa

Spain Atlantic Guardian 9239355 P S 10/12/2005 10/12/2005 Cape Finisterre

Agile 7616767 9/25/2005 9/27/2005 Coatzacoalcos Mexico

Wartena 5386411 9/22/2005 Y A 9/27/2005 Y B Karlskrona Sweden

Umm Al Anber 7206330 10/20/2005 Fujairah Anch. United Arab Emirates

Newton 7342940 10/11/2005 10/12/2005 Fujairah United Arab Emirates Eclipse 7814436 10/9/2005 10/9/2005 Jebel Ali United Arab Emirates

Thalis 5275791 I D 10/4/2005 Aliaga Turkey

Thalis 5275791 O 10/2/2005 10/4/2005 Y B Aliaga Turkey

Tyco Dependable 9242352 9/12/2005 11/4/2005 Keelung Taiwan

Tyco Dependable 9242352 9/7/2005 9/9/2005 Keelung Taiwan

50 MOVE ARRIVAL ARRIVAL SAILED SAILED MOVE ARRIVAL SAILED VESSEL NAME LR NO TYPE DATE DATE DATE DATE PORT NAME COUNTRY NAME TYPE DATE DATE QUALIFIER EST QUALIFIER EST QUALIFIER

Lodbrog 8306591 9/11/2005 11/4/2005 Keelung Taiwan

KDD Pacifi c Link 9017824 9/25/2005 9/25/2005 Keelung Taiwan

Rene Descartes 9248100 10/10/2005 10/13/2005 Aden Yemeni Republic F u H a i 9207065 10/16/2005 10/18/2005 Shanghai People’s Republic of China

Wartena 5386411 9/27/2005 9/28/2005 Kaliningrad Russian Federation

Wartena 5386411 9/20/2005 9/22/2005 Kaliningrad Russian Federation

51 The third reason: So many new faces which gives me a lot of confi dence in the future of our industry. It seems, my friend, that we have emerging industry leaders who are either coming in with fresh eyes or have learned their lessons. We are living a promising transition. The big gurus, with new gospels are gone. The gold Letter to a friend conquest is dead! Wisdom and pragmatism are the new Letterfromfrom JeanJean DevosDevos to a friend words!! The only big pending matter for our industry is the large amount of unused capacity in both the Atlantic and the Pacifi c. And who controls this capacity is now a huge question. VSNL for instance is now by far the biggest capacity owner. What will be the attitude of the My Dear Friend big carriers? The answer will come soon. For the moment our industry is busy at building the Netcom).” The roar of the Asian Tiger” is a nice music missing links of the global network, or at connecting to listen!! some new players : East Africa , Caribbean islands The other reason for being so refreshing is the clear November 2005 ,and many more coming such as Maldives, New emergence of a new industry culture: Let’s build if and Caledonia, Tahiti, etc . Soon, new large project will when it is needed and let’s do it in a cooperative mode. A New Culture come such as China-US 2 -- Overall a 1 B$ / year • “Let’s avoid the sins of the past. Revenue business. is nice but profi t is better “(Gabriel Ruhan My dear friend, CEO GMSL)”. My dear friend, the coming year will show us if these • “We are walking away from non profi table I have really enjoyed meeting you at the Submarine cultural changes get confi rmed. We will soon know projects” (Bill Marra CEO Tyco Telecom). Networks 2005 Conference. Our evening drinks at the if these nice words can be translated into real facts. Raffl es famous “Long Bar” will be remembered. It Wisdom is not the easiest thing to implement! was a deep pleasure to exchange with you about our This new culture is not at all a return to the past. But business evolution, since we share the same views. We it is a new determination to stick to the real market both agree: That week was very, very refreshing indeed needs, not to the speculative ones. There is also and for many reasons. a clear message that a submarine system is not a Jean Devos commodity but a key infrastructure which deserves to Jean Devos be properly engineered, properly managed and paid The fi rst one is Asia. Coming from a very depressed Submarcom consulting. Europe, it works like an injection of new blood. It is at the right price. The suppliers now understand that clear that the majority of the coming year’s projects cutting their prices further down will not increase will happen in Asia. One can sense that the submarine the size of the market neither decrease the number of cable planning activity is back there, since “Asia is competitors. The owners now understand that the best running out of Bandwidth” (Bill Barney CEO Asia way to optimize their investment is to co-build.

52 UPCOMING CONFERENCES Diary AND EXHIBITIONS

Conference Date Venue www

2005 IEEE/OES Homeland 6-8 December 2005 Newport, Rhode Island USA www.oceanicengineering.org Security Technology Workshop

PTC 2006 - Shift Happens: www.ptc.org/conference/ 15-18 January 2006 Honolulu, Hawaii USA Transition to IP ptc06.html

www.underwaterintervention. Underwater Intervention 2006 30 January – 1 February 2006 Tampa, Florida USA com

4th International Workshop on Scientifi c Use of Submarine 8-10 February 2006 Dublin, Ireland www.ssc06.com Cables and Related Technologies

Offshore Technology 1-4 May 2006 Houston, Texas USA www.otcnet.org/2006 Conference

ICPC 2006 Plenary 16 - 18 May 2006 Vancouver, BC Canada www.iscpc.org

ITU Telecom World 2006 4-8 December 2006 Hong Kong, China www.itu.int/WORLD2006/

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