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8 August 2000 INTERNATIONAL OLYMPIC ACADEMY FOURTIETH SESSION 23 JULY - 8 AUGUST 2000 1 © 2001 International Olympic Committee Published and edited jointly by the International Olympic Committee and the International Olympic Academy 2 INTERNATIONAL OLYMPIC ACADEMY 40TH SESSION FOR YOUNG PARTICIPANTS SPECIAL SUBJECT: OLYMPIC GAMES: ATHLETES AND SPECTATORS 23 JULY - 8 AUGUST 2000 ANCIENT OLYMPIA 3 EPHORIA (BOARD OF DIRECTORS) OF THE INTERNATIONAL OLYMPIC ACADEMY President Nikos FILARETOS IOC Member Honorary life President Juan Antonio SAMARANCH IOC President 1st Vice-president George MOISSIDIS Member of the Hellenic Olympic Committee 2nd Vice-president Spiros ZANNIAS Honorary Vice-president Nikolaos YALOURIS Member ex-officio Lambis NIKOLAOU IOC Member President of the Hellenic Olympic Committee Dean Konstantinos GEORGIADIS Members Dimitris DIATHESSOPOULOS Secretary General of the Hellenic Olympic Committee Georgios YEROLIMBOS Ioannis THEODORAKOPOULOS President of the Greek Association of Sports Journalists Epaminondas KIRIAZIS Cultural Consultant Panagiotis GRAVALOS 4 IOC COMMISSION FOR CULTURE AND OLYMPIC EDUCATION President Zhenliang HE IOC member in China Vice-president Nikos FILARETOS IOC member in Greece Members Fernando Ferreira Lima BELLO IOC member in Portugal Valeriy BORZOV IOC member in Ukraine Ivan DIBOS IOC member in Peru Sinan ERDEM IOC member in Turkey Nat INDRAPANA IOC member in Thailand Carol Anne LETHEREN t IOC member in Canada Francis NYANGWESO IOC member in Uganda Lambis W. NIKOLAOU IOC member in Greece Mounir SABET IOC member in Egypt Ching-Kuo WU IOC member in Chinese Taipei Mohamed ZERGUINI IOC member in Algeria 5 IFs representatives Juan Angel CALZADO Klaus SCHORMANN NOCs representatives Georges MOISSIDES Fernando BELTRANENA VALLADARES ANOC representative Henri SERANDOUR Athletes representatives Charmaine CROOKS Philippe RIBOUD Individual members Vittorio ADORNI Helen BROWNLEE Conrado DURANTEZ Jean DURRY Kostas GEORGIADIS Yoon-bang KWON Marc MAES Alicia MASONI de MOREA Luis MONREAL Norbert MÜLLER Robert PARIENTE Thomas ROSANDICH Secretariat General Secretariat 6 "WE HAVE ALSO PARTICIPATED, IN THIS INTERNATIONAL YEAR FOR THE CULTURE OF PEACE, IN THE OPENING OF THE INTERNATIONAL CENTRE FOR THE OLYMPIC TRUCE. THE CENTRE, WHOSE SYMBOLIC HEAD OFFICE IS IN OLYMPIA WITH AN ADMINISTRATIVE HEAD OFFICE IN ATHENS AND A CONTACT OFFICE IN LAUSANNE, WILL PROMOTE PEACE THROUGH SPORT AND THE OLYMPIC IDEAL. WE ARE CONVINCED THAT SPORT CAN HELP BRING PEOPLE TOGETHER AND PROMOTE DIALOGUE AND RECONCILIATION BETWEEN COUNTRIES THAT ARE AT WAR." Quotation from the address by the IOC President at the opening of the 40th Session of the International Olympic Academy. Hill of the Pnyx, 24 July 2000 7 FOREWORD The 40th International Session for Young Participants was held at the Inter- national Olympic Academy in Ancient Olympia. The special topic was "Olympic Games: Athletes and Spectators". Every International Session for Young Participants aims mainly at helping young promising persons from the whole world to acquire knowledge and expe- rience of the Olympic Movement, so as to enrich their knowledge of Olympism. Furthermore, Young Participants have the opportunity to contribute to research on Olympic topics. At the same time, thanks to this Session, the participants are allowed to live together for a fortnight at the same place, to exchange ideas and views and to forge new friendships, for this is the true meaning of Olympism. The 40th International Session for Young Participants had 15 lecturers, 16 guests, 28 coordinators, 167 participants from 83 countries and National Olympic Committees; in total, there were 79 men and 88 women, as well as a scholar. The Session began on 24 July with a formal opening ceremony on the hill of Pnyx. The President of the International Olympic Committee (IOC), Juan Antonio Samaranch, honoured the audience once again with his presence. In his brief address he underlined the educational role of the Olympic Movement. The fol- lowing members of the International Olympic Committee also took part in the opening ceremony: Mr Zhenliang HE, Mr Sam RAMSAMY, Mr Peter TALLBERG, Ms Charmaine CROOKS, Ms Shengrong LU and Dr Julio Cesar MAGLIONE. The President of the International Olympic Academy Mr Nikos Filaretos, the Greek Under Secretary of State for Sports Mr George Floridis, the Mayor of Athens Mr Dimitris Avramopoulos, as well as the President of the Hellenic Olympic Committee Mr Lambis Nikolaou gave speeches in honour to the guests and participants, declaring the Session open. The next day, all those participating in the Session, visited the archaeological sites and the Museum in Delphi, on their way to the International Olympic Academy in Ancient Olympia, where they arrived early in the afternoon. The Prefect of Elia Mr Panayiotis Dimitroulopoulos, the Mayor of Ancient Olympia Mr Giorgios Aidonis and the President of the International Olympic 9 Academy and IOC member, Mr Nikos Filaretos, gave speeches at the opening ceremony of the Session in Olympia. The Session in Olympia started with a lecture by the Academy's President. Mr Filaretos highlighted the reforms adopted at the IOC Session of December 1999. He referred to the election, for the first time, of ten athletes as fully-fledged IOC members, as well as to the reforms concerning the composition, structure and organisation of the IOC. He also analysed the main reforms concerning the role of the IOC in the time span between two successive organisations of the Games, and referred to the selection procedure of candidate cities. He consequently expressed his personal opinion about the lowering of the age limit for the new IOC members, the duration of IOC membership, the reduction of the IOC presidential mandate to eight years, with a renewal possibility for a further four-year term, the decrease in the number of sports disciplines and athletes participating in the Olympic Games and the abolition of visits usually made by IOC members to the candidate cities. Professor N. Yalouris talked about the content and the meaning of the Games for the Ancient Greeks. He went back in history, starting at the end of the prehis- toric era, when, after the Trojan War, the King of Elis, Ifitos, first revived the Olympic Games, following the Delphic oracle. According to Mr Yalouris, in the ancient Greek city all citizens were athletes, for their education was based on the principle that man is a whole consisting of reciprocal functions: physical, intellectual and spiritual. Thus, education through sports did not tend either towards "professionalism" - the exploitation of the athletes' physical abilities for their personal profit - or to "champion-fever", as happens today; but aimed at their right and good use in the interest of the whole city. Professor Yalouris concluded on the motto "Citius, Altius, Fortius", which is based on the principle of the highest possible performance. He stressed that this principle disregarded the danger of hybris and loss of measure, thus guiding the athletes and the Olympic Movement to disorientation and disaster. IOC member Mr He underlined that the roots of Olympism are in the union between sports and culture. He referred to Pierre de Coubertin and his ideas about the Olympic Games with a view to improving people and society; and also referred to the arts competitions that were held as part of the Olympic Games from 1912 until 1948. In the year 1956 the Olympic "Festival of the arts" was founded. He also stressed the global and multicultural character of the Olympic Movement, which led to the foundation, in 1968, of the IOC Commission for Culture, which is organising events in order to strengthen cultural expression in the framework of the Olympic Movement. Mr Peter Tallberg, IOC member and President of the IOC Athletes Commission, in his lecture entitled "The IOC Athletes, Commission and the role of the Olympic Athlete", began with a brief introduction referring to his personal experience as an athlete and to his active participation in sports up to now. He then went on to give a detailed presentation of the composition and activities of the IOC 10 Athletes' Commission, from its foundation back in 1981 up to the present day. He also stressed the importance of the Olympic Athlete's role in the modern sporting context. In his lecture entitled "The law on the Olympic Athlete", Mr D. Panayotopoulos referred to the notion of sports ethics, emphasising especially the principles of sportsmanship and emulation. He also referred to the rights and obligations of the athletes. He underlined the athlete's right for free development of his personality and his right to provide sports services through active participation, in accordance with the rules of the Olympic Charter. Dr R. Steadward positioned the Paralympic Movement in the framework of International Sport. There was a shift from the "medical model", which focuses on rehabilitation, to the "sporting model" focusing on a high level competition. The International Paralympic Committee (IPC) was founded during the forties in Great Britain for the rehabilitation of soldiers disabled in combat during World War II. The first Summer Paralympic Games were held in Rome in 1960 and the first Winter Games in Sweden in 1976. From the very beginning there was an effort to celebrate them in the same year as the Olympic Games. The IPC has been active in various sectors. Drawing many lessons from the past, it became active in doping control, in communications, marketing, sponsorship and women's sport, and insisted especially on the maintenance of good relations with the IOC and the Olympic Athletes. Professor Elisabeth Hanley analysed in her lecture the dilemma concerning the "artistic" sports in the Olympic Games: on the one hand, there is subjectivity in scoring, given the element of creativity involved, and on the other there is the prospect of introducing one more "artistic" sport, e.g. DanceSport, into the over- burdened programme of Olympic Games. Professor K. Kartalis, special Secretary for the Olympic Games for the Ministry of Culture, highlighted the environmental dimension of the Olympic Games.
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