Lopit Consonant & Vowel Book

Authors:

Valente Otwari Ladu (Dorik)

Achaha Samuel Nartisio (Ngotira)

Caesar Ongorwo Bong (Lomiaha)

Philip Horiho Odingo (Lohutok)

Paul Ahatar Gilbert (Lolongo)

Trial Edition SILSouth Sudan

This book is used to teach how how to better read and write Lopit.

Contact Address: c/o SILSouth Sudan P.O. Box 64 Juba South Sudan

Trial Edition February 2014

Publisher: SILSouth Sudan

Place of Publication: Juba

Introduction

This book shows how to write words so that readers can more easily know the correct meaning. We will learn three rules that help reading and writing, as well as all the sounds that join together to make words. This book is for all Lopit readers. It is especially important for those writing books and translating Scripture to understand the lessons of this book.

In the past, Lopit speakers of certain dialects made books that help teach reading and writing. These books are helpful to those speaking the dialect of those books. However, the time has come for books that combine all the dilaects. This book does not teach one dialect of Lopit. Instead, it teaches all Lopit speakers how to read and write a combined Lopit language for all the dialects.

The authors on the cover page of this book are listed along with the dialect they speak. There is one author for each of the five dialects represented in this book. In the Lopit Grammar Workshop of 2013 in Torit, these five authors agreed on how to write 72 words in a combined Lopit language. This book uses the spelling of these words. It also adds a few words using the writing principle used to choose the writing of the 72 words. The lesson Which Dialect Word is Lopit? teaches how to use this writing principle. Exercise 8 asks you to choose the correct combined Lopit writing of other words using this writing principle.

Each of the Lopit words in this book are listed in the Alphabet Word List at the end of this book, in five different Lopit dialects. If you need to check how a word is said in one of the dialects, you can look for the word at the end of this book. Many of the words are taken from Lopit stories. These stories are at the end of the Lopit Grammar Book .

There are English words in this book that may be new to you. Each new word is underlined and explained when it is first used. If you later see the word and forget what it means, you can also find it explained in the Glossary at the back of this book.

This book can be taught to participants in a workshop. A person can also use this book to teach himself/herself without a workshop or instructor. You should read each lesson and then immediately do the exercise following the lesson. The exercise will help you test your understanding of the lesson. The Answers to Exercises are in the back of the book. After completing an exercise, immediately check your answers to see how well you have understood. For each of your incorrect answers, try to understand the correct answer. Ask other Lopit if you need help.

Contents

Introduction ...... 3 Contents ...... 4 Lopit Alphabet ...... 5 Syllables ...... 6 Consonants and Vowels ...... 7 Light (Single) and Heavy (Doubled) Consonants ...... 10 Vowels ...... 12 Mixed Vowels ...... 13 Letters i, w Next to Consonants ...... 14 Which Dialect Word is Lopit? ...... 16 Letters and Rules Reviewed ...... 18 Alphabet Word List ...... 20 Lopit Villages in Dialect Areas ...... 33 Glossary ...... 33 Answers to Exercises ...... 34

Lopit Alphabet

The first step in learning to read and write Lopit is learning the alphabet. The Lopit language has 24 letters, as shown in the following list of words.

Lopit Alphabet A a awong monkey B b batak pig C c cengi bird D d demi knife E e efir fat, big F f fotir warthog G g goro gourd jug H h hidong drum I i itak ostrich J j jani local broom K k kebu hoe L l leime lion M m moti pot N n nongorwo wife Ng ng ng idony monkey Ny ny ny angi crocodiles O o oromo digging P p por mancala game R r rabolo bananas S s sohoti palm tree T t tome elephant U u buhu shield W w wolo dove Y y yani tree

The Lopit word list at the end of this book has the same order as the list above.

Exercise 1

Write each of the words in the list above next to the letters below. Say each word as you write them. Listen to the sound each letter makes.

a ______i ______o ______

b ______j ______p ______

c ______k ______r ______d ______l ______s ______

e ______m ______t ______

f ______n ______u ______

g ______ng ______w ______

h ______ny ______y ______

Syllables

Now we learn how Lopit letters are joined together in words. Words can be divided into syllables , or beats. Each of the words below have three syllables. They can be divided into three separate beats as shown.

Threesyllable words logule lo gu le elbow tuluhu tu lu hu squirrel ikarrak i ka rrak water turtle nyahuto nya hu to mettal bolorong bo lo rong hippo

Each of the words below have two syllables. They can be divided into two separate beats as shown.

Twosyllable words kori ko ri giraffe jore jo re big rocks wotti wo tti cow dung jati ja ti uncooked green vegetables efir e fir fat, big hungu hu ngu knee tamot ta mot bull garai ga rai bush, dry grassy area hauwe hau we arrow nyawa nya wa utter bongo bo ngo piece of clothing ngijim ngi jim chin molong mo long baboon

Each of the words below have one syllable. They cannot be divided into more than one beat.

Onesyllable words gus skin wor river, stream ker sheep rang bow pir point of spear or arrow ciang animal

Exercise 2

Say each word below and listen to the number of beats in each word. Write the number of syllables (1, 2, or 3) in the blank ___ to the left of each word. Then divide the word into syllables in the blanks to the right of each word. Write one syllable on each blank. Do not fill more blanks than the number of syllables. The first one has been done as an example.

number of syllables divided into syllables _2_ suhe su he _____ chest _____ donge ______mountain _____ ciwali ______flute _____ mugu ______granary _____ nongorwo ______wife _____ itak ______ostrich _____ por ______game _____ solo ______spoon _____ fofongi ______cactus tree _____ rofan ______roof frame _____ igolo ______bell _____ farai ______leaf _____ dorong ______barren land _____ hai ______rain _____ ngama ______grains _____ hohoro ______chicken _____ chicken ______snake

Consonants and Vowels

Some letters are consonants and some letters are vowels. In the word rofan 'roof frame', the letters r, f and n are consonants and o and a are vowels .

Consonants usually begin syllables and sometimes end syllables. Vowels are in the middle of syllables and often end syllables. In the syllable ro , the consonant r begins the syllable, and the vowel o ends the syllable. In the syllable fan , the consonant f begins the syllable, the consonant n ends the syllable, and the vowel a is in the middle of the syllable.

In a few words such as itak ꞌostrichꞌ, the first vowel i is a syllable by itself. A vowel can be a syllable by itself, but a consonant cannot be a syllable by itself.

In a few words such as ciang ꞌanimalꞌ, there are two vowels i, a in the middle of the syllable. Even though the word has 5 letters, the entire word is only one syllable.

The following 19 letters are Lopit consonantsː

Lopit consonants B b H h N n S s C c J j Ng ng T t D d K k Ny ny W w F f L l P p Y y G g M m R r

The following 5 letters are Lopit vowelsː

Lopit vowels a e i o u

In this lesson, we learn about Lopit consonants. In following lessons, we learn about Lopit vowels.

The list below has Lopit words with each of the consonants. All consonants can be at the beginning or middle of words. The consonants f, k, l, m, n, ng, ny, r, s, t can also be at the end of words.

Word beginning Word middle Word end B b bongo piece of clothing ke bu hoe bolorong hippo ra bolo bananas

C c ciwali flute, instrument fa can type of marking ciang animal icet dancing ornament

D d donge mountain hi dong drum dorong barren raised land ngi dony monkey

F f fofongi cactus tree efir fat, big aka f hold up, raise farai leaf ro fan roof frame ngadie f tongue

G g gus skin mu gu granary garai bush, dry grassy area lo gule elbow

H h hohoro chicken su he chest hauwe arrow bu hu shield

J j jore big rocks ta ji heart jati uncooked vegetables he ju leg, foot

K k kori giraffe akaf hold up, raise bata k pig, hog ker sheep (sg) ei kori stripped, spotted ita k ostrich

L l logule elbow wo lo dove be l stripe, spot lewa gazelle so lo spoon kaa l side, end

M m munu snake lei me lion ngiji m chin molong baboon de mi knife ige m work

N n nuha burying mu nu snake faca n type of marking nanga slapping ja ni local broom itira n fog, mist

Ng ng ng ama grains hu ng u knee molo ng baboon ng ijim chin bo ng o piece of clothing boloro ng hippo

Ny ny ny awa utter mu ny a liver ngido ny monkey ny ahuto mettal mo ny e father, owner toho ny bite, chew

P p pir point ipotit brush pirra bicycles hi pata mistreatment

R r rang bow go ro gourd jug foti r warthog rofan roof frame fa rai leaf po r mancala game

S s suhe chest bu suk bull gu s skin solo spoon isio honey, oil idi s shadow of cloud

T t tamot bull mo ti pot tamo t bull tuluhu squirrel ba tak pig, hog muru t neck

W w wotti cow dung nya wa utter wor river, stream hau we arrow

Y y yaya porcupines ho yek firewoods yohe ears iyang (my) mother, mum

Exercise 3

In each word below, circle each consonant. The first one has been done as an example.

m o r i ng dikdik, gazelle type k u r u f a t whip l o b o ng i tree type ny a h u t o iron, mettal y o n i hid, dried skin c i w a l i flute, wind instrument g u s skin h i p a t a mistreatment h e j u leg, foot d o r o ng barren high land

Light (Single) and Heavy (Doubled) Consonants

The words hito ‘child’ and hitto ‘anus, source’ have two different t sounds. In hitto ‘anus, source’, the word seems to slow down and bounce on the tt like a car bounces when hitting a bump in the road. It is a heavy (doubled) consonant 1 and we write tt twice in this word.

In hito ‘child’, the word is smooth without a bump. It is a light (single) consonant and we write t only once in this word.

As shown below, other consonants can be light or heavy in the middle of the word. 2

Light Consonants Heavy Consonants d ma dohi gums dd ha dd e roots l bu la cow stable ll ill a friend, brother, please r hoho ro chicken, hen rr hiyo rr o roar, loud sound t hi to child tt hi tt o anus, source, root, beginning

1 There are no unambiguous wordmedial consonant sequences. So, the ‘heavy/light (doubled/single)’ consonants may both be analyzed as single units, and the distinction between the two can be analzyed as a strong/weak or fortis/lenis distinction rather than as an underlying geminate/nongeminate distinction. However, since the orthography uses two/one symbol(s) to distinguish these, it is appropriate to use the terms ‘doubled/single’ in teaching these symbols. 2 In Lomiaha, Lohutok, and Lolongo, heavy (doubled) ll occurs at the beginning of the word lleiwa ‘gazelle’ which contrasts with leifori ‘kitchen’. In Lohutok and Lolongo, heavy tt occurs at the beginning of the word ttim ‘grass, bush, wilderness’, which contrasts with tele ‘hail’. However, in other dialects and in all other words collected thus far, heavy consonants do not occur at the beginning of words. So, heavy (doubled) consonants are not written at the beginning of words in the combined Lopit language for all dialects.

Exercise 4

Carefully read and say the test words between the two lines below. The bold consonant in the middle of each test word may or may not be written correctly. Test the sound of the bold letter by comparing the word with those on the left and right. If the sound for the bold consonant is smooth like in the word on the left, circle the light consonant to the left. If the sound for the bold consonant makes a bump like in the word on the right, circle the heavy consonant to the right. Then write the correct word in the blank to the side. The first one has been done as an example.

Write Correctly Light Test words Heavy ha tt el hi to child t ha tel eggs hi tt o anus tt

______hi to child t mo tt e friend hi tt o anus tt

______hi to child t mu to necks hi tt o anus tt

______hi to child t mo tt i pot hi tt o anus tt

______hi to child t wo tt i cow dung hi tt o anus tt

______hi to child t nga ti side hi tt o anus tt

______hi to child t hu ti worm hi tt o anus tt

______hito child t itt ak ostrich hi tt o anus tt

______hi to child t ma ta farms hi tt o anus tt

______hoho ro chicken r hi ro things, issues hiyo rr o roar rr

______hoho ro chicken r ko rr i giraffe hiyo rr o roar rr

______hoho ro chicken r du rre children hiyo rr o roar rr

______hoho ro chicken r ika rak water turtle hiyo rr o roar rr

______hoho ro chicken r bo re stable hiyo rr o roar rr

______hoho ro chicken r lefe rek hare, rabbit hiyo rr o roar rr

Vowels

There are 5 vowels in Lopit, as shown in the list below.

Vowels A a far midday, daytime E e bel stripe, spot I i pir point, bicycle O o wor river, stream U u gus skin

The following words are listed according to these vowels. Read each list below and listen carefully to the sound of the vowel. 3

A a E e I i O o U u rang bow ker sheep hii breasts hoo head gus skin (sg) far midday, bel stripe, pir point, wor river, huu k charcoal daytime spot bicycle stream s yaya porcupine ceng birds ling salt por mancal mugu granary s a game ny awa utter fere spear tim bush, solo spoon buhu shield wildernes s hana hand tere hail idis shadow of wolo dove munu snake cloud hala teeth fetek fish hiji middle goro gourd hung u knee spear jug batak pig, hog hejek feet ng ijim chin bong o piece of murut neck clothing facan type of dorong barren busuk bull marking raised land mang at camp, molong baboon husung cows platform hajang a flies, sohot palm tuluhu squirrel insects trees lohoho male thief boloron hippo g

3 From the words collected in the October 2013 workhsop, there is little or no evidence for contrastive vowel length. So, doubled or long vowels can be used in the orthography to represent other distinctions, such as contour tone. However, to this point, long vowels do not represent anything consistently in the orthography. In the next workshop, vowel length needs to be discussed and chosen how it will be used.

The word holong ‘day’ has the vowel o. The word hulluk ‘hyena’ has the vowel u. The word hutuk ‘mouth’ may have a vowel that is different than both o and u. If there are several other words found with the same vowel as in hutuk ‘mouth’, another letter such as ü or u̱ could be used to show the difference between the vowel in hutuk ‘mouth’ and hulluk ‘hyena’. o holong day hutuk mouth u hull uk hyena

Exercise 5

In each word below, circle each vowel. The first one has been done as an example.

h o s o k giant, large person b a l a ng salt h i j i middle h u r u worms l o h o h o male thief h u s u ng cows f e r e spear h o t o blood h a r a stool, chair

Mixed Vowels

Vowels are often mixed together in the same word. In the following chart, all vowel combinations in the same word are shown. Read each word carefully and listen to the sound of the two vowels together.

Second Vowel in the Word a e i o u a mana farm hadd e roots haji house tamot bull tamu helmet e lewa gazelle fere spear demi knife teterok prepare kebu hoe i hing a year hine goat hiji middle hito child hiluk hyena o rofan roof frame tome elephant moti pot wolo dove lokuduk crow

First Vowel in the Word u bula stable suhe chest buni pool huro kid munu snake

Exercise 6

Carefully read and say each test word below. The vowels may or may not be written correctly. To know the correct vowels, compare the vowel sounds of the words below with those in the chart above. Write the word correctly in the space given. The first one is done as an example.

Test Word Write correctly Test Word Write correctly busok bull busuk facan marking ______foter warthog ______foher farm ______habu chief ______hiju leg, foot ______hidi rat ______hinu excrement ______heram issue, problem ______tosi scorpions ______hoto blood ______hoji grasses ______edis shadow of cloud ______jore big rocks ______moro stones ______muru thigh ______sehi thing, property ______tafang guinea pig ______

Letters i, w Next to Consonants

The consonant w can be at the beginning of words as in wotti ꞌcow dungꞌ, or in the middle of words as in nyawa ꞌutterꞌ. The consonant y can be at the beginning of words as in yaya ꞌporcupinesꞌ, or in the middle of words as in miyang ꞌgrassꞌ.

Beginning Middle W w wotti cow dung nya wa utter wor river, stream hauwe arrow

Y y yaya porcupines mi yang grass yohe ears iyang (my) mother, mum

However, we never write y at the end of a word as in hay (wrong) ꞌrainꞌ. Instead, we write hai ꞌrainꞌ with the vowel i. At the end of words, we spell the sound [ y] with the vowel i.

Correct Wrong ha i rain ha y rain fara i leaf fara y leaf iko i road, path iko y road, path

Similarly, we never write y next to a consonant. We donꞌt write y next to the consonant t as in hoyto (wrong) ꞌboneꞌ. We dont write y next to the consonant c in cyang (wrong) ꞌanimalꞌ. Instead, we write hoito ꞌboneꞌ and ciang ꞌanimalꞌ with the vowel i. When next to a consonant, we spell the sound [ y] with the vowel i.

Correct Wrong ho ito bone ho yto bone le ime lion le yme lion ciang animal cyang animal hif iong water hif yong water har ie night har ye night ngad ief tongue ngad yef tongue ak ieri star ak yeri star

In summary, we have the following rule:

Spelling Rule 1 : At the end of words or next to a consonant, write the sound [ y] as i. Do not write y at the en d of words or next to a consonant.

On the other hand, we write w after a consonant and before a vowel. In hotwai ꞌinsideꞌ, we write w after the consonant t and before the vowel a. In hofwo ꞌflourꞌ, we write w after the consonant f and before the vowel o.

Correct Wrong hot wai inside hot uai inside hik wai horn of animal hik uai horn of animal lol wari dry ground lol uari dry ground fwara dancing place fuara dancing place hin wara ash hin uara ash hof wo flour hof uo flour ib woni fortuneteller ib uoni fortuneteller

However, we write u next to w. In wuor ꞌhole for trappingꞌ, we write u after w. In hauwe ꞌarrowꞌ, we write u before w.

Correct Wrong wuor hole for trapping wwor hole for trapping ha uwe arrow ha wwe arrow

In summary, we have the following rule:

Spelling Rule 2 : We write w after a consonant and before a vowel. However, we write u next to w.

Exercise 7

Carefully read and say each test word below. Each test word may or may not be written correctly. Write the word correctly in the space given. The first one is done as an example.

Test Word Write correctly Test Word Write correctly hotuay inside hotwai wuor hole for ______trapping lotwala ash ______mai place ______belye skin ______haswani buffalo ______garay dry ______hawwe arrow ______grassland horuong back ______hosyere front ______marwani old one ______leyfori kitchen ______hayyohoni shepherd ______hafyalay claw ______

Which Dialect Word is Lopit?

This lesson helps speakers choose which of the Lopit dialects to use for writing each word.

There are at least five dialects of Lopit that sometimes sound different from each other. For example, the word for ‘sister’ is different in each of the following five Lopit dialects.

Dorik Ngotira Lomiaha Lohutok Lolongo hana ci hana si hanas e inas i hinasi sister hana cara han sa ra hanas ira inasira hinasira

The dialect differences are not always the same from word to word. The differences between the dialect words for ‘sister’ are not the same as the differences between the dialect words for ‘louse, lice’.

Dorik Ngotira Lomiaha Lohutok Lolongo lakie ti leferit i ofieri oferi ha feri o louse lakie lefero ofier ofer ha fer lice

However, all the dialect words are usually close enough for each dialect speaker to understand the words of the other dilaects. Understanding speakers of other Lopit dialects is not a problem. That is, everyone understands each other, regardless of the dialect (s)he speaks. So, it would be foolish to write the Scriptures and all literacy books in each of the five dialects. Instead, books only need to be written once, using one of the dialects.

But, it is difficult to decide which dialect to choose for writing Scripture and literacy books. In the October 2013 workshop in Torit, speakers of five different dialects agreed on how to write 72 words in a combined Lopit language. They used the following principle: 4

Writing Principle : Write each word the way that the most speakers say it.

Many words are said the same in all the dialects. For example, all the dialects say the word ‘pig, hog’ in (1) as batak . So of course, the participants of the workshop decided to write it as batak . In the following chart, a word is underlined if it has the agreed upon spelling of the October 2013 workshop in Torit. All the words of the second dialect collumn are in bold . If a word is said differently than the dialect next to it, it is also in bold .

% 5 Dorik Ngotira Lomiaha Lohutok Lolongo D N M H L (1) 41.4 D=N=M=H=L batak batak batak batak batak pig, hog (2) 20.0 D; N=M=H=L domi demi demi demi demi knife (3) 7.8 D=N=M=H; L awong awong awong awong hawong monkey type (4) 1.3 N; D=M=H=L ker kier ker ker ker sheep (5) 8.7 D=N; M=H=L efir efir ofir ofir ofir fat, big (6) 4.9 D; N; M=H=L rufan rofan ofioti ofioti ofioti roof frame (7) 6.3 D; N; M=H; L nangorwo nongorwo ongorwo ongorwo angorwo wife (8) .9 D; N=M; H=L ciwar ciwali ciwali ciwal ciwal flute (9) .4 D=N; M=H; L leime leime lemie lemie leme lion

Sometimes a word is said the same by all dialects except one. Dorik speakers say the word ‘knife’ in (2) as domi , but all other dialects say demi . So, the participants chose to write it as demi . Similarly, Lolong speakers say the word ‘monkey type’ in (3) as hawong , but all other dialects say awong . So, the participants chose to write it as awong . Again, Ngotira say the word ‘sheep’ in (4) as kier , but all other dialects say ker . So, the participants chose to write it as ker .

Other words are said differently by more than one dialect. Dorik and Ngotira say the word ‘fat, big’ in (5) as efir , whereas Lomiaha, Lohutok and Lolongo say ofir . Because there are more Dorik and Ngotira speakers than speakers of the other three dialects, the participants chose to write it as efir . The participants made similar choices for the words of (6), (7), (8) and (9). They chose to write each of these words the way that the most speakers say it.

4 In the back of this book, the section Lopit Villages in Dialect Areas lists the number of villages for each area. It is said that the Ngabori dialect (not represented in this book) is closest to the Dorik dialect. Based on the number of villages for each dialect area and including the 9 Ngabori villages along with the 4 Dorik villages, the ratio of the dialect area populations can be initially estimated as 13:16:7:7:7, or 26% Dorik, 32% Ngotira, 14% Lomiaha, 14% Lohutok, 14% Lolongo. A more accurate estimate could be obtained by approximating the number of compounds ‘tukuls’ in each village. This should be done in the next workshop. 5 The numbers inbetween parentheses each represent a different combination of dialect agreement. The Alphabet Word List at the back of this book make use of these numbers. Counting the number of words listed as a certain number and dividing by the total of 527, gives the percentage listed here. For example, there are 218 words in the Alphabet Word List listed as a number 1 which indicates all the dialects are in agreement, and 218/527 = 41.4 % Exercise 8

The words below are from the Alphabet Word List at the back of this book. They are similar to the words (19) above. However, the participants did not choose how to write these words in a combined Lopit language. Each line has the word in each of the dialects. Words differing from the dialect next to it are in bold . Use the writing principle above to decide how to spell each word below. Underline the best choice using this principle: “Write each word the way that the most speakers say it.” Underline only one word in each line.

% Dorik Ngotira Lomiaha Lohutok Lolongo D N M H L (10) 4.9 D=N; M=H; L hidotiti hidotiti hododi hododi hitolewa man (11) 4.4 D; N=M=H; L hacai hasai hasai hasai tahwo calf (12) 2.1 D; N; M; H; L hanaci hanasi hanase inasi hinasi sister (13) .9 D; N; M; H=L hob fok fou fau fau ground (14) .8 D; N=M; H; L bongit bok bok bore bongit goat stable (15) .4 D=N=M; H=L tim tim tim ttim ttim grass, bush (16) .4 D=N; M; H; L hoit hoit hohit hoi heit bones (17) .4 D=N; M; H=L tohoni tohoni tihoni tungani tungani person (18) .4 D; N; M=L; H loyiriha leririha oyirihien oyiriha oyirihien spirits (19) .4 D=H; N; M; L haheri akieri hahieri haheri hangerio star (20) .6 N; D=M=H; L hilluk hiluk hilluk hilluk ibu hyena (21) .2 N=L; D=M=H lofidik lefidik lofidik lofidik lefidik trap (22) .8 D=L; N; M=H nyongati nyongoti nyangati nyangati nyongati beeswax

Letters and Rules Reviewed

In this book, we have learned the Lopit letters and three rules that help reading and writing. We now review these. There are examples after each. The page numbers show where there is further explanation.

Consonants of the combined Lopit language (page 8):

B b batak pig K k kebu hoe P p por mancala game C c cengi bird L l leime lion R r rabolo bananas D d demi knife M m moti pot S s sohoti palm tree F f fotir warthog N n nongorwo wife T t tome elephant G g goro gourd jug Ng ng ng idony monkey W w wolo dove H h hidong drum Ny ny ny angi crocodiles Y y yani tree J j jani local broom

Vowels of the combined Lopit language (page 12):

A a awong monkey E e efir fat, big I i itak ostrich O o oromo digging U u buhu shield

Spelling Rule 1 (page 15): At the end of words or next to a consonant, write the sound [ y] as i. Do not write y at the end of words or next to a consonant.

Correct Wrong End of word ha i rain ha y rain iko i road, path iko y road, path Before consonant ho ito bone ho yto bone le ime lion le yme lion After consonant ciang animal cyang animal hif iong water hif yong water har ie night har ye night

Spelling Rule 2 (page 15): We write w after a consonant and before a vowel. However, we write u next to w.

Correct Wrong After consonant hot wai inside hot uai inside lol wari dry ground lol uari dry ground fwara dancing place fuara dancing place hin wara ash hin uara ash ib woni fortuneteller ib uoni fortuneteller Next to w wuor hole for trapping wwor hole for trapping ha uwe arrow ha wwe arrow

Writing Principle (page 17): Write each word the way that the most speakers say it.

% Dorik Ngotira Lomiaha Lohutok Lolongo D N M H L (1) 41.4 D=N=M=H=L batak batak batak batak batak pig, hog (2) 20.0 D; N=M=H=L domi demi demi demi demi knife (3) 7.8 D=N=M=H; L awong awong awong awong hawong monkey type (4) 1.3 N; D=M=H=L ker kier ker ker ker sheep (5) 8.7 D=N; M=H=L efir efir ofir ofir ofir fat, big (6) 4.9 D; N; M=H=L rufan rofan ofioti ofioti ofioti roof frame (7) 6.3 D; N; M=H; L nangorwo nongorwo ongorwo ongorwo angorwo wife (8) .9 D; N=M; H=L ciwar ciwali ciwali ciwal ciwal flute (9) .4 D=N; M=H; L leime leime lemie lemie leme lion

Exercise 9

Carefully read and say each test word below. Each test word may or may not be written correctly. Write the word correctly in the space given. The first one is done as an example.

Test Word Write correctly Test Word Write correctly garay dry garai hafyalai claw ______grassland maruani old one ______wwor hole for ______trapping may place ______lotwala ash ______leyfori kitchen ______belie skin ______domi knife ______hawong monkey type ______kier sheep ______ofioti roof frame ______leime lion ______efir fat, big ______

Alphabet Word List

In the second collumn below, singular (one) words are in alphabetical order. Horizontal lines separate each of the words with different meaning. The plural (more than one) of each word is listed directly below the singular. The words are given in five different dialects. Words in the second collumn are always in bold . If a word is different than the dialect next to it, it is also in bold . If the spelling of a word was agreed to in the October 2013 workshop in Torit, it is underlined.

The part of speech (PoS) can be a noun (n), singular noun (n.sg), plural noun (n.pl) or verbal noun (v.n). The gender of each word is given with the words inang ‘that’ (feminine singular), ileng ‘that’ (masculine signular), hunang ‘those’ (femine plural), and hulong ‘those’ (masculine plural). n = noun n.sg = singular noun that has no plural form n.pl = plural noun that has no singular form v.n = verbal noun (verb used as a noun)

Dorik Ngotira Lomiaha Lohutok Lolongo PoS Gender

A a 19 haheri akieri hahieri haheri hangerio star n ileng 19 haher akier hahier haher hanger 3 awong awong awong awong hawong monkey type, n inang, 3 awanga awanga awanga awanga hawanga oribi ileng

B b 1 balang balang balang balang balang salt n inang 7 balangin balanga balang balang balangir 1 balu balu balu balu balu beer n inang 1 balwo balwo balwo balwo balwo 1 batak batak batak batak batak pig, hog n inang, 1 bataha bataha bataha bataha bataha ileng 1 bel bel bel bel bel stripe, spot, n inang, 1 beli beli beli beli beli patch ileng 2 belelie belie belie belie belie skin n inang, 7 belie beliejin beliesin beliesin belele ileng 14 bongit bok bok bore bongit goat stable, n inang 2 bottin bongitto bongitto bongitto bongitto animal pen 1 bolorong bolorong bolorong bolorong bolorong hippo n inang, 1 bolorongi bolorongi bolorongi bolorongi bolorongi ileng 1 bongit bongit bongit bongit bongit stable, animal n inang 1 bongitto bongitto bongitto bongitto bongitto pen 1 bongo bongo bongo bongo bongo item of n inang, 1 bongojin bongojin bongojin bongojin bongojin clothing ileng 1 bore bore bore bore bore stable, animal n inang 5 botin botin bongitto bongitto bongitto pen 1 buhu buhu buhu buhu buhu shield n inang 3 bukwo bukwo bukwo bukwo buhwo 3 bula bula bula bula bur cow stable, n inang 12 bulacin bulasen bulahien bulasin buri animal pen 3 buni buni buni buni bunit pool of water n inang 7 bunico bunii bunio bunio bunii 2 bucuk busuk busuk busuk busuk bull n ileng 2 bucuha busuha busuha busuha busuha

C c 9 calu calu haturu haturu tur porridge n inang 12 calujin calwo haturuhien haturu turo 1 cengi cengi cengi cengi cengi bird n inang, 1 ceng ceng ceng ceng ceng ileng 2 tiang ciang ciang ciang ciang animal n inang, 2 tiangi ciangi ciangi ciangi ciangi (general) ileng 8 ciwar ciwali ciwali ciwal ciwal flute, wind n inang, 8 ciwara ciwalisen ciwalisen ciwali ciwali instrument ileng

D d 14 demai damai damai tamai damai position n inang, 18 demacohi damaisiok damassik tamassik damassik ileng 2 domi demi demi demi demi knife n inang, 5 domio domio demio demio demio ileng 1 donge donge donge donge donge hill, mountain n inang, 1 dongiok dongiok dongiok dongiok dongiok ileng 1 dorong dorong dorong dorong dorong barren high n inang 2 dorongo dorongi dorongi dorongi dorongi land 7 dungel dunges nongati nongati nungati bees wax n.sg inang 7 dungelo nonga nonga nunga 3 dwani dwani dwani dwani dwari weed n.sg inang

E e 5 efir efir ofir ofir ofir fat one n inang 5 efir efir ofir ofir ofir

F f 1 facan facan facan facan facan type of n inang 1 facani facani facani facani facani marking 5 faiti faiti fati fati fati ebony, tree n inang 9 faito faito fatio fatio facio type 1 far far far far far midday, n inang 1 farrijin farrijin farrijin farrijin farrijin daytime 1 farai farai farai farai farai leaf n inang 3 fara fara fara fara faara 1 fere fere fere fere fere spear n inang, 1 feria feria feria feria feria ileng 1 fetek fetek fetek fetek fetek fish spear n inang, 1 feteha feteha feteha feteha feteha ileng 1 fofongi fofongi fofongi fofongi fofongi cactus, tree n inang 1 fofong fofong fofong fofong fofong type 13 hob fok fou fau fau ground n.sg inang 1 fotir fotir fotir fotir fotir warthog n inang, 5 fotira fotira fortirak fortirak fortirak ileng 1 fuher fuher fuher fuher fuher farm away n inang 5 fuhero fuhero fuhiara fuhiara fuhiara from house 1 fur fur fur fur fur dust(Arabic) n.sg inang 1 fure fure fure fure fure name, song n inang 4 fureta fureita fureta fureta fureta 5 furio furio furo furo furo smoke n inang 6 furio furiojin furo furo furo 1 fwara fwara fwara fwara fwara dancing place n inang 3 fwarajin fwarajin fwarajin fwarajin fwarasin

G g 3 garai garai garai garai igara dry grassland n.sg inang 7 giricai girisai musa musa girisa bush, forest, n inang 7 girica girisa musari musari girisari small trees 1 goro goro goro goro goro jug made from n inang 5 gorona gorona gorojin gorojin gorojin gourd 2 guc gus gus gus gus skin n inang 2 guci gusi gusi gusi gusi

H h 6 haboroni habolofak haboloni haboloni haboloni landlord n ileng nahob 2 haborok habolok habolok habolok habolok hunahob 1 habu habu habu habu habu chief, king n inang, 6 habuci habusi habwok habwok habwok ileng 11 habu habu habu habu habu government n ? legala lagala lagala lagala agala chief 7 habuci habusi habwok habwok habwok hulegala ilagala ilegal ilegal agala 1 haddeti haddeti haddeti haddeti haddeti root n inang 1 hadde hadde hadde hadde hadde 2 hafielai hafialai hafialai hafialai hafialai claw n ileng 2 hafiela hafiala hafiala hafiala hafiala 1 hai hai hai hai hai rain n inang 16 haijo haijo hai haijo haijin 3 haidihitani haidihitani haidihitani haidihitani hedihitani leader v.n inang, 3 haidihitak haidihitak haidihitak haidihitak hetadihok ileng 1 hajangati hajangati hajangati hajangati hajangati fly, insect type n inang 1 hajanga hajanga hajanga hajanga hajanga 1 haji haji haji haji haji house n inang, 3 hajik hajik hajik hajik hasik ileng 5 halai halai oger oger oger side, end of n inang 5 halaa halaa ogeri ogeri ogeri something 1 halati halati halati halati halati tooth n inang 1 hala hala hala hala hala 7 halohani halohoni halahani halahani halohoni trapper v.n inang, 7 halohak halohok halahak halahak halohok ileng 4 hami hame hami hami hami fish n inang, 1 ham ham ham ham ham ileng 1 hamilak hamilak hamilak hamilak hamilak saliva n.pl hunang 1 hamuhe hamuhe hamuhe hamuhe hamuhe shoe n inang, 1 hamuha hamuha hamuha hamuha hamuha ileng 5 hana hana hani hani hani hand n inang 2 hac has has has has 12 hanaci hanasi hanase inasi hinasi sister n inang 12 hanacara hansara hanasira inasira hinasira 1 hang hang hang hang hang home, village n inang 1 hangitek hangitek hangitek hangitek hangitek 1 hangeri hangeri hangeri hangeri hangeri fruit, seed n inang 3 hanger hanger hanger hanger hangerio 1 hanyahanyai hanyahanyai hanyahanyai hanyahanyai hanyahanyai domestic n inang 1 hanyahanya hanyahanya hanyahanya hanyahanya hanyahanya animal 1 hanyimiti hanyimiti hanyimiti hanyimiti hanyimiti sesame n inang 1 hanyim hanyim hanyim hanyim hanyim 3 hara hara hara hara seger stool, chair n inang 11 harana harajin harajin harajin segeri 12 iraci harasi halasi ilasi hilasi brother n ileng 12 iracara harasara halasira ilasira hilasira 5 hari hari hali hali hali club, beating n inang 5 hario hario halio halio halio stick 1 harie harie harie harie harie night n inang 1 hariejin hariejin hariejin hariejin hariejin 1 harutani harutani harutani harutani harutani inheritance n inang, 1 harutak harutak harutak harutak harutak ileng 11 hacai hasai hasai hasai tahwo calf n inang, 11 hacak hasak hasak hasak tahwa ileng 2 hocowan haswani haswani haswani haswani buffalo n inang, 6 hocowani haswaniho haswaani haswaani haswaani ileng 1 hatteli hatteli hatteli hatteli hatteli egg n ileng 3 hattel hattel hattel hattel hattelio 3 hauwe hauwe hauwe hauwe hawo arrow n ileng 3 hauwa hauwa hauwa hauwa hawa 5 hayiohoni hayiohoni heyiohoni heyiohoni heyiohoni shepherd v.n inang, 5 hayiohok hayiohok heyiohok heyiohok heyiohok ileng 1 heju heju heju heju heju leg, foot n inang, 1 hejek hejek hejek hejek hejek ileng 1 deroti hide hide hide hide rat n inang, 10 dero dero dioro dioro dioroti ileng 1 hidong hidong hidong hidong hidong drum n inang, 1 dongi dongi dongi dongi dongi ileng 3 hidongi hidongi hidongi hidongi hidwongi hammer (of n inang, 3 hidongita hidongita hidongita hidongita hidwongita blacksmith) ileng 10 hidotiti hidotiti hododi hododi hitolewa man n ileng 10 hodoti hodoti liawa liawa lewa 2 hifiong 1 hifiongi hifiong hifiong hifiong hifiong water n.pl hunang 1 hiji hiji hiji hiji hiji middle n.sg inang 10 hikwai hikwai ikwai ikwai hiwai thorn n inang, 10 hikwa hikwa ikwa ikwa hikwa ileng 13 huhoi hikwoi huhwe huhe huhe charcoal n inang 1 huuk huuk huuk huuk huuk 20 hilluk hiluk hilluk hilluk ibu hyena n inang, 20 hilluhi hiluhi hilluhi hilluhi ibuho ileng 1 hima hima hima hima hima fire n inang 1 mati mati mati mati mati 1 himo himo himo himo himo nose n inang 2 meci mesi mesi mesi mesi 11 hinei hinai hinai hinai hina breast n inang 1 hii hii hii hii hii 1 hine hine hine hine hine goat n inang, 1 hinee hinee hinee hinee hinee ileng 1 hino hino hino hino hino excrement n inang 1 hit hit hit hit hit 4 nongo hinongo nongo nongo nongo deformed head n.sg inang 2 nongoi 5 hinwara hinwara hunwara hunwara hunwara ash n.sg inang 1 hinga hinga hinga hinga hinga year n 2 ngaci ngasi ngasi ngasi ngasi 10 hingohu hingohu ingohu ingohu hingohu dog n inang, 1 ngohe ngohe ngohe ngohe ngohe ileng 1 hinyang hinyang hinyang hinyang hinyang crocodile n inang, 2 hinyanga nyangi nyangi nyangi nyangi ileng 1 hinyomoti hinyomoti hinyomoti hinyomoti hinyomoti seed (general) n inang 1 hinyomo hinyomo hinyomo hinyomo hinyomo 1 hipata hipata hipata hipata hipata mistreatment n inang 2 hipatiti hipatita hipatita hipatita hipatita 1 hiram hiram hiram hiram hiram issue, problem n.sg inang 1 hiringo hiringo hiringo hiringo hiringo meat n inang 5 ringoi ringoi hiri hiri hiri 3 hirobi hirobi hirobi hirobi lokuho coldness n.sg inang 3 hita hita hita hita hoyehiti fire wood n inang 1 hoyek hoyek hoyek hoyek hoyek 1 hiteng hiteng hiteng hiteng hiteng cow n inang, 11 hicu husung husung husung hisung ileng 1 hito hito hito hito hito child n inang, 1 durre durre durre durre durre ileng 1 hito hito hito hito hito scorpion n inang, 2 toci tosi tosi tosi tosi ileng 2 hitonangorwa hitonongorwo hitonongorwo hitonongorwo hitonongorwo woman n inang 1 ngorwo ngorwo ngorwo ngorwo ngorwo 1 hitto hitto hitto hitto hitto anus,source, n inang 6 hittoc hittes hittos hittos hittos beginning 5 hiwaru hiwaru huwaru huwaru huwaru cat (general) n inang 1 warak warak warak warak warak 2 ilata hiyali hiyali hiyali hiyali oil n inang 2 ilatai yali yali yali yali 1 hiyaya hiyaya hiyaya hiyaya hiyaya porcupine n inang, 1 yaya yaya yaya yaya yaya ileng 1 hiyeni hiyeni hiyeni hiyeni hiyeni rope for tying n inang 1 yeni yeni yeni yeni yeni animal 1 hiyok hiyok hiyok hiyok hiyok ear n inang 1 yohe yohe yohe yohe yohe 10 hiyorro hiyorro hiwongita hiwongita hiwolongita roar, loud n inang 10 hiyorrita hiyorrita hiwongita hiwongita hiwolongita sound 6 hobohoboi hobohobe hobehobe hobehobe hobehobe back of n inang 5 hobohobo hobohobo hobehobo hobehobo hobehobo something 1 hofiti hofiti hofiti hofiti hofiti hair, feather n inang, 1 hofir hofir hofir hofir hofir ileng 1 hofitoi hofitoi hofitoi hofitoi hofitoi rope n inang 5 hofi hofi hofito hofito hofito 1 hofwo hofwo hofwo hofwo hofwo flour n inang 1 hofwojin hofwojin hofwojin hofwojin hofwojin 1 hohoro hohoro hohoro hohoro hohoro chicken, hen n inang, 5 hohoron hohoron hohore hohore hohore ileng 7 hoitoi hoito hoite hoite heito bone n inang 16 hoit hoit hohit hoi heit 1 holong holong holong holong holong sun, day n inang 1 holongi holongi holongi holongi holongi 1 holorong holorong holorong holorong holorong bank, beach n inang 1 holorongi holorongi holorongi holorongi holorongi 5 homwong homwong homom homom homom face, forehead n inang 6 homwongite homwanga homomite homomite homomite 8 hotonyi honye honye hotonye hotonye mother n inang 8 hotonye honyie honyie hotonyie hotonyie 1 honyek honyek honyek honyek honyek eye n inang, 1 honyehite honyehite honyehite honyehite honyehite ileng 1 hoo hoo hoo hoo hoo head n inang 2 hoci hosi hosi hosi hosi 1 horwong horwong horwong horwong horwong back n inang 3 horwonga horwonga horwonga horwonga horwongitok 2 hocehe hosehe hosehe hosehe hosehe belly, stomach n inang 2 hocehen hosehen hosehen hosehen hosehen 2 hitemi hosiere hosiere hosiere hosiere front n.sg inang 11 hocok hosok hosok hosok ohosohi giant, large n ileng 11 hocoha hosok hosok hosok ohosohi person 1 hoto hoto hoto hoto hoto blood n inang 2 hoto hotojin hotojin hotojin hotojin 2 hotwa hotwai hotwai hotwai hotwai inside of n inang 3 hotwaijin hotwaijin hotwaijin hotwaijin hotwe something 1 hujuti hujuti hujuti hujuti hujuti grass for n inang 1 huji huji huji huji huji thatch 5 hunom hunom hinom hinom hinom cave n inang, 5 hunomo hunomo nomi nomi nomi ileng 1 hungu hungu hungu hungu hungu knee n inang 4 hunga hung hunguta hunguta hunguta 5 huro huro hulo hulo hulo kid, young goat n inang, 5 huroho huroho huloho huloho huloho ileng 2 huruti hutti hutti hutti hutti worm n inang 1 huru huru huru huru huru 1 hutuk hutuk hutuk hutuk hutuk mouth n inang 10 hutuhen hutuhen hutuhe hutuhe hutuhie

I i 2 iboni ibwoni ibwoni ibwoni ibwoni fortune teller n inang, 5 ibwana ibwana iboni iboni iboni ileng 3 icet icet icet icet hiket dancing n inang 10 iceiti iceiti iceti iceti hiketi ornament 11 hidik idis idis idis edis shadow of n inang, 11 hidik idis idis idis edisi cloud hunang 1 ido ido ido ido ido sky, heaven n.sg inang 1 idumele idumele idumele idumele idumele darkness n.sg inang 1 igem igem igem igem igem work n inang 1 igemi igemi igemi igemi igemi 1 igerit igerit igerit igerit igerit paint, n inang 2 igerita igeriti igeriti igeriti igeriti decoration 1 igolo igolo igolo igolog igolo bell n inang, 1 igoloho igoloho igoloho igoloho igoloho ileng 1 iho iho iho iho iho dew n.sg inang 1 ihoho ihoho ihoho ihoho ihoho female thief n inang 1 hoholak hoholak hoholak hoholak hoholak 2 ikuma ihuma ihuma ihuma ihuma tortoise, land n inang, 2 ikumahi ihumaha ihumaha ihumaha ihumaha turtle ileng 2 itahafuti ikafuti ikafuti ikafuti ikafuti bat n inang, 6 itahafujo ikaafuti ikafuuti ikafuuti ikafuuti ileng 2 iherek ikarrak ikarrak ikarrak ikarrak water turtle n inang, 2 iherehi ikarrahi ikarrahi ikarrahi ikarrahi ileng 11 iha ikat ikat ikat hihat door n 11 ihatin ikatin ikatin ikatin hihatin 11 ihoi ikoi ikoi koi hihe path, road, n inang, 13 hoi koi ikotia koi koi way ileng 1 illa illa illa illa illa friend, brother n inang, 1 illa illa illa illa illa ileng 5 iloma iloma ilama ilama ilama distance n.sg inang 11 ilomita ilamaha 3 ingotit ingotit ingotit ingotit hingotit adze, cutting n inang, 3 ingotiti ingotiti ingotiti ingotiti hingotiti tool ileng 1 ipotit ipotit ipotit ipotit ipotit brush n inang 1 ipotiti ipotiti ipotiti ipotiti ipotiti 10 irefit irefit iliefit iliefit olefit container (for n inang, 10 irefiti irefiti iliefiti iliefiti olefiti milk) ileng 7 icio isio hisio hisio isio honey, oil n inang 7 iciojin isiojin hisiojin hisiojin isiojin 2 itawuk itak itak itak itak ostrich n inang, 2 itawuhi itahi itahi itahi itahi ileng 1 itiran itiran itiran itiran itiran fog, mist n.sg inang 10 itule itule itulit itulit itulet small hole n ileng 7 ituloho itulioho ituloho ituloho itulioho 10 iwai iwai huwati huwati iwati wing n inang 10 iwaa iwaa huwaa huwaa iwaa 2 iyangiti iyang iyang iyang iyang (my) mother n.sg inang

J j 1 jani jani jani jani jani broom n inang 11 janico jania jania jania jiani 1 jati jati jati jati jati uncooked n inang 2 jatio jacio jacio jacio jacio vegetable 1 jore jore jore jore jore big rocks n.sg ?

K k 1 kaal kaal kaal kaal kaal side, end n.sg inang 1 kebu kebu kebu kebu kebu hoe n inang, 1 kebwa kebwa kebwa kebwa kebwa ileng 4 ker kier ker ker ker sheep n inang, 2 kera kioro kioro kioro kioro ileng 1 kori kori kori kori kori giraffe n inang, 1 korio korio korio korio korio ileng 1 kurufat kurufat kurufat kurufat kurufat whip n inang 1 kurufati kurufati kurufati kurufati kurufati 10 kwan kwan wan wan hwan body n inang 7 kwanite kwaite watie watie hwatek

L l 14 loholai lahalai lahalai ahalai ohole pole (in house) n inang, 14 loholajin lahalajin lahalajin ahalajin oholajin ileng 7 lodik ledis ohidis ohidis edis shadow n inang 7 lodihi ledisi ohidisi ohidisi edisi 12 lakieti leferiti ofieri oferi haferio louse, lice n ileng 12 lakie lefero ofier ofer hafer 6 loferre leferrek hitojo hitojo hitojo hare, rabbit n inang, 6 loferrehi leferrehi hitojosin hitojosin hitojosin ileng 21 lofidik lefidik lofidik lofidik lefidik trap n inang 20 lofidihi lefidihi lofidihi lofidihi ofidihi 3 leifori leifori leifori leifori efori kitchen n.sg inang 10 leime leime lemie lemie leme lion n inang 2 leimeho lemioho lemioho lemioho lemioho 5 leiramitari leiramitari eramitari eramitari eramitari dancing place n.sg inang 7 leikere lekiere okele okele okofe pebble, small n ileng 7 leikeren lekieren okelen okelen okofiaha rock 7 lomini lemini omini omini huwaru leopard n inang, 7 lominiha leminiha ominiha oiminiha warak ileng 7 lorewa lerewa loliawa loliawa olewa husband n ileng 10 rewa rewa liawa liawa lewa 4 lotiri letiri lotiri lotiri lotiri small hoe, n ileng 7 lotiricen letirisen lotiriha lotiriha lotirihien digging tool 10 lewa lewa lleiwa lleiwa llewa gazelle type n inang, 7 lewana lewai lleiwa lleiwa llewai ileng 7 loyami leyame oyami oyami oyame wind n.sg inang 6 loyiri leyiri oyiri oyiri oyiri spirit n inang 18 loyiriha leririha oyirihien oyiriha oyirihien lingko ling ling ling ling salt n.sg inang 3 lobongi lobongi lobongi lobongi obongi tree type n inang 3 lobongin lobongin lobongin lobongin obongin 1 logule logule logule logule ogule elbow n inang 11 loguleco loguliaha loguliaha loguliaha oguliaha 1 lohoho lohoho lohoho lohoho lohoho male thief n ileng 10 hoholak hoholak lohuruhi lohuruhi hoholak 7 tuhe lokuduk lohuruk lohuruk ohuruk crow, bird type n inang, 7 tuheco lokuduhi lohuruhi lohuruhi ohuruhi ileng 3 lolwari lolwari lolwari lolwari olwar dry ground n.sg inang 22 cola longohe cala cala cola compacted cow n.sg inang 2 colacin dung 3 loromori loromori loromori loromori oromori place of n.sg inang digging 5 lorwoti lorwoti olwoti olwoti olwoti cannibal n inang, 17 lorwot lorwot olwot halwok halwok ileng 1 lotwala lotwala lotwala lotwala lotwala ash n.sg inang 11 lowotoi lowote lowote lowote owotek diarrhea n.sg inang

M m 5 madok madok immadok immadok immadok gum n inang 6 madoha madohi immadohi immadohi immadohi 1 mai mai mai mai mai place n inang, 6 macohi maisihi, massik massik massik ileng maisiok 1 mana mana mana mana mana farm (away n inang 1 matta matta matta matta matta from house) 1 mangat mangat mangat mangat mangat camp, platform n inang 1 mangatin mangatin mangatin mangatin mangatin 1 maring maring maring maring maring fence, pen n inang 2 maringo maringa maringa maringa maringa 1 marwani marwani marwani marwani marwani old one n inang, 1 marwak marwak marwak marwak marwak ileng 1 mile mile mile mile mile salt (Arabic) n.sg inang 3 miyang miyang miyang miyang miang grass(general) n.sg inang 10 moite moite motie motie mote morning n.sg inang 1 molong molong molong molong molong baboon n inang, 1 molongo molongo molongo molongo molongo ileng 1 monye monye monye monye monye father, owner n ileng 1 monyie monyie monyie monyie monyie 1 monyiti monyiti monyiti monyiti monyiti intestine n inang 5 monyi monyi monyit monyit monyit 10 monyomijiti monyomijiti lomonyomiji lomonyomiji lomonyomiti villager n ileng 3 monyomiji monyomiji monyomiji monyomiji monyomi 1 moring moring moring moring moring dikdik, gazelle n inang, 1 moringo moringo moringo moringo moringo type ileng 1 morroti morroti morroti morroti morroti bean n inang, 1 morro morro morro morro morro ileng 1 morwari morwari morwari morwari morwari rocky place n.sg inang 1 morwo morwo morwo morwo morwo stone n inang 1 moru moru moru moru moru 1 moti moti moti moti moti pot n inang, 2 motio mocio mocio mocio mocio ileng 1 motte motte motte motte motte friend n inang 11 motteja motiarak motiarak motiarak motiak 2 logur mugu mugu mugu mugu granary n inang 2 loguri mugwo mugwo mugwo mugwo 1 muhunyo muhunyo muhunyo muhunyo muhunyo leather, dried n inang, 5 muhunyon muhunyon muhuny muhuny muhuny skin ileng 1 munu munu munu munu munu snake n inang, 5 muniok muniok munok munok munok ileng 1 munya munya munya munya munya liver n inang 11 munyana munyai munyai munyai munyajin 3 muro muro muro muro ohuya thigh n inang 12 muroci murosi morojin muroi ohuyaha 1 murut murut murut murut murut neck n inang 1 mutto mutto mutto mutto mutto 6 mwarahi mwarak mwarahati mwarahati mwarahati horn of animal n inang 5 mwaraha mwaraha mwarak mwarak mwarak

N n 5 nolowori nolowori nolokwat nolokwat nolokwat loud sound n.sg inang 7 nangorwo nongorwo ongorwo ongorwo angorwo wife n inang 1 ngorwo ngorwo ngorwo ngorwo ngorwo

Ng ng 3 ngabura ngabura ngabura ngabura tongosa wound, n inang 3 ngaburaha ngaburaha ngaburaha ngaburaha tongos infection 1 ngadief ngadief ngadief ngadief ngadief tongue n inang, 3 ngadiefa ngadiefa ngadiefa ngadiefa ngadiafa ileng 12 nganyini ngaini ngeni nganai nganini girl n inang 13 nganyinok ngainok ngenok nganiok nganiok 1 ngamari ngamari ngamari ngamari ngamari grain in field n inang 1 ngama ngama ngama ngama ngama 1 ngati ngati ngati ngati ngati side n inang 2 ngatihen ngacio ngacio ngacio ngacio 1 ngidony ngidony ngidony ngidony ngidony monkey n inang, 1 ngidonyo ngidonyo ngidonyo ngidonyo ngidonyo ileng 1 ngijim ngijim ngijim ngijim ngijim chin n inang 1 ngijima ngijima ngijima ngijima ngijima 1 ngiria ngiria ngiria ngiria ngiria asida, thick n inang 5 ngiriyai ngiriyai ngiriasin ngiriasin ngiriasin porridge

Ny ny 5 nya nya nyawa nyawa nyawa cow utter n inang 10 nyatin nyatin nyawatin nyawatin nyawara 1 nyahuto nyahuto nyahuto nyahuto nyahuto iron, mettal n ? 1 nyahuwo nyahuwo nyahuwo nyahuwo nyahuwo 22 nyongati nyongoti nyangati nyangati nyongati beeswax n inang 22 nyonga nyongo nyanga nyanga nyonga

P p 5 pir pir per per per bicycle n inang 5 pirra pirra peri peri peri 2 bwac pir pir pir pir point of spear n inang, 2 bwaci pir pir pir pir hunang 1 por por por por por mancala n.sg inang

R r 4 raboloti raboloi raboloti raboloti raboloti banana n inang 1 rabolo rabolo rabolo rabolo rabolo 3 rang rang rang rang irang bow n inang 3 ranga ranga ranga ranga irangi 5 ree ree lee lee lee milk n.pl hunang 6 hidongai risa lisa lisa lisa tail n inang 6 dongai risai lisara lisara lisara 6 rufan rofan ofioti ofioti ofioti roof frame n inang 6 rufani rofani ofiot ofiot ofiot 5 romoto romoto romote romote romote planted field n.sg inang 1 roroi roroi roroi roroi roroi thing, issue, n inang 2 rori hirro hirro hirro hirro problem

S s 2 cali sali sali sali sali stove, place of n inang 6 calico salia salito salito salito cooking 7 cohine sehi sehine sehine tehine thing, property n inang 2 cang sang sang sang sang 2 cihet sihet sihet sihet sihet chicken comb n inang 6 ciheco siheti sihet sihet sihet 12 cingnyati singeta singatai singata singate sand n.sg inang 11 cofe sofe sofe sofe hisofe drill, hoe n inang, 2 cofecin sofia sofia sofia sofia ileng 2 cohoti cohoti sohoti sohoti sohoti palm tree n inang 2 cohot cohot sohot sohot sohot 2 colo solo solo solo solo spoon n.sg ? 2 cumai somai somai somai somai fat n inang 11 cumu sumu sumu sumu suma 2 cuge suhe suhe suhe suhe chest n inang 6 cugena suhena suhiena suhiena suhiena

T t 1 tafar tafar tafar tafar tafar lake, pond n inang 1 tafara tafara tafara tafara tafara 6 tafing tafeng tafengi tafengi tafengi guinea pig n inang, 6 tafingo tafengo tafiongo tafiongo tafiongo ileng 1 taji taji taji taji taji heart n inang 1 tajia tajia tajia tajia tajia 1 tamot tamot tamot tamot tamot castrated bull n ileng 1 tamoti tamoti tamoti tamoti tamoti 1 tamu tamu tamu tamu tamu helmet n inang 2 tamucin tamwo tamwo tamwo tamwo 7 gul na tel ifagi ifagi bongit a calf pen n inang hacak tawa 7 gula hunna tela ifagi ifagi bongitto a hacak tawa 5 tere tere tele tele tele hail n.pl hunang 15 tim tim tim ttim ttim grass, bush, n.sg inang 13 timo timotin ttimotin ttimotin wilderness 1 tobok tobok tobok tobok tobok bowl n inang 22 toboha toboho tobwaha tobwaha toboha 1 togoli togoli togoli togoli togoli canoe n inang 6 togolicen togolisen togolo togolo togolo 17 tohoni tohoni tihoni tungani tungani person n inang, 8 hiyo huwo huwo hiyo hiyo ileng 1 tome tome tome tome tome elephant n inang, 1 tomia tomia tomia tomia tomia ileng 1 tuduha tuduha tuduha tuduha tuduha dust(Arabic) n.sg inang 1 tuluhu tuluhu tuluhu tuluhu tuluhu squirrel n inang, 2 tuluhucen tuluhusien tuluhusien tuluhusien tuluhusien ileng 7 tureni turenya turiana turiana toriana flower n inang, 10 turenya turenya turiana turiana hitoreniti hunang 5 turong turong tallus tallus tallus lump, wound n.pl hunang tallus tallus tallus 1 tutunyo tutunyo tutunyo tutunyo tutunyo heel n inang 1 tutunyon tutunyon tutunyon tutunyon tutunyon 2 tutura tutur tutur tutur tutur forest, woods n inang 1 tuturi tuturi tuturi tuturi tuturi

W w 3 wok wok wok wok diel escarpment n inang 3 wohin wohin wohin wohin diala 1 wolo wolo wolo wolo wolo dove n inang, 6 wolojo wolojin wolojit wolojit wolojit ileng 1 wor wor wor wor wor stream, river n inang 15 woni woni woni woro woro 1 worot worot worot worot worot animal dung n.pl hunang 1 wotti wotti wotti wotti wotti cow dung n.sg inang 10 wuor wuor kome kome woor hole for n inang 10 wuori wuori kometa kometa wori trapping

Y y 11 afa yafa yafa yafa hafa moon, month n inang 11 afajin yafajin yafajin yafajin hafajin 1 yani yani yani yani yani tree (general) n inang 1 yanii yanii yanii yanii yanii 5 yei yei yee yee yee death n inang 6 yeita iyeiti iyeti iyeti iyeti 1 yoni yoni yoni yoni yoni hide, dried skin n inang 1 yonio yonio yonio yonio yonio

Lopit Villages in Dialect Areas

Ngabori Dorik Ngotira (West side of mountain) (East side of mountain) (East side of mountain) (West side of mountain) Buwara Logona wati Ihiran Idali Lomerok Lobelo Mehejik Lodonyok Lodo Lacarok Mura Lopit Losow Haba Lodahori Habirongi Losinya Lohomiling Lohinyang Hiyahi Lohidomok Lohobohobo Lohiri Loluro Lottodo (Dabwar 1) Ngabori Ehana (Dabwar 2) Longeleyo Irube Loturumo

Lomiaha Lohutok Lolongo Iboni Hidere Mura Ibahore Hosa Mu Lohilang Longija Obitigi Imoluha Hwarra Iduwa Ibele Sohot Hatolok Lattarangi Ifite Wiliwili Malangit Lofuluho Lahado

Glossary

Word Example Definition syllable lo gu le in The parts of a word that can be divided logule ꞌelbowꞌ according to beats. consonant r f n in Letter sounds that begin or end syllables; a rofan 'roof frame' consonant cannot be a syllable by itself. vowel o a in Letter sounds in the middle and sometimes end rofan 'roof frame' of a syllable; a vowel can be a syllable by itself. heavy tt in Two of the same consonants together; the word (doubled) hitto ‘anus, source’ seems to slow down and bounce on the tt like a consonant car bounces when hitting a bump in the road light (single) t in One consonant; the word is smooth without a consonant hito ‘child’ bump on the t

Answers to Exercises

Answers to the exercises of this book are given below.

Exercise 1 a awong i itak o oromo b batak j jani p por c cengi k kebu r rabolo d demi l leime s sohoti e efir m moti t tome f fotir n nongorwo u buhu g goro ng ngidony w wolo h hidong ny nyangi y yani

Exercise 2 number of syllables divided into syllables _2_ suhe su he _____ chest 2 donge do nge mountain 3 ciwali ci wa li flute 2 mugu mu gu granary 3 nongorwo no ngo rwo wife 2 itak i tak ostrich 1 por por game 2 solo so lo spoon 3 fofongi fo fo ngi cactus tree 2 rofan ro fan roof frame 3 igolo i go lo bell 2 farai fa rai leaf 2 dorong do rong barren land 1 hai hai rain 2 ngama nga ma grains 3 hohoro ho ho ro chicken 2 munu mu nu snake

Exercise 3 Consonants have been underlined instead of circled.

Exercise 4 Consonants have been underlined instead of circled.

Write Correctly Single Test words Doubled ha tt el hi to child t ha tel eggs hi tt o anus tt mo tt e hi to child t mo tt e friend hi tt o anus tt mu tt o hi to child t mu to necks hi tt o anus tt mo ti hi to child t mo tt i pot hi tt o anus tt wo tt i hi to child t wo tt i cow dung hi tt o anus tt nga ti hi to child t nga ti side hi tt o anus tt hu tt i hi to child t hu ti worm hi tt o anus tt itak hi to child t itt ak ostrich hi tt o anus tt matt a hi to child t ma ta farms hi tt o anus tt hi rr o hoho ro chicken r hi ro things, issues hiyo rr o roar rr ko ri hoho ro chicken r ko rr i giraffe hiyo rr o roar rr du rr e hoho ro chicken r du rr e children hiyo rr o roar rr ika rr ak hoho ro chicken r ika rak water turtle hiyo rr o roar rr bo re hoho ro chicken r bo re stable hiyo rr o roar rr lefe rr ek hoho ro chicken r lefe rek hare, rabbit hiyo rr o roar rr

Exercise 5 Vowels have been underlined instead of circled. h o s o k giant, large person b a l a ng salt h i j i middle h u r u worms l o h o h o male thief h u s u ng cows f e r e spear h o t o blood h a r a stool, chair

Exercise 6

Test Word Write correctly Test Word Write correctly busok bull busuk facan marking facan foter warthog fotir foher farm fuher habu chief habu hiju leg, foot heju hidi rat hide hinu excrement hino heram issue, problem hiram tosi scorpions tosi hoto blood hoto hoji grasses huji edis shadow of cloud idis jore big rocks jore moro stones moru muru thigh muro sehi thing, property sehi tafang guinea pig tafeng

Exercise 7

Test Word Write correctly Test Word Write correctly hotuay inside hotwai wuor hole for trapping wuor lotwala ash lotwala mai place mai belye skin belie haswani buffalo haswani garay dry grassland garai hawwe arrow hauwe horuong back horwong hosyere front hosiere marwani old one marwani leyfori kitchen leifori hayyohoni shepherd hayiohoni hafyalay claw hafialai

Exercise 8

(No answers available for this excercise until there is agreement among various Lopit dialect speakers in the next workshop)

Exercise 9

Test Word Write correctly Test Word Write correctly garay dry grassland garai hafyalai claw hafialai maruani old one marwani wwor hole for trapping wuor may place mai lotwala ash lotwala leyfori kitchen leifori belie skin belie domi knife demi hawong monkey type awong kier sheep ker ofioti roof frame rofan leime lion leime efir fat, big efir