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Kedah: the Foundations and Durability of Malay Kingship

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Kedah: the Foundations and Durability of Malay Kingship Kedah: the foundations and durability of Malay kingship Maziar Mozaffari-Falarti BA; MA (International Relations) Humanities Research Program Queensland Univeristy of Technology Brisbane, Queensland Australia Submitted in full requirement for the award of Doctorate of Philosophy 2009 2 “Behold Tavai City, whence begin Siam dominion, Reign and vast extent; Tenasserim, Queda of towns the Queen That bear the burden of the hot piment.” [Sic] Richard Francis Burton’s translation of Camoens (cited by Norman 1895: 529) Of what use will be a dish of roses to thee? Take a leaf from my rose-garden. A flower endures but five or six days But this rose-garden is always delightful. Richard Francis Burton’s (1821-1890) translation of the Persian text of Golestan of Sa’di (written by the thirteenth century poet Sheikh Muslih-uddin Sa'di Shirazi). Retrieved September 2, 2008, from http://enel.ucalgary.ca/People/far/hobbies/iran/Golestan/) 3 4 Keywords: Southeast Asian history; Malaysian history; Malay indigenous sources; the Malay world; Malay model; Kedah’s kingship and history; maritime and trans-peninsular routes; orang lauts; sea lords (or raja laut); Langkawi Islands; Penang; Syair Sultan Maulana and Hikayat Marong Mahawangsa; Naga worship; Bodhisatva; wayang kulit; Sufi Islam; Ramayana; sea peoples; men of prowess; Tantric practices; Songkhla; Patani; religious conversion; limitations on royal power; northern Melaka Straits; Siamese invasion of Kedah 5 ABSTRACT In 1821, Siam launched a full-scale military invasion of Kedah that left the country in ruins. It remained devastated for two decades until the Sultan’s return in 1841. It seems extraordinary that after 20 years over 10,000 of the Malays who had fled to Penang would decide to give up everything they had built there and return to Kedah. Aside from their supposed attachment to the land, the return may also be seen as a powerful testament to the influence of the ruler. Moreover, the Sultan’s return reflected the failure of Rama III’s determined attempts to replace him. The Siamese were ultimately forced to accept this “traitor” as the legitimate ruler. These circumstances are significant because they testify to the depth and durability of the Kedah ruler’s influence. These, I argue, were not simply aspects of the Sultan, who as a man, was not seen as particularly charismatic, but rather, they were reflections of the power of the institution of Kedah’s kingship itself. The Kedah sultanate is one of the oldest unbroken independent kingship lines in the ‘Malay world’, with 1,000 years of history, and arguably one of the oldest in the Islamic world. In this study I examine key geopolitical and spiritual attributes of Malay kingship that have traditionally cemented the ruler, the peoples, and the environment. Kedah’s unique geopolitical, spiritual and environmental features do not seem to closely follow, and often seem to contradict what has been commonly been accepted as the “Malay model”. Here I argue that the earlier models put forward by J. M. Gullick (1958) and A. C. Milner (1982), fail to appreciate the maritime aspects of Malay kingship. Similarly these scholars do not draw attention to the features that serve as pointers to what the Malay peoples themselves saw as important limitations on royal power. Rather Gullick and Milner analyse the indigenous political system solely from the royalist point of view. While 6 focussing on Malay state system I also examine issues related to religion – particularly the coming of Islam, questions of migration and Kedah's historic link to a complex network of overland routes. Indeed the discovery of two Muslim graves at Kedah, belonging to people of presumably Persian origin, dated 214 AH (826-829 CE) and 291 AH (903/904 CE), may suggest the earliest presence of Muslims in Southeast Asia. The migration issue is similarly significant since no one else has really attempted to explain historic migrations of sea peoples (indigenous orang lauts or else Bugis-Makassar, Ilanun and Siak-Minangkabau) at Kedah and into the northern Melaka Straits. I thus focus on Kedah’s role as an entrepot and communications hub linking the commercial and spiritual culture of the Indian Ocean to that of the Malay world and the South China Sea. 7 TABLE OF CONTENTS Keywords 5 Abstract 6 Table of Contents 8 List of Maps & Figures 10 Abbreviations 11 Statement of Original Authorship 18 Acknowledgements (Gratitude) 19 Introduction 23 1.0 Outline of the thesis 33 1.1 Analysis of ‘models’ of the Malay ‘world’ 35 1.2 Kedah’s main indigenous source of Hikayat Marong Mahawangsa and scholarly studies on its pre-modern history 51 Chapter 1: The Conversion of the Tantric Malay Sultan 69 Introduction The literary conversion story of Kedah Early oral conversion stories Conclusion Chapter 2: The Malay Raja and his Subjects 115 Introduction Foundation stories elsewhere Covenant & aspects of it at Kedah and elsewhere Covenant and the shaming of the Malay ruler Conclusion Chapter 3: The Sultan and the Raja di-laut, or Sea Lords, and the control of Kedah’s maritime lines of communication 151 Introduction The Unseen Power of the Sultan & the Command of the Laksamana Historic Control of Kedah’s Coastline and Maritime Lines of Communication Kedah’s Northern Corridor: the Langkawi Connection Kedah’s Southern Corridor: Foreign born Sea Lords Conclusion 8 Chapter 4: Beyond the negeri’s coastal borders, the Sultan and the trans-peninsular routes of Kedah 213 Introduction Scholarly studies on Kedah’s overland lines of communication Kedah’s overland lines of communication Conclusion CONCLUSION 257 BIBLIOGRAPHY 271 Archival Sources Newspapers Official documents Articles, Monographs & Websites Books & Theses 9 LIST OF MAPS & FIGURES Maps Map: Historic Map of the Malay Peninsula (Newbold, 1971) Map 1: Geographical distribution and studies of the Malay models by scholars Map 2: Geographical proximity of Kedah and Aceh circa seventeenth to the nineteenth centuries Map 3: Kedah’s Northern and Southern Corridors Map 4: Kedah’s traditional maritime control in the Northern Corridor Map 5: Location of Langgar and Alor Star (Dobby 1951: 311) Map 6: Kedah’s network of overland routes Map 7: Songkhla’s network of waterways and land routes (Stargardt 1973: 6) Map 8: the Kedah-Songkhla (Singora) trans-peninsular route taken by a French visitor in 1889-90 CE (Claine 1892: 389) Figures Figure 1: Sultan Taju’ddin during his exile in the 1820s at Penang Figure 2: Town of Palembang in 1889-90 (Claine 1892: 385) Figure 3: A quick death at Kedah (Claine 1892: 385) Figure 4: Orang Laut boats in nineteenth century Trang, contemporary southern Thailand, and traditionally bordering Kedah’s most northern district at Langgu (Setul/Satun) (Crawfurd 1830 I: 42; Smyth 1895: 533) Figure 5: The harbour of Songkhla (Smyth 1898: 479) Figure 6: The fort at Songkhla (Claine 1892: 396) Figure 7: Expedition preparing to depart from ‘maison de voyageurs’ (i.e. a travellers lodge) in Kedah on its way to Songkhla (Claine 1892: 394) Figure 8: Kedah River at Alor Star (Claine 1892: 391) 10 Abbreviations AFS Asian Folklore Studies AJMR The Asiatic Journal and Monthly Register for British and Foreign India, China and Australasia Bescheiden omtrent zijn bedrijf in Indie Jan Pieterszoon Coen: Bescheiden omtrent zijn bedrijf in Indie BSOAS Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies Chau Ju-kua Chau Ju-kua, his work on the Chinese and Arab trade in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, entitled Chu-fan-chi chi, translated from the Chinese and annotated by Friedrich Hirth and W.W. Rockhill The Crystal Sands The Crystal Sands: The Chronicles of Nagara Sri Dharrmaraj, translated by David K. Wyatt Commission of Sultan 11 Muhyiddin Mansur Syah Commission Issued by Sultan Muhyiddin Mansur Syah’, reproduced at length and translated by C. Skinner.” In Syair Sultan Maulana 1985: Appendix E. Dagh-register Dagh-register gehouden int Casteel Batavia vant passerende daer ter plaetse als over geheel Nederlandts-India DMCMW The Despatches, Minutes, and Correspondence, of the Marquess Wellesley Crawfurd Papers Crawfurd Papers: a collection of official records relating to the mission of Dr. John Crawfurd sent to Siam by the government of India in the year 1821 Dutch Documents Transcripts of selected Dutch documents relating to India and the East Generale Missiven Generale Missiven van Gouverneurs- Generaal en Raden aan Heren XVII der Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie Indie Hadhrami Traders Hadhrami Traders, Scholars and Statesmen in the Indian Ocean, 1750’s-1960, edited by Ulrike Freitag and William G. Clarence- Smith 12 Hikajat Potjut Muhamet Hikajat Potjut Muhamet: An Achenese epic HSMKP Historical Survey of the Mosques and Kramats on Penang Island, (compiled by lecturers and members of the junior and senior history options, Malayan Teachers College) JAH Journal of Asian History JAS Journal of Asian Studies JAIGBI The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland JAOS Journal of the American Oriental Society JASB Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal JIAEA The Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia JMBRAS Journal of the Malayan (Malaysian) Branch Royal Asiatic Society 13 JRASBI Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland JRGSL Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London JSBRAS Journal Straits Branch Royal Asiatic Society JSEAH Journal of Southeast Asian History JSEAS Journal of Southeast Asian Studies JSS Journal of the Siam Society Koran The Koran: with parallel Arabic text LREIC Letters Received by the East India Company from its Servants in the East Malay Annals John Leyden’s Malay Annals MAS Modern Asian Studies Mahavansi The Mahavansi, the Raja-ratnacari, and the Raja-vali 14 MIH Malaya in History Malayan literature Malayan literature; comprising romantic tales, epic poetry and royal chronicles Memorandum by Albinus Memorandum by W.
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