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Zanthoxylum Acanthopodium) Indonesian Journal of Life Sciences Vol. 02 | Number 01 | March (2020) http://journal.i3l.ac.id/ojs/index.php/IJLS/ REVIEW ARTICLE Botanical Aspects, Phytochemicals and Health Benefits of Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium) Alfredo Oktavianto Natasutedja 1, Erika Lumbantobing 1, Emita Josephine 1, Lioni Carol 1, Decky Indrawan Junaedi 2, Suluh Normasiwi 2, Agus Budiawan Naro Putra 1* 1Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences, Jakarta, Indonesia 2Cibodas Botanical Garden - Research Centre for Plant Conservation and Botanical Garden - LIPI, Cianjur, Indonesia *corresponding author. Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium) is a specialty spice widely found in the Provinces of North Sumatra and Aceh, Indonesia. The fruit is usually used by Batak people in North Sumatra as a food ingredient to cook Batak’s cuisine such as arsik, tombur, and naniura. It is also used as one of the ingredients to make Indonesian spicy sauce called sambal. Andaliman fruit is reported to eliminate the undesirable smell in fish and raw meat. Moreover, it could also reduce total volatile base nitrogen content in fish which helps to prevent spoilage. Furthermore, andaliman has been reported to contain bioactive compounds which act as antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-aging, anti-acne, and anti-halitosis effects. This review focuses on the botanical aspects of and health potential exhibited by andaliman. Keywords: andaliman; bioactive compounds; health benefits; Zanthoxylum acanthopodium INTRODUCTION has a comparably expensive price in local markets (Sibarani et al., 2013). Z. Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium) acanthopodium is relatively complex to grow in is a specialty spice in Indonesia, which is cultivation, and many local farmers rely on commonly found in the Provinces of North naturally-grown seedlings from recommended Sumatra and Aceh. The species itself is burning lands rather than sowing its seeds by distributed particularly in Tapanuli, North themselves. Many natural populations occur in Sumatra, at 1500 m above sea level at high slope habitat (Siregar, 2010). The plant also temperature between 15 - 18°C (Muzafri et al., naturally occurs in rainforests and thickets at 2018). The fruit is usually used by Batak people low and mid-altitude (Hartley, 1966). The genus in North Sumatra as food ingredient, and it is an (Zanthoxylum) belongs to the Rutaceae family, economically important commodity because it and plants included in this genus are mainly 8 Indonesian Journal of Life Sciences Vol. 02 | Number 01 | March (2020) http://journal.i3l.ac.id/ojs/index.php/IJLS/ used as spices and medicinal agents (Wijaya et distinguished from the other genus in Rutaceae al., 2018). The genus has over 546 species from family for the combination of three characters: all over the world. Zanthoxylum piperitum armed, leaves alternate and compound (Japan), Zanthoxylum schinifolium (Korea), (generally pinnate), and carpels entirely or Zanthoxylum simulans (Taiwan), and partially distinct (Hartley 1966). Among the Zanthoxylum rhetsa (India) have been used as other Malesian Zanthoxylum species, Z. traditional spices due to the natural flavors that acanthopodium is clearly distinguished by their produce unique sensations in the mouth flattened and pseudostipular prickles. This (Wijaya et al., 2018); but not limited to the species is different from Zanthoxylum armatum utilization of the plants as medicinal agents. due to the observable leaflet main vein, the Z. acanthopodium could also prolonged color of the anthers prior to anthesis, and the shelf life of the fish-based foods, such as arsik, inflorescence that positioned in the axil of tombur, and naniura, due to its antioxidant and lateral leaves (Hartley 1966). antimicrobial activities. Andaliman could eliminate the undesirable smell in fish and raw Morphology and Structure meat (Muzafri et al., 2018), also reducing total There are three varieties of andaliman that volatile base nitrogen (TVBN) content. can be found in North Sumatra province, which Therefore preventing the spoilage of the fish. are renowned as sihorbo, simanuk, and sitanga. Andaliman produces strong tingling sensation These three varieties are commonly found in and citrus-like aroma (Wijaya et al., 2018). districts of Tapanuli, Tobasa, and Dairi. In Besides, andaliman is usually used as one of the specific, sihorbo has larger fruit, is less ingredients to make a chili-based paste which is aromatic, and is not produced in abundant known as sambal in Indonesia. amounts. Simanuk has smaller fruit, a sharper Andaliman has been reported to have aroma and taste, and a larger production yield. several health effects. Studies showed that Sitanga has a very strong fruit flavor yet less andaliman contains bioactive compounds which preferred due to its bug aroma (Napitupulu et act as antioxidant and radical scavenging al., 2004). activity, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, Z. acanthopodium plant is in the form of antipyretics, anti-halitosis, anti-aging and anti- shrubs or small trees that can grow up to 5 m. acne, and many else (Situmorang et al., 2019; This species has many spines on its stems and Muzafri et al., 2018; Hanum & Laila, 2016; compound leaves spread out 5-20 cm long and Suryanto et al., 2005). 3-15 cm wide. The upper surface color of the leaves is shiny green while the lower surface is BOTANICAL ASPECTS OF ANDALIMAN light green. The flowers are located on the Origin and Botanical Classification axillary buds and the plant itself is androgynous Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium) which has staminate (pollen-producing male is naturally distributed in North India, Nepal, part) and carpellate (ovule-producing female Sikkim, East Pakistan, Burma, Thailand, and part) with a pale yellow color. The shape of the Southwest China. In Indonesia, this species only fruit is like pepper, small round, could be light occurs in Aceh and North Sumatra. Andaliman colored green and/or dark red (Siregar, 2003). It belongs to the genus Zanthoxylum, which could turn into black when it is dried (Muzafri et 9 Indonesian Journal of Life Sciences Vol. 02 | Number 01 | March (2020) http://journal.i3l.ac.id/ojs/index.php/IJLS/ al., 2018). The size of the fruit is 2-3 mm in BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS AND EXTRACTION diameter with one seed in each fruit colored in TECHNIQUES shiny black and covered with hard skin (Siregar, According to Muzafri, Julianti & Rusmarilin 2003). Black andaliman usually has no typical (2018), andaliman fruit extract produced the flavor of andaliman compared to the green or highest yield when it is extracted with red andaliman. Red andaliman is the indication methanol, then followed by with ethyl acetate, that the andaliman fruit is ripened and as the water, and hexane (4.15%, 3.97%, 3.23%, and process goes on, it will turn into black (Wijaya 3.02%, respectively). These solvents worked for et al., 2018). different phytochemicals. Alkaloids can be extracted with methanol, ethyl acetate, and Cultivation hexane. Flavonoids, glycoside, and tannins can Andaliman was found growing wild and it be extracted with water, methanol, and ethyl has not been widely cultivated. Plants grow acetate. Saponins can be extracted with naturally from seeds dispersed by birds (Siregar, methanol, and ethyl acetate. 2010). Seeds can also be found near the old Triterpens/steroids can be extracted with trees in prescribed burns area, and in soil seed methanol and hexane, while glycoside bank of andaliman habitat (Nurlaeni and anthraquinone can only be extracted with Junaedi, 2018). Andaliman is known to be methanol (Muzafri, Julianti & Rusmarilin, 2018). difficult to propagate and shows a low The solvent used for extraction of bioactive germination rate. Furthermore, information compounds in andaliman determines the about andaliman cultivation technique is still stability of the compounds according to limited. An effort of andaliman propagation has Suryanto, E., Sastrohamidjojo, H., & Raharjo, S. been carried out in several studies. First, is the (2004). In addition, acetone and ethanol generative propagation, which requires extracts are heat- and light-stable. dormancy-breaking treatments including the use of warm water and the potassium nitrate HEALTH BENEFITS OF ANDALIMAN (KNO3) solution to soak the seeds (Siregar, Andaliman has been reported to exert 2010; Siregar, 2013). Secondly, is the vegetative health-beneficial effects. Researches showed propagation, which is using stem cutting of that andaliman contains several functional andaliman with additional plastic cover and properties including but not limited to plant growth regulators (Siregar, 2010). On the antioxidant activity, antimicrobial activity, anti- other hands, another vegetative technique has inflammatory, anti-aging and anti-acne, and been done which is known as in vitro culture. anti-halitosis effects. Purohit et al. (2019) reported that another Zanthoxhylum species (Z. armatum) could be Antioxidant Activity cultured by indirect organogenesis using aseptic Andaliman showed antioxidant activity leaf explants in liquid Woody Plant Medium when it is extracted with hexane, ethanol, and with various concentration of Thidiazuron. acetone. All extracts had 1,1-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity, with the highest anti-radical activity was shown by 10 Indonesian Journal of Life Sciences Vol. 02 | Number 01 | March (2020) http://journal.i3l.ac.id/ojs/index.php/IJLS/ ethanol-extracted andaliman. The
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