RESEARCH NEWS (65) (2016) et al. and in other other and in Fish B. Fish ibed from China ibed China from r desc . vulpinoides f. vulpinoides Contrary to some of the press press Contrary to some of the announcements, there is no need there to change announcements, light the of these in of “lichen” concept the was “symbiosis” findings.term The exciting Frankin 1877 (not coinedby Albert first B de BaryAnton 1879 as cited) in commonly especially algal/fungal for the associations to organisms living refers It lichens. in – of mutualism together no overtone with and all symbiosis each have any organisms in names. independent (Prov. Yunnan) (Prov. This clearly is a direction future This is a clearly direction future tortuosa. novel this might to test research take to could also be pertinent It hypothesis. in yeasts of these populations the determine apothecia and vulpinic acid containing the soralia B. dark the of fremontii, in compound the whichlichens can have Sulcaria as such thalli, the parts of their just sulcata Scanning electron micrograph of cortex surface. micrograph of cortex surface. electron Scanning A. . A. Bryoria capillaris yeasts (green), yeasts fungal lichen (blue), partner and algal Cyphobasidium the (red; showing partner hybridizations Spribille See layer. yeast-containing the continuous almost Note A autofluorescence. chlorophyll Spribille. courtesy of Toby Figure for a fuller explanation. Flourescent imaging of Flourescent these fungi may be fungi an integral partthese may of the intimate view symbiosis of the lichen in with correlations and integration, physical the but chemical particular, in the products obscure. remains physiological basis of that the Cyphobasidium Theythat speculate of production the in be involved may yeasts B.tortuosa vulpinic fremontii/B. the acid in as such this compounds case, and that not be produced may by lichens in found fungal alonethe as generally partner now doubt is not in that accepted. However, isolated fungal the are where partners and characteristic culture pure in grown produced. still While are compounds the to resolve is unlikely transcriptomics respect to vulpinic with acid,question at to it leading pathways enzyme the least until been proposition elucidated, are their have the of cultures with exploration merits isolated fungal of B. fremontii/B. partner

which Bryoria 2016). Cyphobasidiales Cyphobasidiales B. fremontii et al. Cladoniaceae Cladoniaceae , which fell into , which fell into B. of B. Six thalli

but almost entirely almost entirely , but . were used. were and nine of B. tortuosa

Quite unexpectedly, the phylogenetic phylogenetic the Quite unexpectedly, the show illustrations Stunning

BryoriaParmeliaceae , VOLUME 7 · NO. 2 with vulpinic acid only in the apothecia and vulpinic acid only the with in yellowish and the soralia present) (when same compound the with B. tortusoa basis the to investigate order In throughout. these between phenotypic differences of the et al. Spribille two synonymised “species”, upon a transcriptome (2016) embarked gene whether analysis to investigate increased for the might account expression an was of vulpinic acid. It production results which led to surprising investigation even making speculations, and fascinating of Science cover the of revealedanalyses presence the recently sequencesbasidiomycete of the described gall-forming genus lichenicolous (Millanes Cyphobasidium species in a single clade, and also different of a representative from alliedwas yeast families the in to some other same larger not associated clade which were lichens; newwith order the fungi. these to embrace introduced was to detect fungi these previously, Failure easily galls, visible forming when than other PCR bias; to multi-template is attributed downstream pair I intron group a 595-base site ITS1F, binding primer of the of the ITS. length of the the doubling yeast morphs of these occurrence abundant cortex of B.on the , a species capillaris not for other well-known vulpinic acid but with it produces; this compounds in depsidone case they seem to be embedded surface in suggest that authors The polysaccharides. have led to some traditionally separated hair hair separated led to some traditionally have regarded being lichens asOne conspecific. brown dark casesuch is the then probes were FISH-hybridization fungi these designed where to determine they were and,occurred, unexpectedly, cortex of as on the yeast morphs abundant imbedded they were in where B. tortuosa vulpinic acid residues B. in fremontii. absent fremontii the for on to search went then The group a range in yeasts of other of these occurrence same family the genera from macrolichen as Molecular phylogenetic studies in in studies Molecular phylogenetic function yeasts on lichen cortices – and speculation as to as speculation – and cortices on lichen yeasts Transcriptomics leads to discovery of basidiomycete basidiomycete of to discovery leads Transcriptomics (66) RESEARCH NEWS

leggertii any veil onthe stipe. modern Squamanita but the lacks trace of Tricholomataceae found. Thefeatures aplacement suggest in in number (12–14) but nospores were are few gills and amere The 1mm diam. Mya. Thecap is convex anddensely scaly, found itwas which are at dated 35–55 of particular conservationof particular importance, fromapart charismatic species polypore but, recognised, has long been for fungi The importance ofdead as a timber habitat generated database fungi andtheirhostsusing acitizenscience Unravelling relationships betweenwood-inhabiting Gerontomyces lepidotus Poinar genus: new amonotypic (2016)as amber forthe first time anddescribed by discoveredhas now in been Eocene Baltic with the cap andstipe just 1.8mm tall, in amber. mushroom, Aminute gilled preserved butfossil record, occasionally represented are poorly Agarics in the A 35–55Myagilledmushroom from Balticamber way have they their pursued andexamined energy, andthe originality, lateral thinking, ontheirSpribille, congratulated are tobe in top-billing since the ever get 1970s,could of interest that Ihave strived toencourage that one ofthe lichenicolous areas fungi, Science The fungus recalls Archaeomarasmius recalls fungus The Who could haveWho could todream evendared , described from, described Cretaceous amber ! The authors, especially Tony , and the fungus recalls the recalls , andthe fungus 1 . Thedeposits in Poinar mushroom, Gjr (2016)Agilled (1997) GrimaldiMJ D,Hibbett DS, Donoghue Tricholomataceae referredwho also furtherdiscussed by Taylor in are amber preserved basidomes gilled That andotherscales. species reports of narrowerproportionally stipe andlacks butin the that sparse has gills, a fungus in the USA by Hibbett etal.(1997), analysed dataanalysed in the Danish Fungal Atlas field observations.These authors have to impressionslimited often from casual the information is onhost specificity the andits lichen symbiosis chemistry. andexcitingnew avenues forresearch into discoveriesTheir also promisestoopen up hypotheses using the latest technologies. Millanes AM, Diederich P,Millanes AM, Wedin M(2016) 1090–1093. Agaricales amber.), in Baltic Fungal Biology lepidotus 84: 981–991. Homobasidiomycetes Cretaceous ambers andthe evolution of Fossil mushrooms from and Miocene inhabiting in the lineage Cyphobasidium nov., gen. lichen- anew gen. etsp. nov. gen. (Basidiomycota . Archaemarasmius . American Journal ofBotany Cystobasidiiomycetes et al . (2015) Gerontomyces to : 120: Poinar. BarsA=0.2mm,lamellae. B=0.5mm.G Photos: of pileus andstipe. Gerontomyces lepidotus Taylor Taylor TN, Krings M, E(2015) 1 MycoBank M818992( MycoBank ( MB818741 Gerontomyces lepidotus Poinar, sp. gen. nov. Poinar here: These names are George therefore by validated other accession numbers repository were provided. by Poinarpublished noMycoBank (2016)as or Type: Russia (Bone Room, 1573 Solano Ave., 1573 Solano (Bone Room, Berkeley, 94707 CA were over 400contributors andarigorous that ranforthe five years2009–2013.There contributed by acitizen-scientist project macromycete database had which been Spribille T, Tuovinen V, P, Resl Vanderpool D, The scientific names inthis paper were notvalidly Amsterdam: Academic Press. 1092, 2016). Description – holotype). in amber,the Myc-12 Sea, Baltic Science in the ofascomycete cortex macrolichens. Wolinska H,etal.(2016)Basidiomycete yeasts Biology (Pucciniomycetes, Basidiomycetes, Fungi). Fungal 353:488–492. : KalininDistrict 120: 1468–1477. : Poinar ( B. Ventral showing view the (holotype) Gerontomyces lepidotus Gerontomyces Fungal Biology : Samland Peninsula: Samland of . A. Detail Detail IMA FUNGUS ) Fossil Fungi. 120:1091– ) RESEARCH NEWS (67) ing fungi ing they share; and (b) a schematic A sophisticated network approach was network approach A sophisticated . (2016) for full explanation. Figure courtesy of Figure . (2016) for full explanation. from each host genus by rarefaction and rarefaction by genus each host from than less genera with Host extrapolation. 100 fungal omitted, 25 records were leaving woody generafor analysis. also used to detect modules host/ the in fungus for species data. Analyses richness, wood were and host traits information, host positively was conducted. Species richness et al some way were rejected; were some way remained 83 637 traits, and host analysed host by and were and chemical physical properties including sources. of wood various compiledfrom species1044 of represented were fungi There set, of which cleaned 399–429 the data in modularity usedspecies the in were analysis. effortsampling standardised for were Data of records similar numbers comparing by

VOLUME 7 · NO. 2 system of validating records involved noting noting records involved of validating system of and preparation features, descriptive to specialists sent specimens dried voucher 110 or re-identification. for validation as‘bark’ from marked 712 records or to database the from extracted were ‘wood’ Records were basis study. of this the form of were that those and scrutinised, first in deficient speciesectomycorrhizal or were (a) Phylogeny of the woody hosts and indications (in grey bars with the extent reflected by their thickness) of the wood-inhabit the of thickness) reflectedtheir (inby extent grey and indications woody the of the hosts bars with (a) Phylogeny breakdown of the proportions of the phyla and orders of fungi on different host families. See Heilmann-Clausen host families. of fungi Heilmann-Clausen and orders on different See phyla of the proportions of the breakdown Jacob Heilmann-Clausen. Jacob (68) RESEARCH NEWS

of the orders the extremely offungi, Rosaceae, and Pinaceae strongly in (Cupressaceae the gymnosperms inthe someplant fungi groups, most were strong connections between modular There orders belonged. the towhich fungi hosts were comparedwith the phyla and richnessspecies ofwood-inhabiting fungi. tocontribute expected plantings canbe to surprisingly,suggests, that any tree new importance. Thatlimited lackofcorrelation time since establishment of as emerged However, percentages. negatively with lignin number in the ofspecies host genus, but correlated with pH, host size,wood and The phylogenetic relationships of the and Ulmaceae Betulaceae, Betulaceae, ), but between also . In the analysis demonstrating how citizen scientists can its scientific results, however, but for establishment ofthe trees. thepart little correlation with the time since Denmark, that explain at in thisleast might way. Old-growth forests are sorestricted in growth forests in asimilar andanalysed with extensive in regions obtained old- ifcomparable dataobtained sets be could interestingbe results ifsimilar were tosee was muchfamilies less marked. It would plant woody basidiomycete orders between marked. By comparison, the variation of of Hypocreales representation andthe high gymnosperms, low representation ofXylariales This of studyThis interest isnotonly for on Fagaceae were especially were especially on Heilmann-Clausen J, Maruyama Bruun HH, PK, enhancing skills. their personal mycological having their identifications checked, have also from will in this benefitted case Thecitizenspecialists. scientists involved forsophisticated by analysis suited recording that information in databases involvedbe in making and observations nph.14194. Newfungi. Phytologist hosts woody andwood-inhabitingbetween shaping factors evolutionary interactions and historical science data ecological, reveal Dimitrov D, Læssø T, etal. : DOI: 10.1111/ : DOI: (2016) Citizen IMA FUNGUS