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Banishing the bishops: The 'episcopus exclusus' in late medieval and early modern Germany. Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Tyler, John Jeffery. Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 08/10/2021 13:12:28 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/187409 INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. 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Contact UMI directly to order. UMI A Bell & Howell Infonnation Company 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor MI 48106·1346 USA 313n61-4700 800/521-0600 BANISHING THE BISHOPS. THE 'EPISCOPUS EXCLUSUS' IN LATE MEDIEVAL AND EARLY MODERN GERMANY by John Jeffery Tyler Copyright ~ John Jeffery Tyler 1995 A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 1 9 9 5 OMI Number: 9622984 Copyright 1995 by Tyler, John Jeffery All rights reserved. UMI Microfonn 9622984 Copyright 1996, by UMI Company. All rights reserved. This microfonn edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. UMI 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, MI 48103 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE 2 As members of the Final Examination Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by___ J~o~hn~~J~e~f~f~e~r~y~Ty~l~e~r~ _________________ entitled BanishinSi the Bishops. The I Episcopus exclusus I in Late Medieval anG Early Modern Germany and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy i!~J), ~~ :FA. Heilco A. ~ Yif~t'&/l~ ~r.. Alad ~rr;.ste~n ~~1ev6 Dr. Donald Weinstein Date Date Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate's submission of the final copy of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation rtation Director Dr. Hei!co A. Oberman 3 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the copyright holder. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 . INTRODUCTION ............................................ 8 2.THE SCOPE OF THE 'EPISCOPUS EXCLUSUS' IN MEDIEVAL AND EARLY MODERN GERMANY .................................. 20 2.1 The Dimensions of the 'Episcopus exclusus' ..... 25 2.2 The Bishop's 'Real Presence'. City Lord, Imperial Prince, Shepherd of the Church ....... 35 2.3 The Refugees of the Reformation. The Culmination of the 'Episcopus exclusus' ....... 54 2 .4 Conclusion ..................................... 65 3.CONFRONTATION, EXPULSION, AND COHABITATION IN LATE- MEDIEVAL CONSTANCE .................................... 69 3.1 From Heinrich of Brandis to Hugo of Hohenlandenberg. The Late-Medieval Bishops of Constance .................................. 78 3.2 From Pervasive Presence to Prudent Withdrawal. The 'Episcopus exclusus' and Residency in Constance ..................................... 87 3.3 From Sovereignty to Stubborn Survival. The Bishop's Waning Lordship .................. 99 3.4 Equilibrium. The Early Reign of Hugo of Hohenlandenberg (1496-1511) .................. 122 4.CIVIC ENCROACHMENT AND EPISCOPAL WITHDRAWAL IN LATE- MEDIEVAL AUGSBURG .................................... 131 4.1 From 'Stadtherr' to 'Stadtbuch'. The Decline of Episcopal Lordship in Augsburg ............ 136 4.2 From Warfare to Episcopal Withdrawal. The Survival of the Episcopal Presence in Augsburg .................................. 154 5.THE CIVIC THEATER OF 'EPISCOPUS INCLUSUS' ............. 180 5.1 The Rites of the Bishop. Religion, Politics, and Ritual ................................... 189 5.2 The Sanctuary of the Bishop. The Holy Cathedral .................................... 199 5.3 The 'Adventus' of the Bishop. Entry, Procession, and Installation ................. 218 5.4 The Presence and Absence of the Bishop. Invasion and Integration ..................... 269 5.5 The Ritual of the 'Episcopus exclusus' ........ 307 -----_.. -'-- --' 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS 6.THE CULMINATION OF 'EPISCOPUS EXCLUSUS' IN REFORMATION CONSTANCE AND AUGSBURG ................ 309 6.1 Banishing the Bishops. Reformation in Constance and Augsburg .................... 313 6.2 Surviving the 'Episcopus exclusus'. The Bishops of Constance and Augsburg in Exile ... 331 7. CONCLUSION ............................................ 353 APPENDIX A: GERMAN ECCLESIASTICAL TERRITORIES ........... 367 APPENDIX B: THE BISHOPS OF CONSTANCE .................... 368 APPENDIX C: THE BISHOPS OF AUGSBURG ..................... 371 APPENDIX D: RESIDENCY PATTERNS--THE BISHOPS OF CONSTANCE (1322-1480) ................................. 374 WORKS CITED ............................................. 386 6 ABSTRACT This study, based on archival holdings and chronicle literature, explores the vulnerability and resiliency of the German episcopacy in Late-Medieval and Early Modern Germany. The political, judicial, and ecclesiastical resources of these bishops are measured in the heat of battle, in the context of the growing German city wherein magistrates sought to strip episcopal rights and privileges and disenfranchise the very bishop who founded the city and once ruled it as lord. Although the gradual erosion of episcopal power, appearing in charters, chronicles, and contracts, is central to this study, the tactics of the lay city council and the countermeasures of the bishop are most clear when citizens attempt to drive the bishop out of the city (Episcopus exclusus). This exile is often lifted when a bishop agrees to surrender a right or institution of his waning lordship to lay magistrates. Two cities--Augsburg and Constance--serve as test cases, revealing how patterns of episcopal residency and violent confrontation vary in southern Germany. By the end of the Middle Ages the bishops of Augsburg had transferred their residence to Dillingen on the Danube, a town completely under episcopal control. In Constance the bishop had lost most of his .-.-.-.. ------- 7 political power, but he maintained his chief residence in this city. The Protestant Reformation marks the end of episcopal rule, when the bishops depart from their cities and magistrates seize control of civic churches. 8 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION This is a book about the banished and the disenfranchised, about those made refugees who once gave refuge themselves. This work does not explore the tortured histories of marginal groups and pariah peoples. Rather, front and center are the shepherds of the medieval church, bishops who might be deemed holy, whose fragmented bones became relics, or primates who could ride roughshod over diocese, church, and city, whose liturgical vestments cloaked a frame wrapped in armor.l Men of wealth, political importance, and noble blood entered the episcopate; they processed into their episcopal cities with royal fanfare, resided in lavish palaces, and erected cathedral churches that dwarfed the civic landscape. At times truly ascetic men wielded the shepherd's crook; and they fill the pages of the liturgical calendar: Athanasius, Cyprian, Ambrose, Augustine, Martin of Tours, Boniface, Thomas Becket, and Albert the Great--all were sainted and 1 Bishops are central here, but those superior to bishops--Archbishops--are also assumed in this study. The latter not only ruled over bishops but they themselves served as bishops over territories that answered directly to the archiepiscopal court (i.e. not under another bishop) . 9 all held the office of bishop.2 During the