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Mit Geld, Tuch Und Kupfer

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Mit Geld, Tuch Und Kupfer Tina S. Hügli Mit Geld, Tuch und Kupfer Die englisch-Fuggersche Geschäftsbeziehung unter Anton Fugger von 1545 bis 1560 Dissertation zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde an der Philosophischen Fakultät der Universität Freiburg in der Schweiz Genehmigt von der philosophischen Fakultät auf Antrag der Herren Professoren Volker Reinhardt (1. Gutachter) und Hans-Joachim Schmidt (2. Gutachter). Freiburg, den 27. Juni 2014. Prof. Marc-Henry Soulet, Dekan. Inhaltsverzeichnis Einleitung - 1 - 1. Forschungsstand - 9 - 1.1. Forschungsstand im deutschsprachigen Raum - 9 - 1.2. Forschungsstand im englischsprachigen Raum - 13 - 1.3. Europaweite Quellenlage - 18 - 2. Methodisches Vorgehen - 26 - I. Anton Fuggers Geschäftsumstrukturierung - 36 - 1. Geschäftsabbau im osteuropäischen, habsburgischen Gebiet - 37 - 2. Geschäftsmöglichkeiten in Westeuropa - 42 - 2.1. Permanenter Fuggerfaktor im habsburgischen Spanien - 42 - 2.2. Geringes Geschäftsvolumen mit Portugal - 46 - 2.3. Erste englisch-Fuggersche Geschäftsverbindungen - 49 - 2.3.1. Englisch-Fuggerscher Kupferkontrakt im Jahr 1541 - 51 - 2.3.2. Englisch-Fuggersche Wechselgeschäfte unter Anton Fugger - 53 - II. Englisch-Fuggersche Darlehensabkommen unter Anton Fugger - 58 - 1. Erste englisch-Fuggersche Darlehen - 60 - 1.1. Die kostenaufwändige Eroberung Boulognes unter Heinrich VIII. - 60 - 1.2. Das erste grosse Fuggersche Darlehen durch Finanzagent Vaughan - 66 - 1.3. Weitere Fuggerdarlehen unter Heinrich VIII. - 69 - 1.4. Erste Fuggersche Darlehen unter Edward VI. - 76 - 2. England als Fuggerscher Dauerkunde - 82 - 2.1. Weitere Fuggersche Darlehen unter Edward VI. - 82 - 2.2. Abnahme der Fuggerschen Darlehen an den spanischen Hof - 86 - 2.3. Verschlechterte Darlehenskonditionen Marias I. wegen Fuggerscher Kreditrücknahme - 91 - 2.4. England als rentabler Geschäftspartner - 94 - 2.5. Gute Zahlungsmoral unter Maria I. - 98 - 2.6. Ergänzungen basierend auf Thomas Greshams Geschäftsbuch - 100 - 2.6.1. Ungenügende Einnahmequellen der englischen Krone - 101 - 2.6.2. Weiteres Fuggerdarlehen aus Spanien - 106 - 2.7. Grössere Darlehen von 1556 - 112 - 3. Abnahme der englisch-Fuggerschen Kredite - 115 - 3.1. Briefe von Thomas Greshams Finanzgeschäften von 1557 und 1558 - 115 - 3.2. Kredite unter Elisabeth I. - 118 - III. Der Fuggersche Barchentvertrieb unter Anton Fugger - 125 - 1. Motivationsgründe zum Barchentverkauf in England - 128 - 1.1. Der profitable Englandhandel der Hanse - 128 - 1.2. Attraktive Handelskonditionen für ausländische Kaufleute - 131 - 1.3. Wenig Konkurrenz - 137 - 1.4. Geplante weitere Förderung des Londoner Marktes - 139 - 2. Umsetzung - 144 - 2.1. Fuggersche Barchentsendungen nach London - 144 - 2.2. Die Suche nach neuen Märkten - 149 - 2.3. Tudormonarchen als Barchentabnehmer - 152 - 2.4. Londoner Fuggerniederlassung - 155 - 2.5. Geplante Intensivierung des Fuggerschen Barchentverkaufs in England - 158 - 3. Ungünstige Bedingungen - 161 - 3.1. Transportschwierigkeiten im Ärmelkanal - 161 - 3.2. Die Aufgabe des Fuggerschen Barchentzweiges - 165 - IV. England und Fuggerkupfer - 170 - 1. Kupferbedarf unter Heinrich VIII. - 172 - 1.1. Flottenvergrösserung - 172 - 1.2. Englisch-Fuggersches Kupfergeschäft durch Prolongation - 176 - 2. Potentielle Verkaufsmöglichkeiten - 180 - 2.1. Kupfer für den englischen Kolonialhandel - 180 - 2.2. Aufrüstung der englischen Navy - 186 - V. Schlussteil - 192 - Anhang - 199 - 1. Währungsumrechnung - 199 - 2. Orthographie - 204 - 3. Graphiken - 209 - Bibliographie - 214 - 1. Ungedruckte Quellen - 214 - 2. Gedruckte Quellen - 216 - 3. Literatur - 221 - Einleitung Während noch heute das Konzept der Internationalisierung als wirtschaftliches Erfolgsrezept praktiziert wird, brachte es bereits den entstehenden Familien- unternehmen des 16. Jahrhunderts den ersehnten wirtschaftlichen sowie sozialen Aufstieg. Die aufkommende Renaissance, die die Bedürfnisse des Einzelnen ins Zentrum rückte, ermöglichte plötzlich ein profitables Geschäftsverhalten sowie ein politisches Mitspracherecht. Italienischen Vorreitern wie den Medici gleich, die aufgrund ihres lukrativen Tuchhandels zu Kreditoren aufstiegen und den daraus gewonnenen Kapitalzuwachs bald in politische Macht umwandelten, schafften auch diverse oberdeutsche Weberfamilien den Sprung zu Kaufmannsfamilien und genossen einen gewissen, zeitweisen Reichtum und weitreichenden Einfluss.1 Keiner der emporkommenden oberdeutschen Handelsfamilien konnte sich jedoch Hauptgläubiger der Habsburger nennen und längerfristig ein europaweites Handelsnetz mit einem beinahen Kupfermonopol wie das Fuggersche Familienunternehmen vorweisen. Da die Fugger aufgrund ihres rasanten, europaweiten wirtschaftlichen wie politischen Aufstiegs ein Paradebeispiel unter den Kaufmannsbankiers des 16. Jahrhunderts darstellten, betitelte Richard Ehrenberg seine zweibändige Publikation zum Kreditwesen des 16. Jahrhunderts daher auch Das Zeitalter der Fugger2. Weil es kein deutsches Kaufmannsgeschlecht weder zuvor noch in späteren Jahrhunderten europaweit zu solcher Herrschgewalt und solchem Glanz brachte,3 interpretierte auch Freiherr von Pölnitz die Fugger als Geschlecht, dessen „Wirken für ihre Zeit wegweisend wurde“4 und sie noch heute erstrahlen lässt.5 Der Gründervater Hans Fugger war noch ein gewöhnlicher Barchentweber als er 1367 vom Land in die Stadt Augsburg zog. Während er sich noch lediglich mit der Produktion beschäftigte, baute sein Sohn Jakob Fugger der Alte das Familiengeschäft auch zum Handelsunternehmen aus. Der geschäftliche Höhepunkt erfolgte bereits in der dritten Generation unter Jakob Fugger dem Jüngeren, der das Familienunternehmen von 1487 bis 1525 führte. Der wirtschaftliche Durchbruch begann 1488 mit der Vergabe 1 Siehe VON PÖLNITZ, Götz, Fugger und Medici. Deutsche Kaufleute und Handwerker in Italien, Leipzig 1942, S. 140, 159. 2 EHRENBERG, Richard, Das Zeitalter der Fugger, Bd. 1: Die Geldmächte des 16. Jahrhunderts, Jena 1896; EHRENBERG, Richard, Das Zeitalter der Fugger, Bd. 2: Die Weltbörsen und Finanzkrisen des 16. Jahrhunderts, Jena 1896. 3 Siehe SCHIELE, Hartmut, „Betriebswirtschaftliche Aufschlüsse aus den Fugger-Veröffentlichungen von Götz Freiherr von Pölnitz“, in: SCHIELE, Hartmut / RICKER, Manfred, Betriebswirtschaftliche Aufschlüsse aus der Fuggerzeit, Berlin 1967, S. 7-110, hier: S. 9. 4 VON PÖLNITZ, Götz, Die Fugger, [Frankfurt am Main 1959] Tübingen 1981, S. 7. 5 Siehe VON PÖLNITZ, Die Fugger, S. 7. - 1 - von Geldanleihen an den oberösterreichischen, habsburgischen Erzherzog Sigismund.6 Unter Sigismunds Nachfolger, dem späteren Maximilian I., waren die Fugger dann die Hauptfinanciers des habsburgischen Königshauses. Somit finanzierten sie die habsburgischen Verteidigungs- und Expansionspläne und tätigten Wechselgeschäfte mit europäischen Königshäusern.7 Das Finanzgeschäft stellte sich vor allem deshalb als lukrativ heraus, weil das Fuggersche Familienunternehmen dadurch unter Jakob Fugger intensiv in das Metallgeschäft einsteigen konnte. Aufgrund der Geldanleihen an Erzherzog Sigismund erhielten die Fugger ab 1488 Tiroler Bergwerkanteile als Rückzahlung8 und stiegen zu Montanindustriellen auf. Unter Maximilian I., der seine Schulden auch nicht bar zurückzahlte, kontrollierten die Fugger um 1494 dann ebenfalls die ungarische Kupferförderung.9 Das damals brachliegende ungarische Bergwerkgebiet war der Mittelpunkt der frühesten Kupfergewinnung Mitteleuropas10 und wartete auf seine Neuerschliessung. Zu diesem Zweck gründeten die Fugger bereits am 15. November 1494 mit Hans Thurzo, der die überschwemmten ungarischen Bergwerke zu entwässern wusste, den Gemeinen Ungarischen Handel.11 Somit betrieb das Fuggersche Unternehmen die zwei grössten Kupferabbaugebiete Europas.12 Dank Thurzos technologischem Wissen und dem Fuggerschen Kapital konnte in den ungarischen Minen Kupfer en masse gefördert und eine Führungsposition auf dem europäischen Markt eingenommen werden.13 Da man seit Ende des 15. Jahrhunderts Kupfer für den 6 Siehe NORTH, Michael (Hg.), Deutsche Wirtschaftsgeschichte. Ein Jahrtausend im Überblick, München [2000] 2005, S. 163. 7 Siehe EHRENBERG, Das Zeitalter der Fugger, Bd. 1, S. 51f: Im 14. Jahrhundert entstand der bargeldlose Zahlungsverkehr, genannt Wechsel. Ein Geldwechsler bot dabei den entgeltlichen Tausch von Geldbeträgen in eine benötigte Währung europaweit an; Beispiel eines Wechsels Jakob Fuggers S. 93. 8 Siehe VON PÖLNITZ, Die Fugger, S. 59; DENZEL, Markus / WESTERMANN, Ekkehard, Das Kaufmanns- notizbuch des Matthäus Schwarz aus Augsburg von 1548, Stuttgart 2011, S. 221. Der Einstieg in die Tiroler Montanwirtschaft wurde idealerweise von den Fuggern vollzogen, als das neue Tiroler Abdarrverfahren die Produktion einer grösseren Menge an Silber und Kupfer ermöglichte. 9 Siehe EHRENBERG, Das Zeitalter der Fugger, Bd. 1, S. 90. 10 Siehe KALUS, Peter, Die Fugger in der Slowakei, Augsburg 1999, S. 15. 11 Siehe KALUS, Die Fugger in der Slowakei, Vorwort: Der Gemeine Ungarische Handel bezeichnete die Berg- und Hüttenwerke in der heutigen Slowakei, zwischen den nördlichen Karpaten und der Ungarischen Tiefebene; HÄBERLEIN, Mark, Die Fugger. Geschichte einer Augsburger Familie, 1367-1650, Stuttgart 2006, S. 44; BLANCHARD, Ian, International Lead Production and Trade in the „Age of the Saigerprozess“, 1460-1560, Stuttgart 1995, S. 20: Es entstand ein internationales Netzwerk mit einem Hüttenwerk im ungarischen Neusohl und Schmelzhütten zur Verarbeitung des Kupfererzes im thüringischen Hohenkirchen und Fuggerau in Kärnten. 12 Vgl. VÁMOS, Éva Katalin, Die Nachfolger der Fugger im ungarischen Bergbau.
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