DOCSLIB.ORG

Participant's Guide

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Participant's Guide Participant Guide Luther (2003) – Study Guide: Getting ready to watch the film. A Little About the Film: Luther is a film adaption of the life of Martin Luther (1483-1546 A.D.) focusing on Luther’s life between 1505 and 1530. Directed by Eric Till, in co-operation with German production companies Eikon Film, NFP Teleart Berlin, NFP and Thrivent Financial for Lutherans (an American company serving members of The Evangelical Lutheran Church in North America and The Lutheran Church - Missouri Synod) the film is shot in Germany often even using historically preserved locations like The Black Cloister, an Augustinian monastery in Erfurt, where Luther took his monastic vows and presided as celebrant at the Lord’s Supper for the first time. The film details Luther’s move from Law Student, to Monk, to University Professor, to Reformer of the Roman Catholic Church. The film delves into his personal struggles with justification and finding the grace of God in Scripture which had been obscured over time by the encroachment of non-biblical rites, rituals, practices and teachings Participant Guide within the Roman Catholic Church. Central to the film is Luther’s objection to the non-biblical practice of buying and selling forgiveness in the form of indulgences and the corruption that came along with the practice. Opposition to the sale of forgiveness put Luther at odds with both the Roman Catholic Church hierarchy and with the government of the Holy Roman Empire. When push comes to shove what will Luther do? Will he back down or stand up for what Scripture teaches? Will he be captured and killed for his upsetting of the apple cart of indulgence sales? Here in lies the drama of the film. Based on a True Story: You’ve likely over the years watched many films about the life of famous or infamous historical persons. Biographical films, “based on a true story” films, can be very hard to make because the writers, producers and director often have to squeeze a person’s whole life, or a significant noteworthy part of a person’s life, into 2 or 3 hours. To do this they have to cut corners, conflate historical events, and leave lots of stuff out. Who Are All These People? Take anyone’s life and there will be a lot of people connected to them, friends, family, and co-workers … sometimes even enemies. Luther is no exception. The film throws a lot of people at you quickly sometimes with not much introduction. Who are all these people? What do I need to know to help keep them all straight? And how well does the film portray them? Johann von Staupitz (1460-1524 A.D.) Luther’s Augustinian Father Confessor and the first dean of the faculty of Biblical theology at the University of Wittenberg in 1502. These two things are important to Staupitz’s relationship with Martin Luther. In the film you will meet him not as a dean in a university but as an Augustinian monk in a Participant Guide cloister. His pastoral heart towards Luther and his ability to recognize the talents and gifts that Luther possessed facilitated his recommendation for Luther to go to Wittenberg. Knowing his historical connection to the University of Wittenberg might help understand why Staupitz was able to make the recommendation, additionally he was also able to direct Luther into the work at the University because Staupitz also held the office of Vicar general the of German Congregation of Augustinians. Overall the film focuses on the Father Confessor side of their relationship and Luther’s transition out of the world on the monastery into the world of the University. As viewers it might be helpful to know a little extra history around these two men. Here’s an interesting detail: Luther in 1512 succeeded Staupitz as the new dean of the faculty of Biblical theology at the University of Wittenberg. Lastly, while the film shows Staupitz to be very sympathetic to Luther he never fully embraced the Reformation that Luther spearheaded and in the end, thought the film doesn’t show it, disavowed himself of Luther and the Reformation. Elector of Saxony Frederick the Wise (1463-1525 A.D.) What is an Elector? At the time of Luther there were seven Electors (the Archbishops of Mainz, Trier, and Cologne, along with the King of Bohemia, the Count Palatine of the Rhine, the Duke of Saxony, and the Margrave of Brandenburg) they held the right to elect a King who would then be crowned Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. Frederick III later known as Frederick the Wise was the Duke of Saxony. He was favoured by the papacy to be Emperor in the 1519 election and had even received from Pope Leo X the Golden Rose of virtue on September 3rd 1518. In the film this Golden Rose is depicted as having been given later than 1518 as a sort of shallow bribe in the hopes that Frederick who had been protecting Luther would turn Luther over to Rome. The way the film incorporates this Golden Rose is dramatic but not accurate. It is true that Frederick was loved by the Participant Guide papacy before the reformation began to unfold. He was the founder of the University of Wittenberg and he maintained a massive repository of ‘relics’ which in 1518 listed 17,443 items. Among the objects where items claiming to be everything from a twig from Moses' burning bush, to hay from the holy manger in Bethlehem, to milk from the Virgin Mary. It was claimed at the height of the collections popularity that the money paid by local Christians and Christian pilgrims to venerate these relics, and the veneration of the relics could gain indulgences reducing a person’s time in purgatory by a upwards of 1,902,202 years. When the Reformation began to take shape, along with his intimate ties to the papacy and to the political system of the day, Frederick was deeply connected to the whole economy of indulgence sales and relic veneration as a result he could just as easily been one of Luther’s biggest antagonists but by the grace of God Frederick was his protector. Even though they often lived in the same city they (Wittenberg) there is little to no evidence that they met privately in person. Watch for how the film deals with this last point. Will they meet? If so what might that meeting be like? Historically it is interesting to consider that, like Staupitz, Frederick while protective of Luther never became a Lutheran. He died a Roman Catholic five years before the presentation of the Augsburg Confession. Georg Spalatin (1484-1545 A.D.) In 1512 this lawyer/priest became the court chaplain and secretary to the Elector Frederick the Wise. One note, while the film correctly shows a close relationship between Spalatin and Luther the film incorrectly says that they knew each other originally from studying law together. While they both attended the University of Erfurt they didn’t attend any classes together. Spalatin finished his bachelor’s degree there in 1499 and Luther attended between 1501 and 1505. Spalatin did return to the University of Erfurt in 1505 to study Law, but by then Luther had already entered the Black Cloister (the closed Augustinian cloister in Participant Guide Erfurt). Spalatin did however regularly accompany Frederick and did as the Elector’s secretary act as a liaison between Frederick and Luther both in person and in letters. The film spends a considerable amount of time on Spalatin and his Roman Catholic counterpart Girolamo Aleandro as midlevel men working for the powerful political movers and shakers of the day. Dr. Andreas Karlstadt (1486-1541 A.D.) was the chancellor of Wittenberg University and chair of the theology department. The film provides him with a character arc. Dr. Karlstadt is depicted as a bored and complacent academic who becomes a fervent supporter of Luther only to overstep his place in the Reformation because of his unhealthy zeal for overturning the traditions of the historic church. Whether Karlstadt was as bored as he is depicted in the film is debatable however his eventual overzealousness is actually correct. Even still his reforms in Luther’s absences while radical were not as violent; the film doesn’t depict that they were sanctioned by the city council of Wittenberg. Karlstadt also did not forfeit his title of professor until after Luther's return from the Wartburg Castle. Historically Luther had written an interesting critique of Karlstadt comparing and contrasting himself with Karlstadt in this way, “[I] approach the task of destroying images by first tearing them out of the heart through God’s Word and making them worthless and despised. This indeed took place before Dr. Karlstadt ever dreamed of destroying images. For when they are no longer in the heart, they can do no harm when seen with the eyes. But Dr. Karlstadt, who pays no attention to matters of the heart, has reversed the order by removing them from the sight and leaving them in the heart. For he does not preach faith, nor can he preach it; unfortunately, only now do I see that. Which of these two forms destroy images best; I will let each man judge for himself.” (LW 40:84) Participant Guide Philip Melanchthon (1497-1560 A.D.) was a Humanist Scholar and a fellow professor at the University of Wittenberg with Karlstadt and Luther. Melanchthon shows up rather late in the film. You’ll know it’s him because suddenly about midway through the film a very concerned bewildered and strange looking man emerges from the background.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Oration “Vetus Majorum” of Pope Pius II (15 March 1459, Siena)
    Oration “Vetus majorum” of Pope Pius II (15 March 1459, Siena). Edited and translated by Michael von Cotta-Schönberg. Final edition, 1st version. (Orations of Enea Silvio Piccolomini / Pope Pius II; 31) Michael Cotta-Schønberg To cite this version: Michael Cotta-Schønberg. Oration “Vetus majorum” of Pope Pius II (15 March 1459, Siena). Edited and translated by Michael von Cotta-Schönberg. Final edition, 1st version. (Orations of Enea Silvio Piccolomini / Pope Pius II; 31). 2019. hal-01171612v4 HAL Id: hal-01171612 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01171612v4 Submitted on 1 Feb 2019 (v4), last revised 29 Oct 2019 (v5) HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. (Orations of Enea Silvio Piccolomini / Pope Pius II; 31) 0 Oration “Vetus majorum” of Pope Pius II (15 March 1459, Siena). Edited and translated by Michael von Cotta-Schönberg. Final edition, 1st version February 2019 Copenhagen 1 Abstract On his way to the Congress of Mantua, in 1459, Pius II stayed for two months in his native city of Siena. Presenting the papal Golden Rose to the city government on Laetare Sunday in Lent, he took the opportunity to give an oration in praise of the city (laudatio urbis), commenting on its nobility, its Roman origins, its splendid buildings, and its eminent men in various fields as well as its holy men and women.
    [Show full text]
  • Hans Rottenhammer's Use of Networks in the Copper
    arts Article Intermediaries and the Market: Hans Rottenhammer’s Use of Networks in the Copper Painting Market Sophia Quach McCabe Department of History of Art and Architecture, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA; [email protected] Received: 1 February 2019; Accepted: 16 June 2019; Published: 24 June 2019 Abstract: In Willem van Haecht’s Gallery of Cornelis van der Geest, The Last Judgment by the German artist Hans Rottenhammer stands prominently in the foreground. Signed and dated 1598, it is one of many copper panel paintings Rottenhammer produced and sent north of the Alps during his decade-long sojourn in Venice. That the work was valued alongside those of Renaissance masters raises questions about Rottenhammer’s artistic status and how the painting reached Antwerp. This essay examines Rottenhammer’s international market as a function of his relationships with artist-friends and agents, especially those in Venice’s German merchant community. By employing digital visualization tools alongside the study of archival documents, the essay attends to the intermediary connections within a social network, and their effects on the art market. It argues for Rottenhammer’s use of—and negotiation with—intermediaries to establish an international career. Through digital platforms, such as ArcGIS and Palladio, the artist’s patronage group is shown to have shifted geographically, from multiple countries around 1600 to Germany and Antwerp after 1606, when he relocated to Augsburg. Yet, the same trusted friends and associates he had established in Italy continued to participate in Rottenhammer’s business of art. Keywords: Hans Rottenhammer; social network; intermediaries; mediation; digital humanities; digital art history; merchants; art market; copper painting; Jan Brueghel the Elder 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Scenario Book 1
    Here I Stand SCENARIO BOOK 1 SCENARIO BOOK T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S ABOUT THIS BOOK ......................................................... 2 Controlling 2 Powers ........................................................... 6 GETTING STARTED ......................................................... 2 Domination Victory ............................................................. 6 SCENARIOS ....................................................................... 2 PLAY-BY-EMAIL TIPS ...................................................... 6 Setup Guidelines .................................................................. 2 Interruptions to Play ............................................................ 6 1517 Scenario ...................................................................... 3 Response Card Play ............................................................. 7 1532 Scenario ...................................................................... 4 DESIGNER’S NOTES ........................................................ 7 Tournament Scenario ........................................................... 5 EXTENDED EXAMPLE OF PLAY................................... 8 SETTING YOUR OWN TIME LIMIT ............................... 6 THE GAME AS HISTORY................................................. 11 GAMES WITH 3 TO 5 PLAYERS ..................................... 6 CHARACTERS OF THE REFORMATION ...................... 15 Configurations ..................................................................... 6 EVENTS OF THE REFORMATION
    [Show full text]
  • A Man Named Martin Part 1: the Man Session One Session
    A Man Named Martin Part 1: The Man Session One Comprehensive Reformation Website: Concordia Seminary (St. Louis) has developed a great website on the Reformation. Luther's Formative Years: In this Concordia Theological Monthly article (April 1946), E. G. Schweibert offers a fascinating account of Luther’s formative years, up through his completion of elementary school. The Plague: This article describes the cause, transmission and symptoms of the plague that killed two of Luther’s colleagues at Erfurt. Observant Augustinians: The monastic movement called the Order of Saint Augustine traced its founding to Saint Augustine (d. 430). Before Luther’s time an observant movement started among the Augustinians to focus on increased spirituality. Welcome to a Day in the Life of a Monk: Experience a day in the life of a monk, from his early rising, to his praying, labor, and the overall austerity that marks a man’s monastic decision. Session Two In the Monastery The Flagellants: This fanatical and heretical sect took self-flagellation to an extreme 200 years before Luther’s time; their activities help explain the purposes of self-flagellation among monks like Luther. Of the Awful Judgment: For Awakening Fear in Oneself: Centuries before Luther, St. Anselm wrote about sin and righteousness. His meditations on the depth of our sinfulness help explain why Luther’s monastic period made his feelings of guilt and unworthiness increase. Johann von Staupitz: This is a biographical sketch of Luther’s Augustinian supervisor. Luther’s Trip to Rome Rome and Romans - - Martin Luther: This writing by Pastor Tom Browning certainly carries a Presbyterian bent, but its focus on historical detail helps explain the backdrop and particulars of Luther’s first trip to Rome, which greatly discouraged him.
    [Show full text]
  • List 3-2016 Accademia Della Crusca – Aldine Device 1) [BARDI, Giovanni (1534-1612)]
    LIST 3-2016 ACCADEMIA DELLA CRUSCA – ALDINE DEVICE 1) [BARDI, Giovanni (1534-1612)]. Ristretto delle grandeze di Roma al tempo della Repub. e de gl’Imperadori. Tratto con breve e distinto modo dal Lipsio e altri autori antichi. Dell’Incruscato Academico della Crusca. Trattato utile e dilettevole a tutti li studiosi delle cose antiche de’ Romani. Posto in luce per Gio. Agnolo Ruffinelli. Roma, Bartolomeo Bonfadino [for Giovanni Angelo Ruffinelli], 1600. 8vo (155x98 mm); later cardboards; (16), 124, (2) pp. Lacking the last blank leaf. On the front pastedown and flyleaf engraved bookplates of Francesco Ricciardi de Vernaccia, Baron Landau, and G. Lizzani. On the title-page stamp of the Galletti Library, manuscript ownership’s in- scription (“Fran.co Casti”) at the bottom and manuscript initials “CR” on top. Ruffinelli’s device on the title-page. Some foxing and browning, but a good copy. FIRST AND ONLY EDITION of this guide of ancient Rome, mainly based on Iustus Lispius. The book was edited by Giovanni Angelo Ruffinelli and by him dedicated to Agostino Pallavicino. Ruff- inelli, who commissioned his editions to the main Roman typographers of the time, used as device the Aldine anchor and dolphin without the motto (cf. Il libro italiano del Cinquec- ento: produzione e commercio. Catalogo della mostra Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale, Roma 20 ottobre - 16 dicembre 1989, Rome, 1989, p. 119). Giovanni Maria Bardi, Count of Vernio, here dis- guised under the name of ‘Incruscato’, as he was called in the Accademia della Crusca, was born into a noble and rich family. He undertook the military career, participating to the war of Siena (1553-54), the defense of Malta against the Turks (1565) and the expedition against the Turks in Hun- gary (1594).
    [Show full text]
  • Mit Geld, Tuch Und Kupfer
    Tina S. Hügli Mit Geld, Tuch und Kupfer Die englisch-Fuggersche Geschäftsbeziehung unter Anton Fugger von 1545 bis 1560 Dissertation zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde an der Philosophischen Fakultät der Universität Freiburg in der Schweiz Genehmigt von der philosophischen Fakultät auf Antrag der Herren Professoren Volker Reinhardt (1. Gutachter) und Hans-Joachim Schmidt (2. Gutachter). Freiburg, den 27. Juni 2014. Prof. Marc-Henry Soulet, Dekan. Inhaltsverzeichnis Einleitung - 1 - 1. Forschungsstand - 9 - 1.1. Forschungsstand im deutschsprachigen Raum - 9 - 1.2. Forschungsstand im englischsprachigen Raum - 13 - 1.3. Europaweite Quellenlage - 18 - 2. Methodisches Vorgehen - 26 - I. Anton Fuggers Geschäftsumstrukturierung - 36 - 1. Geschäftsabbau im osteuropäischen, habsburgischen Gebiet - 37 - 2. Geschäftsmöglichkeiten in Westeuropa - 42 - 2.1. Permanenter Fuggerfaktor im habsburgischen Spanien - 42 - 2.2. Geringes Geschäftsvolumen mit Portugal - 46 - 2.3. Erste englisch-Fuggersche Geschäftsverbindungen - 49 - 2.3.1. Englisch-Fuggerscher Kupferkontrakt im Jahr 1541 - 51 - 2.3.2. Englisch-Fuggersche Wechselgeschäfte unter Anton Fugger - 53 - II. Englisch-Fuggersche Darlehensabkommen unter Anton Fugger - 58 - 1. Erste englisch-Fuggersche Darlehen - 60 - 1.1. Die kostenaufwändige Eroberung Boulognes unter Heinrich VIII. - 60 - 1.2. Das erste grosse Fuggersche Darlehen durch Finanzagent Vaughan - 66 - 1.3. Weitere Fuggerdarlehen unter Heinrich VIII. - 69 - 1.4. Erste Fuggersche Darlehen unter Edward VI. - 76 - 2. England als Fuggerscher Dauerkunde - 82 - 2.1. Weitere Fuggersche Darlehen unter Edward VI. - 82 - 2.2. Abnahme der Fuggerschen Darlehen an den spanischen Hof - 86 - 2.3. Verschlechterte Darlehenskonditionen Marias I. wegen Fuggerscher Kreditrücknahme - 91 - 2.4. England als rentabler Geschäftspartner - 94 - 2.5. Gute Zahlungsmoral unter Maria I. - 98 - 2.6. Ergänzungen basierend auf Thomas Greshams Geschäftsbuch - 100 - 2.6.1.
    [Show full text]
  • Martin Luther: the Making of a Reformer and Reformation” Dr
    The Reformation in Biblical Perspective “Martin Luther: The Making of a Reformer and Reformation” Dr. Harry L. Reeder III October 29, 2017 • Evening Sermon Martin Luther: The Making of a Reformer, Part I (Narrative with Dr. Reeder playing the part of Martin Luther) I have to confess I was utterly surprised to receive this invitation to a Presbyterian church. I could understand some of my colleagues like Knox and Calvin even, but for me to come here? I think it’s because of the association of the 95 Theses at this time and a significant milestone is here so you want to hear from me. I’d like to begin this way. There were major areas where the Reformation began to explode to change everything – Strasburg, London, Edenborough, even my own small village that became an unbelievable center of activity, Wittenberg. The one that you maybe most familiar with is Geneva. It is there that they acknowledge it with an interesting statement in Latin, ‘Post tenebras lux’ which translated means ‘out of darkness light.’ At the end of the 15 th century, beginning of 16 th century there was much darkness and the darkness had enveloped governments of the land. There was nothing more contradictory than the name of the dominate empire, the Holy Roman Empire. It was not holy or Roman nor was it an empire yet it controlled many. There were wars taking place and the oppression of peasants. Most of all was the darkness within the church. It has been descending for almost a thousand years. The church is embracing what is known as sacerdotalism which is the power of the church to administer salvation through its sacraments and its clerics by its indulgences with its relics.
    [Show full text]
  • Philip Melanchthon in the Writings of His Polish Contemporaries
    ODRODZENIE I REFORMACJA W POLSCE ■ SI 2017 ■ PL ISSN 0029-8514 Janusz Tazbir Philip Melanchthon in the Writings of his Polish Contemporaries Over thirty years ago Oskar Bartel, a distinguished scholar of the history of the Polish Reformation, bemoaned how little was known about the relations between preceptor Germaniae and the movement. In an article about the familiarity with Melanchthon, both as person and his oeuvre, in Poland, Bartel wrote: “wir besitzen einige Werke, meist Broschüren über Luther, Calvin, sogar Hus und Zwingli, aber ich habe keine über Melanchton gefunden”.1 Bartel’s article provided a recapitulation, if somewhat incomplete, of the state of research at the time, and essentially stopped at the death of the Reformer. There- fore, in this study I would like to point to the results of the last thirty years of research, on the one hand, and highlight the post-mortem impact of Melanchthon’s writings and the reflection of his person in the memories of the next generations, on the other. The new information about the contacts Melanchthon had with Poland that has come to light since the 1960s is scattered across a number of articles or monographs; there is to date no separate study devoted to the German Reformer. Only a handful of contributions have been published. No wonder therefore that twenty years after the publication of Bartel’s article, Roman Nir begins his study of corre- spondence between Melanchthon and Krzycki thus: “Relatively little 1 O. Bartel, “Luther und Melanchton in Polen,” in: Luther und Melanchton. Refe­ rate und Berichte des Zweiten Internationalen Kongress für Lutherforschung, Münster, 8.–13.
    [Show full text]
  • The Artistic Patronage of Albrecht V and the Creation of Catholic Identity in Sixteenth
    The Artistic Patronage of Albrecht V and the Creation of Catholic Identity in Sixteenth- Century Bavaria A dissertation presented to the faculty of the College of Fine Arts of Ohio University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy Adam R. Gustafson June 2011 © 2011 Adam R. Gustafson All Rights Reserved 2 This dissertation titled The Artistic Patronage of Albrecht V and the Creation of Catholic Identity in Sixteenth- Century Bavaria by ADAM R. GUSTAFSON has been approved for the School of Interdisciplinary Arts and the College of Fine Arts _______________________________________________ Dora Wilson Professor of Music _______________________________________________ Charles A. McWeeny Dean, College of Fine Arts 3 ABSTRACT GUSTAFSON, ADAM R., Ph.D., June 2011, Interdisciplinary Arts The Artistic Patronage of Albrecht V and the Creation of Catholic Identity in Sixteenth- Century Bavaria Director of Dissertation: Dora Wilson Drawing from a number of artistic media, this dissertation is an interdisciplinary approach for understanding how artworks created under the patronage of Albrecht V were used to shape Catholic identity in Bavaria during the establishment of confessional boundaries in late sixteenth-century Europe. This study presents a methodological framework for understanding early modern patronage in which the arts are necessarily viewed as interconnected, and patronage is understood as a complex and often contradictory process that involved all elements of society. First, this study examines the legacy of arts patronage that Albrecht V inherited from his Wittelsbach predecessors and developed during his reign, from 1550-1579. Albrecht V‟s patronage is then divided into three areas: northern princely humanism, traditional religion and sociological propaganda.
    [Show full text]
  • A Man Named Martin Part 1: the Man Session Three
    A Man Named Martin Part 1: The Man Session Three Pope Leo X Pope Leo X: This article gives a biography of Pope Leo X, all that he was involved in, and why he needed so much money. The Medici Family: This article traces the history and powerful influence of the Medici family, of which Pope Leo X was a member. St. Peter's Basilica: This article gives the history of the basilica, from Peter’s martyrdom to its construction in Luther’s time. The Roman Catholic Church in the Late Middle Ages: This article describes the structure of the Roman Catholic Church, the various offices, and monastic movements. Indulgences Roman Teachings about Indulgences: DELTO (Distance Education Leading to Ordination) video with Dr. Paul Robinson (Church History 2, Volume 3). When did Indulgences Begin? DELTO (Distance Education Leading to Ordination) video with Dr. Paul Robinson (Church History 2, Volume 4). John Tetzel: This brief biography describes the Dominican monk who stirred Luther’s response to indulgences. How did Luther Come to Preach Against Indulgences?: DELTO (Distance Education Leading to Ordination) video with Dr. Paul Robinson (Church History 2, Volume 8). Image of an Indulgence: This is a link to an image of an indulgence. It is written in German, but you’ll recognize the signature of Johannes Tetzel. Frederick the Wise Heroes and Saints of the Reformation: Frederick the Wise (1463-1525): This article introduces us to Frederick the Wise. 1 Religious Relics Frederick the Wise boasted a collection of thousands of relics. Here are some links that provide more information about them: Top 10 Religious Relics: Time magazine looks at the lore and whereabouts of religious relics from Christianity, Buddhism and Islam.
    [Show full text]
  • Johann Tetzel in Order to Pay for Expanding His Authority to the Electorate of Mainz
    THE IMAGE OF A FRACTURED CHURCH AT 500 YEARS CURATED BY DR. ARMIN SIEDLECKI FEB 24 - JULY 7, 2017 THE IMAGE OF A FRACTURED CHURCH AT 500 YEARS Five hundred years ago, on October 31, 1517, Martin Luther published his Ninety-Five Theses, a series of statements and proposals about the power of indulgences and the nature of repentance, forgiveness and salvation. Originally intended for academic debate, the document quickly gained popularity, garnering praise and condemnation alike, and is generally seen as the beginning of the Protestant Reformation. This exhibit presents the context of Martin Luther’s Theses, the role of indulgences in sixteenth century religious life and the use of disputations in theological education. Shown also are the early responses to Luther’s theses by both his supporters and his opponents, the impact of Luther’s Reformation, including the iconic legacy of Luther’s actions as well as current attempts by Catholics and Protestants to find common ground. Case 1: Indulgences In Catholic teaching, indulgences do not effect the forgiveness of sins but rather serve to reduce the punishment for sins that have already been forgiven. The sale of indulgences was initially intended to defray the cost of building the Basilica of St. Peter in Rome and was understood as a work of charity, because it provided monetary support for the church. Problems arose when Albert of Brandenburg – a cardinal and archbishop of Magdeburg – began selling indulgences aggressively with the help of Johann Tetzel in order to pay for expanding his authority to the Electorate of Mainz. 2 Albert of Brandenburg, Archbishop of Mainz Unused Indulgence (Leipzig: Melchior Lotter, 1515?) 1 sheet ; 30.2 x 21 cm.
    [Show full text]
  • In Hans Jakob Fuggers's Service
    Chapter 3 In Hans Jakob Fuggers’s Service 3.1 Hans Jakob Fugger Strada’s first contacts with Hans Jakob Fugger, his chief patron for well over a decade, certainly took place before the middle of the 1540s. As suggested earlier, the possibility remains that Strada had already met this gifted scion of the most illustrious German banking dynasty, his exact contemporary, in Italy. Fugger [Fig. 3.1], born at Augsburg on 23 December 1516, was the eldest surviving son of Raymund Fugger and Catharina Thurzo von Bethlenfalva. He had already followed part of the studious curriculum which was de rigueur in his family even before arriving in Bologna: this included travel and study at foreign, rather than German universities.1 Hans Jakob, accompanied on his trip by his preceptor Christoph Hager, first studied in Bourges, where he heard the courses of Andrea Alciati, and then fol- lowed Alciati to Bologna [Fig. 1.12]. Doubtless partly because of the exceptional standing of his family—the gold of Hans Jakob’s great-uncle, Jakob ‘der Reiche’, had obtained the Empire for Charles v—but certainly also because of his per- sonal talents, Fugger met and befriended a host of people of particular political, ecclesiastical or cultural eminence—such as Viglius van Aytta van Zwichem, whom he met in Bourges and again in Bologna—or later would ascend to high civil or ecclesiastical rank. His friends included both Germans, such as the companion of his travels and studies, Georg Sigmund Seld, afterwards Reichs- vizekanzler, his compatriot Otto Truchsess von Waldburg, afterwards Cardinal and Prince-Bishop of Augsburg [Fig.
    [Show full text]